组织公平与组织信任的文化特质性及其对中国企业凝聚力形成的影响

采用质性研究和定量研究相结合的方法界定了中国情境下组织公平和组织信任的文化内涵,探究了两者在凝聚力形成过程中的影响机制.研究发现,中国情境下组织公平与组织信任均具有工具性与情感性的双元特征,并且沿着“感知-判断-倾向性”的逻辑演化为凝聚力形成的2条路径.研究结果支持了工具性路径与情感性路径的存在,证实了中国企业中领导信任能够完全中介系统信任对任务凝聚力的影响,也能够完全中介分配公平对人际凝聚力的影响,这说明中国企业中领导行为对组织有效性和分配公平性的直接决定作用.     

Paradigm lost: Reinvigorating the study of organizational culture

In spite of the importance of organizational culture, scholarly advances in our understanding of the construct appear to have stagnated. We review the state of culture research and argue that the ongoing academic debates about what culture is and how to study it have resulted in a lack of unity and precision in defining and measuring culture. This ambiguity has constrained progress in both developing a coherent theory of organizational culture and accreting replicable and valid findings. To make progress we argue that future research should focus on conceptualizing and assessing organizational culture as the norms that characterize a group or organization that if widely shared and strongly held, act as a social control system to shape members’ attitudes and behaviors. We further argue that to accomplish this, researchers need to recognize that norms can be parsed into three distinct dimensions: (1) the content or what is deemed important (e.g., teamwork, accountability, innovation), (2) the consensus or how widely shared norms are held across people, and (3) the intensity of feelings about the importance of the norm (e.g., are people willing to sanction others). From this perspective we suggest how future research might be able to clarify some of the current conflicts and confusion that characterize the current state of the field.     

Globalization,The State and Public Administration: A Theoretical Analysis with Policy Implications for Developmental States

This article discusses the relationship between globalization, the state, and public administration, with implications for developmental states. Using a political economy analysis, globalization is discussed as the latest dynamic change in the context of the continuity within the process of surplus accumulation by corporate capitalism at the global level, a phenomenon with far reaching implications for the modern state, governance, and public administration. First, the context of change and continuity is briefly discussed, followed by a presentation of several theoretical perspectives on, and meanings of, globalization as defined by different people from different disciplines. Then, the causes and consequences of globalization are discussed with implications for the state and public administration. Finally, a number of policy choices are suggested in response to globalization by developmental states, with another discussion on the changing character and role of the state under globalization with implications for the state and public administration worldwide.     

The Cultural Specificity of Management Constructs: An Empirical Examination

The management literature reports on numerous studies examining relationships among the variables of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and more recently organizational character, organizational citizenship behavior, and propensity for participative decision making. The present study empirically examines relationships among these constructs among Egyptian managers. Although general support was demonstrated for the previously validated scales, the evidence suggests that these constructs are culturally specific and must be redefined, especially in emerging countries. Further, findings support some, but not all of the conclusions typically reached in existing studies of Western managers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同组织文化中影响领导者有效性的性格因素研究

本文以领导理论研究为基础,以组织文化为控制变量,以领导者的绩效为因变量,以领导者的性格特征为自变量,对来自六家不同企业的118名中层管理者为研究对象进行了问卷研究,并用多元回归的统计方法分析了不同组织文化下领导者的绩效与领导者性格特征的关系,结果表明,在革新导向型文化中,卡特尔十六项人格因素中的“幻想性”和“独立性”、八项次级人格因素中的“创造能力个性因素”等三项性格与领导者绩效有显著的正相关;在支持导向型文化中,卡特尔十六项人格因素中的“乐群性”、“情绪稳定性”以及“世故性”等三项性格因素与领导者绩效有显著的正相关;在目标导向型文化中,卡特尔十六项人格因素中的“有恒性”和“自律性”与领导者绩效有显著的正相关。据此可以说明,在不同的组织文化中,对有效领导者所需要具备的性格特征的要求是不同的。     

企业文化、组织学习、创新管理对组织创新能力影响的实证研究

通过文献探讨构建理论模型,运用江苏省103家的有效问卷调查数据,研究企业文化与组织学习对组织创新能力累计是否具有影响力,并以创新管理作为条件变量导入上述因果模式中,验证其对原有影响力是否有增强效果。研究表明,企业文化与组织学习均与创新能力显著正相关,而创新管理与创新能力微弱相关;在企业文化与创新能力关系中,导入创新管理3层面后,对原有影响力有增强作用;在组织学习与创新能力关系中,加入创新管理3层面后,对原有影响力有减弱作用。     

Dealing with Pluralism: A Response to Michael Zigarelli's Article on How Title VII Erodes the Mission of the Religious University

This response to Professor Zigarelli will consider three main elements within his argument – the religious university, preferential hiring, and the maintenance of a distinctive culture – in order to identify and clarify his normative presumptions and to suggest some implications of his views about religious universities for other organizations, like business corporations. It concludes by suggesting that Zigarelli should move from an orthodox to a more liberal response to pluralism in organizations.     

绩效评价对组织公民行为的影响:组织承诺的中介作用

本文构建了一个结构方程模型,探讨了组织承诺在绩效评价和组织公民行为关系之间的中介作用。研究结果显示：绩效评价对组织公民行为产生正向影响,而组织承诺对绩效评价和组织公民行为间的关系具有中介作用。组织承诺的中介作用在绩效评价的不同层面上有所区别：对绩效评价系统与组织公民行为的关系,具有完全中介作用;对绩效评价程序与组织公民行为的关系,具有部分中介作用。以此为基础,本文对今后同类研究的方向和管理实践提出了建议。     

以组织犬儒主义为中介的组织支持感、组织公平感对反生产行为影响的研究

基于文献回顾构建了组织支持感、组织公平感、组织犬儒主义和反生产行为之间的关系模型,并以企业员工为调查对象,对反生产行为采用他评和配对样本的方式进行问卷调查.研究结果表明:组织支持感、组织公平感与反生产行为负相关;组织犬儒主义与反生产行为正相关;组织支持感、组织公平感对组织犬儒主义存在负向影响;组织犬儒主义在组织支持感与反生产行为、组织公平感与反生产行为的关系中均发挥中介作用.此外,对组织犬儒主义和反生产行为的防范和管理提出了有关管理建议.     

基于文化差异观的组织文化友好性和一致性对组织变革的影响

本文在组织文化的价值层面、事实层面及其两层面差异的视角上,研究组织文化友好性和一致性对组织变革的认知反应和行为反应的影响,并以我国302个中高级管理者代表的企业为样本进行实证研究。结果表明:相对于价值层面的组织文化友好性,事实层面的组织文化友好性对变革认知反应和行为都具有推动作用;两层面文化友好性的差异仅推动变革认知反应;相对于价值层面的组织文化一致性,事实层面的组织文化一致性仅对变革行为反应具有阻碍作用;两层面文化一致性的差异阻碍变革认知反应和行为反应。     

Corporate Governance and the Governance of Innovation: The Case of Pharmaceutical Industry

The paper focuses on some organizationaldynamics that have characterized the pharmaceuticalindustry in the last thirty years, whenbiotechnology and the development of lifesciences have defined a new technologicalparadigm, reshaping many aspects of theindustry, especially the organization ofinnovative activity. We suggest an original interpretation of someorganizational settings, as the increasedimportance of skilled scientists within firmsand the development of inter-organizationalalliances for the division of scientific labor.Following recent theorizing on corporategovernance issues, which points out theintrinsic organizational and relationaldimensions of the resource allocation processesand strategic decision-making, we propose a roleof the organizational practices mentioned aboveon corporate governance, and, in turn, aninfluence of different governance arrangementson innovative activity. We recall moretraditional approaches to the analysis ofcorporate governance, and give a broaderinterpretation to the relevant variablesproposed. Further, relying on more recenttheories and on literature on firm's boundariesand sectoral systems of innovation, we proposeindustry-specific variables forpharmaceuticals, including internal settings aswell as relations with external actors.Preliminary empirical support is given to ourhypotheses, concerning a panel of large USpharmaceutical companies.     

基于自我效能与他人取向交互调节作用的工作场所心理依附与组织公民行为研究

把组织公民行为(OCB)细分成顺从型和挑战型作为研究出发点,以372位员工为样本,从心理来源的视角阐释2类OCB的不同性质,以此探索个体特质(他人取向和自我效能)与员工针对工作场所不同实体对象建立的具有不同内涵的心理依附(主管情感承诺和组织规范承诺)对其2类行为的交互影响。研究发现:组织规范承诺促进顺从型OCB,主管情感承诺促进挑战型OCB并影响组织规范承诺;他人取向增强主管情感承诺对挑战型OCB的提升,对组织规范承诺与顺从型OCB的关系无显著影响;自我效能加强主管情感承诺对挑战型OCB的提升,减弱组织规范承诺对顺从型OCB的提升;他人取向与自我效能的交互项对2种心理依附与OCB之间的关系均有正向影响。     

Role of Government in an Era of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities

This article addresses the changing role of government in the rapidly changing environment of globalization, a process through which worldwide integration is pursued by forces of global capitalism. Government is challenged by conflicting and contradictory forces of globalization of corporate capitalism seeking absolute profit, while at the same pressures for quality services and quality assurance are mounting worldwide. As a result, an impossibility theorem develops, with new challenges and opportunities facing governments. Alternative theories of government are presented, and suggestions are offered on what government should do to promote quality assurance and TQM in the age of globalization. An original version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Total Quality Management (TQM), Tehran, Iran, December 18–20. No quotation without permission of the author. Please send comments to the author at the above address.     

跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变的影响因素与路径：以业务范围和竞争能力为框架

通过文献研究和对世界500强在华子公司战略角色及其演变的问卷调查,发现以下结论:依据职能活动范围及竞争能力2个变量,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为单一活动、微型复制、高度专业化和战略中枢4种类型,同时存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型4种演变路径。跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变受子公司选择、母公司决策和环境驱动3方面因素的影响。跨国公司既可主动制定战略以调整子公司角色,也可以被动适应经营环境变化而改变子公司战略角色,二者均可能使子公司沿稳定型或成长型的路径演变。     

Perception of learning culture and concerns about the innovation on its use: a question of level of analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational members' perception of learning culture and the concerns about the innovation, and the influence of these factors on the use of one innovation (ISO 9000) in the Malaysian public sector. This study was guided by the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) (Hall and Hord 1987) and the dimensions of the learning organization (Watkins and Marsick 1993, 1996b). The study involved 628 people from eleven government agencies that had been using the new system for at least a year. The study provided a model for operationalizing the assertions and theories of both organizational development and learning organization scholars especially that a more adaptive learning-oriented culture would facilitate the implementation of change. The examination of learning culture facilitated the understanding of how members within the organization perceived their learning culture, and subsequently its relationship to their use of the innovation. The analysis of concerns illustrated the fit between the innovation and feelings and perceptions of the individual members about the innovation. On an individual organizational basis, the regression analyses showed that the model was able to explain the variance in use of innovation in each organization. However, a comparison of regression weights across the organizations told a very different story. The results showed that the combination of variables that explained the use of innovation varied radically from organization to organization. The findings raised questions about appropriate levels of analyses for such studies. The study suggests that theories that try to explain organizational innovation implementation be tested across organizations and take into account organizational context. Otherwise, they could lead to inaccurate conclusions.     

Structure and the Performance of Public Organizations: Task Difficulty and Span of Control

Scholars of public organizations have long been interested in understanding how organizational structures shape organizational performance. This is an important question because if links between structure and performance exist, then manipulating organizational structures may lead to improvements in organizational performance. This study examines how one structural attribute, span of control, shapes performance in a large set of public organizations. Specifically, our focus is on how structure shapes performance when task difficulty varies. We hypothesize that structural attributes such as spans of control have limited effects on performance when organizations address very easy or very difficult tasks. When organizations address moderately difficult tasks, the impact of structure on performance should be greatest. Our analysis of 678 school districts in Texas covering the years 1994 to 1997 reveals that span of control variables have the greatest impact on student performance under moderately difficult task scenarios.     

Living in the shadow of OD: HRD and the search for identity

The paper attempts to describe the similarities and differences between organizational development (OD) and human resource development (HRD). While it is argued that HRD practitioners need to acquire some of the skills of OD consultants, these are likely to be limited to the development of personal skills and learning in the attempt to achieve intrapreneurialism and personal transformations. We argue that HRD is living in the shadow of OD because it is slow to recognize its roots in the debates of that discipline. It is therefore suggested that HRD will recognize its true potential only when it identifies its core knowledge and skills. We argue that HRD can find its essential identity in four main ways: by focusing on the organization's business strategy; by devolving responsibility to line managers; by adopting an employee-centred approach to learning; and by emphasizing workplace learning. However, a wider behavioural understanding and a greater degree of reflectiveness in relation to the politics of change and the skills of the change agent must inform this identity.     

可就业能力中介作用下的个人-组织契合对职业成功和组织绩效的影响

构建了个人-组织契合与职业成功和组织绩效关系及其作用机制模型,并通过对400名MBA学员和管理者的问卷调查,进行了有关研究和分析。研究表明,个人-组织契合与职业成功、组织绩效及其各维度之间具有正相关关系;可就业能力在个人-组织契合与职业成功关系中起到中介作用,在个人-组织契合与组织绩效关系中起到部分中介作用。研究结果进一步证实了个人-组织契合、相互合作、共同担负培养和提高可就业能力的责任,对职业成功和组织绩效具有直接的影响。     

转型经济背景下的组织复杂性动因研究:环境不确定性和战略导向的作用

基于468家中国企业的实证研究,考察了不同环境及战略导向对组织复杂性的驱动作用。在分析相关文献形成研究假设的基础上运用实证的方法进行检验。研究结论验证了当前转型经济背景下不确定环境特征和战略导向对企业组织复杂性的不同驱动作用,对企业根据所处环境及其战略导向认识并有的放矢的应对不同组织复杂性有重要意义。