基于FPGA的模糊跨周调制模式的实现

文章提出了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的功率变换的模糊型跨周调制模式(FPSM,Fuzzy Pulse Skip Modulation)的实现方法,并将其应用于单端反激式开关电源的功率变换系统.实验研究表明,FPSM除具有跨周调制(PSM)效率高、响应速度快、鲁棒性强等优点外,较之PSM,它还能有效地降低变换器的输出电压纹波,消除音频噪声的影响.     

Implementation of a fuzzy controller for DC-DC converters using aninexpensive 8-b microcontroller

This paper presents an implementation of a fuzzy controller for DC-DC power converters using an inexpensive 8-bit microcontroller. An “on-chip” analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and PWM generator eliminate the external components needed to perform these functions. Implementation issues include limited on-chip program memory of 2 kB, unsigned integer arithmetic and computational delay. The duty cycle for the DC-DC power converter can only be updated every eight switching cycles because of the time required for the A/D conversion and the control calculations. However, it is demonstrated here that stable responses can be obtained for both buck and boost power converters under these conditions. Another important result is that the same microcontroller code, without any modifications, can control both power converters because their behavior can be described by the same set of linguistic rules. The contribution shows that a nonlinear controller such as fuzzy logic can be inexpensively implemented with microcontroller technology     

Novel sliding valley current mode pulse train control for switching DC-DC converter

ABSTRACT

Multi valley current mode pulse train (MVC-PT) control technology can completely eliminate the low-frequency oscillation phenomenon of DC-DC switching converters operated in continuous conduction mode (CCM). However, this method needs to increase the number of preset value to broaden the output power range, which will increase the complexity and cost of the controller, and reduce the robustness of the system. Meanwhile, the output voltage ripple is uncontrollable and varied with the changes of the load. In this paper, a novel sliding valley current mode PT (SVC-PT) control technique is proposed to solve the above-mentioned problem. The SVC-PT operating principle and the deficiency of MVC-PT method are analysed in details. The approximate discrete-time models of SVC-PT and MVC-PT controlled switching DC-DC converters are constructed and compared. The comparison results verify that the proposed control method can thoroughly lessen the restriction of the controller on the output power range. Moreover, the control circuit is simplified and the output voltage ripple can be controlled. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are present to prove the feasibility and scientific of SVC-PT control technology.     

A low noise high efficiency buck DC-DC converter with sigma-delta modulation

Some research efforts to improve the efficiency and noise performance of buck DC-DC converters are explored.A carefully designed power MOSFET driver,including a dead time controller,discontinuous current mode(DCM) controller and gate width controller,is proposed to improve efficiency.Instead of PWM modulation, sigma-delta modulation is introduced into the feedback loop of the converter to move out the clock-referred harmonic spike.The proposed converter has been designed and fabricated by a 0.35μm CMOS process.Measured results show that the peak efficiency of the converter can reach 93%and sigma-delta modulation suppresses the harmonic spike by 30 dB over PWM modulation.     

Designing a compact soft-start scheme for voltage-mode DC-DC switching converters

In this paper, a compact soft-start scheme is proposed and successfully applied to typical voltage-mode DC-DC switching converters. The adaptive current limitation implemented through DAC control will largely reduce the overshoot voltage under a wide range of output current. Proven experimentally by a buck converter implemented in a 0.5 μm CMOS technology, the post-simulation results show that when the converter starts up, the maximum overshoot (2.7% at I_LOAD=0 A) by the proposed soft-start scheme is less than that with the conventional scheme by 5% under the same condition. The start-up time can be adaptively adjustable depending on load current and the maximum start-up time is around 760 μs with 22 μF output capacitor. The circuits which realize the soft-start scheme can also be fully integrated into the control chip of DC-DC switching converter resulting in low cost.     

The control of switching DC-DC converters-a general LWR problem

The control of switching DC-DC converters is reviewed. It is regarded as a general linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem, and an innovative optimal and robust digital controller is proposed. The control strategy adopted can achieve good regulation, rejection of modest disturbances, and the ability to cater to switching converters with RHP zeros. This controller design is a general approach that is applicable to all PWM-type DC-DC converters with their circuit topologies known or unknown. Modern CAD techniques are used to reach the final control law. Application to a published Cuk converter is used as an example, and the performance is evaluated     

基于MOS分流技术的反激式DC-DC变换器的设计

电流检测是采用电流型控制方案DC-DC变换器的重要技术之一,文中在介绍了电流型PWM控制器的工作原理、特点的基础上,对检测电路进行分析,当输入电流大时,限流采样小电阻的损耗大,且难以单片集成。由此提出了解决此问题的MOS分流技术,并基于MOS分流技术设计了一种电流型反激式DC-DC变换器。该电路设计结构简单、成本低、易实现。     

一种多相DC-DC数字控制器的设计

分析了多相DC-DC变换器的均流环路小信号动态特性以及极限环振荡条件,提出一种基于平均电流的数字均流技术,并据此实现了一种多相DC-DC数字控制器。采用基于同步设计的均流控制电路和数字脉宽调制器实现电流均衡和相位交错。该多相DC-DC数字控制器芯片基于0.18μm CMOS工艺设计。仿真结果表明,在10~20 A阶跃负载电流下,输出过冲/下冲电压在20 mV以内,开关频率在0.5 MHz~2 MHz范围内可调整,均流误差从20.8%减小到5%以下。     

DCM,FSM,dead time and width controllers for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter over a wide load range

This paper presents a width controller,a dead time controller,a discontinuous current mode(DCM) controller and a frequency skipping modulation(FSM) controller for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter. To improve the efficiency over a wide load range,especially at high switching frequency,the dead time controller and width controller are applied to enhance the high load efficiency,while the DCM controller and FSM controller are proposed to increase the light load efficiency.The proposed D...     

Novel three-controller average current mode control of DC-DC PWMconverters with improved robustness and dynamic response

This paper presents a novel average current mode control (ACC) strategy for the control of pulse width modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters, which represents a drastic improvement over conventional ACC. This new method consists of the addition of an auxiliary controller into the control loop, besides the current and voltage regulators. The model-based auxiliary controller can increase the closed loop small-signal bandwidth of Buck derived converters, preserving loop gain crossover frequency and stability margins over significant changes of the power stage passive elements values, the load and the line voltage. Moreover, this control scheme shows much better disturbance rejection properties, i.e., closed loop impedance and audiosusceptibility, than conventional ACC. From a control theory point of view, robust performance is achieved preserving stability. A Buck prototype has been experimentally tested with different LC output filters, line and load conditions, including discontinuous conduction mode. Measurements of the small signal frequency response of the converter have been carried out, showing the improvement achieved by the proposed control scheme. The empirical large signal response of the converter under load steps is also shown in order to validate the concept     

一种基于sigma-delta调制的高效率低噪声降压式直流变换器

本论文在提高开关电源效率和降低噪声方面做了一些工作。在效率方面,提出了一个包含死区时间控制,断流模式控制以及栅宽调制功能的高效率功率管驱动电路。在控制回路中采用sigma-delta调制取代传统的PWM调制,降低了开关电源输出中与时钟有关的谐波噪声。本文在 0.35um CMOS工艺条件下实现了一个基于二阶sigma-delta调制的高效率低噪声DC-DC变换器。测试结果表明,此变换器能够达到93%的峰值效率,并且谐波噪声可以比使用PWM调制时低30dB。     

脉冲跨周期调制开关电源的特性研究

对脉冲跨周期调制(PSM)开关电源的特性进行了研究。这类开关电源的效率比常规的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)高，且基本上与负载无关；通过状态机对负载进行离散侦测以及电流极限模糊控制模式，提高了电源的响应度；通过频率抖劝，降低了开关电源的电磁干扰影响。这类开关电源集远程遥控关断、外部可编程、智能保护、同步等功能于一体，隐现了功率系统级发展的一种途径。     

开关DC—DC变换器并联运行问题的研究

开关直流电源并联运行在许多场合应用。每一路电源输出阻抗的不一致性使每一路输出电流难以均衡，影响了系统的可靠性。本文提出了一种双回路ＤＣ—ＤＣ变换器的控制方案。由于采用电压环（外环）和电流环（内环）两环结构的双回路控制模式，变换器输出电流得到了有效控制，便于多个ＤＣ—ＤＣ变换器输出直接并联，从而实现了模块化，具有一定的实用性     

Fuzzy logic control of a space-vector PWM current regulator forthree-phase power converters

This paper presents a fuzzy logic implementation of space-vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) for three-phase power converters. The conventional space-vector PWM current regulator implementation is generally computationally complex. The fuzzy logic controller implementation relieves the processor of a number of computations, thereby accommodating a less expensive microprocessor. The AC-side rectifier voltages are used as fuzzy-state variables. The fuzzy logic control has two outputs: magnitude and angle of reference voltage. Both conventional space-vector PWM and the fuzzy logic controller are implemented to evaluate performance using a 16-b microcontroller (68HC16). Experimental results are provided for both controllers at the same operating point, where the power drawn by the load is about 3 kW. The fuzzy logic controller reduces the computational burden on the processor by about 30%     

Improved large-signal performance of paralleled DC-DC converterscurrent sharing

This paper introduces fuzzy logic control as a technique for significantly improving the large-signal performance of paralleled DC-DC power converters with master-slave current sharing control. The control design for such systems is challenged by its high modeling complexity, and present approaches which come only from a small-signal perspective unable to give a good response for wide load and line transients. The fuzzy logic approach, by dealing naturally with nonlinearities, offers a good and parameter-insensitive transient response for the current sharing loop. The design methodology of the fuzzy compensator, simulation results, and a comparison with existing classical designs are shown     

Dithering Skip Modulation, Width and Dead Time Controllers in Highly Efficient DC-DC Converters for System-On-Chip Applications

This paper proposes temperature-independent load sensor (LS), optimum width controller (OWC), optimum dead-time controller (ODC), and tri-mode operation to achieve high efficiency over an ultra-wide-load range. Higher power efficiency and wider loading current range require rethinking the control method for DC-DC converters. Therefore, a highly efficient tri-mode DC-DC converter is invented in this paper for system-on-chip (SoC) applications, which is switched to sleeping mode at very light load condition or to high-speed mode at heavy load condition. The efficiency improvement is upgraded by inserting new proposed dithering skip modulation (DSM) between conventional pulse-width modulation (PWM) and pulse-frequency modulation (PFM). In other words, an efficiency-improving DSM operation raises the efficiency drop because of transition from PWM to PFM. Importantly, DSM mode can dynamically skip the number of gate driving pulses, which is inverse proportional to load current. Simplistically and qualitatively stated, the novel load sensor automatically selects optimum modulation method and power MOSFET width to achieve high efficiency over a wide load range. Moreover, optimum power MOSFET turn-on and turn-off delays in synchronous rectifiers and reduced ground bounce can save much switching loss by current-mode dead-time controller. Experimental results show the tri-mode operation can have high efficiency about 90% over a wide load current range from 3 to 500 mA. Owing to the effective mitigation of the switching loss contributed by optimum power MOSFET width and reduction of conduction loss contributed by optimum dead-times, the novel width and dead-time controllers achieve high efficiency about 95% at heavy load condition and maintain the highly efficient performance to very light load current about 0.1 mA.     

电流模式模糊控制Boost变换器的研究与建模

基于Boost变换器,介绍了一种新的控制方法一电流模式模糊控制。这种新的控制方法属于双环控制,外环由模糊控制器构成,内环是电流环。该控制方法不同于传统的以模糊控制器作控制环路的单环控制。这种新的控制方法结合了传统的模糊控制和电流模式控制的优点,能改善变换器系统的性能。本文建立了电流模式模糊控制的Boost变换器的小信号模型,推导了传递函数。在Matlab／Simulink环境下,做了基于传递函数的仿真和基于电路模块的仿真。仿真结果显示基于传递函数的仿真和基于电路模块的仿真结果一致,证实了本文所建立模型的正确性。     

开关型DC-DC控制芯片片上软启动电路设计

针对传统开关型DC-DC:控制芯片软启动电路需使用片外电容,且难以实现全片上集成的缺点,提出一种全数字方式实现的片上软启动电路,可实现软启动功能的全片上集成.集成了该电路的控制芯片具有启动平稳、对启动瞬间的电压过冲和电流浪涌具有良好抑制功能等特点.由于减少了芯片的引脚和省去了片外电容,还有利于缩小整机体积,降低系统设计...     

A Mixed-Signal Synchronous/Asynchronous Control for High-Frequency DC-DC Boost Converters

This paper investigates the application of a mixed-signal synchronous/asynchronous digital controller to DC-DC boost converters. The digital control synchronously generates current and voltage ramps by using two low-resolution digital-to-analog converters. The switch turn-on and turn-off are determined asynchronously by comparing the converter-state variables and the digitally generated current and voltage ramps. The control features high dynamic performance, frequency modulation during transients, small quantization effects, and low complexity. In order to evaluate the dynamic performance and compare the proposed solution with conventional analog peak-current-mode control, a small-signal model of the synchronous/asynchronous modulation is derived. Even if aimed to an integrated digital controller, experimental investigation has been performed by using discrete components, implementing the digital control in a field-programmable gate array by using a VHDL. The simulation and experimental results on 100-W DC-DC boost converter confirm the proposed analysis and show that the proposed solution enables a dynamic performance that is comparable with that of analog peak-current- mode control.