克拉玛依市658例中小学生视力低下情况与相关因素研究

目的分析中小学生视力低下情况,探讨近视与铜、锌、钙、镁、铁等5种元素的关系,为防止中小学生视力低下的发生和发展提供依据。方法2010年12月至2013年6月,采用标准视力表,对克拉玛依地区在校的中小学生共658例于非散瞳情况下进行双眼视力检查。视力低于1．0为视力下降。同时测定血清中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁等5种元素含量,并分析其与视力低下的关系。结果女生视力低下发生率较男生高,差异有统计学意义（χ2=7．293,P=0．007）;中学生视力低下发生率较小学生高,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6．255,P=0．012）;维吾尔族学生视力低下发生率为10．22％,汉族为41．16％,维吾尔族与汉族学生视力低下发生率差异有统计学意义（χ2=169．900,P=0．000）;血清中铜元素含量,视力低下组高于正常组（t=2．34,P=0．0195）,锌、铁含量低于正常组（t=32．06,18．06;均P=0．001）。结论应对中学生加强视力保护健康教育,大力宣传保护视力的有效方法及科学用眼的方法。同时要注意饮食结构,保持铜、锌、铁三种微量元素在人体内的平衡。     

云浮市婴幼儿发中锌、铁、铜含量分析

目的了解广东省云浮地区婴幼儿头发中锌、铁、铜含量,判断幼儿营养状况,为科学指导幼儿的营养保健提供科学依据。方法用原子吸收分光光度法测定婴幼儿头发中锌铁铜含量。结果云浮市0～3岁婴幼儿头发中锌铁铜含量均值分别为65.8,33.1,11.9μg/g。发铜含量处于正常水平,而发锌、铁含量均低于正常水平。3种元素含量性别间差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）,年龄间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论云浮市幼儿缺锌情况严重,各年龄组发铁含量低于正常值,发铜含量正常。应重视监测,并有针对性平衡膳食,合理补充微量元素。     

长沙市部分小学生头发锌,铜,铁含量的调查分析

目前，有关儿童缺锌和补锌的报连很多[1~5]，为了解我市小学生头发中锌、铜、铁含量及相互关系，以及头发中锌、铜、铁含量与儿童生长发育和饮食习惯的关系，为儿童微量元素的合理补充提供科学依据，我们于1993年6月对长沙市部分小学生进行了调查。现将结果报告如下。1对象与方法1．1随机抽取长沙市民主西街小学生未患器质性疾病的6～13岁小学生188名为调查对象，其中男生101名，女生87名。1．2制定专门个案调查表，内容包括姓名、性别、出生年月、饮食习惯、疾病史以及身高、体重、头发中锌、铜、铁含量等。由专业人员逐人逐项分别进行问卷…     

中学生视力与血清锌铜硒含量关系研究

目的探讨不同性别青少年近视发生与血清锌、铜、硒含量的关系,为采取有效措施提高学生视力水平提供依据。方法采用对数视力表,对168名中学生进行视力检测,并根据性别、视力分组,采用原子吸收法对被试者血清锌、铜、硒含量进行测定。结果男、女近视组患者血清锌、铜、硒含量均显著低于男、女正常视力组(P值均<0.01),且视力与血清锌、铜、硒含量呈正相关。不同性别学生血清锌、铜、硒含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论青少年近视的发生和发展与血清锌、铜、硒含量下降密切相关,视力下降程度与血清锌、铜、硒含量下降呈正相关。     

吉林市小学生视力低下与发中微量元素关系的分析

目的:探讨视力低下的儿童发中锌、铁、铜、铬含量变化与视力低下的相互关系。方法:锌、铁、铜、铬用原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果:视力低下组发中锌、铁、铬含量明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05);发中铜差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:锌、铁、铬含量变化与视力低下密切相关。     

西宁市城乡小学生视力不良现况调查

目的了解青海省西宁市城乡小学生视力不良现况.方法对教育局直属城乡21所小学共28 066名学生进行普查,采用统一的灯箱对数视力表,检查人员经过统一培训,统一操作方法和程序.结果检查学生280 66名,视力不良3 165人,视力不良率11.28%.随年级增高而明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),城镇学生视力不良率高于乡村学生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论;小学生视力不良与学生课业负担重、视近时间、坐姿、读写习惯、用眼卫生等因素有关.因此应对师生,特别是小学生进行广泛卫生知识教育,养成良好的用眼卫生习惯,从根本上降低青少年视力不良的发生.     

儿童脱发患者头发中6种元素含量分析研究

对 5 2名脱发患儿头发中微量元素铜、铁、锌、钙、镁、铅含量进行测定 ,并与 60名正常对照组健康儿童作对照。研究分析结果显示 ,脱发患儿头发中铜、锌的含量低于正常对照组 ,并具有统计学意义 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,而其它几种元素 ,脱发患儿与对照组无明显差异 ( P>0 .0 5 )。提示 :脱发儿童应及时进补微量元素铜、锌     

珠海市小学生营养不良与血清中铁、锌、铜含量的相关性研究

目的了解珠海市小学生营养不良与微量元素铁、锌、铜的关系,为提高营养不良与微量元素缺乏的预防和治疗,提供科学的理论和实验依据。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪。测定242例营养不良小学生血清中的微量元素铁、锌、铜的含量及缺乏率,与正常对照组进行对比。结果①营养不良小学生的缺锌率最高达22.31%,缺铁率次之为20.66%,铜的缺乏率最少为6.20%,随着年龄的增加缺铁、锌率也随之增加。②营养不良小学生的缺铁率女生明显高于男生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。锌、铜的缺乏率男女生无统计学意义,城市和农村的铁、锌、铜缺乏率的差异无统计学意义。③营养不良小学生血清中的铁、锌、铜的含量明显低于营养正常小学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论小学生营养不良与微量元素铁、锌、铜缺乏有密切关系,治疗营养不良时要注意微量元素的补充。     

上海市长宁区视力不良小学生屈光要素分析

目的 了解长宁区视力不良小学生屈光状态及眼球生物测量相关指标,为学龄儿童近视防治计划的制定提供依据.方法 随机整群抽取长宁区8所小学5937名学生进行远视力检查,以任意一眼裸眼视力＜5.0者为调查对象,再作屈光度数、眼轴长度、角膜曲率的测量及统计学分析.结果 视力不良小学生屈光类型以近视为主,且呈进行性发展.不同屈光组别、不同性别之间眼轴及角膜曲率差异均具有统计学意义.屈光度(y)与眼轴长度(x1)、角膜曲率(x2)间关系的多元线性回归方程为:y =55.622-1.334x1-0.585 x2(R=0.777).结论 眼轴长度是近视发生、发展的主要影响因素.在学龄儿童中开展有针对性的屈光筛查对早期发现、及时防治屈光不正是有意义的.     

锌制剂在小儿游走性舌炎治疗中的意义

目的 研究地图舌与微量元素的关系,及用含锌制剂治疗前后微量元素的变化情况.方法 随机选取41例1～6岁地图舌患儿作为实验组,50例1～6岁正常儿童作为对照组,分别采集实验组和对照组儿童的血清,用火焰原子化分光光度法测定微量元素;用含锌制剂治疗41例地图舌患儿,观察治疗效果并随访六个月后再次测定其血清微量元素的含量.结果 治疗前实验组比对照组血锌含量低,血清铜含量高,差异具显著性(P＜0.001,P＜0.05);血清铁、镁含量的差异无显著统计学意义(P＞0.05).六个月后跟治疗前相比,实验组血锌含量升高,血清铜含量降低,差异具显著性(P＜0.001,P＜0.05).六个月后,实验组跟对照组血清微量元素的差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 微量元素锌缺乏,铜含量的增高可能是游走性舌炎的一个重要病因,临床上补充锌能有效治疗小儿游走性舌炎.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.