补货能力影响部分短缺量拖后率的边补货边需求EOQ模型

Based on the hypothesis of time-dependent partial backlogging,the effect of the waiting time between the next replenishment and the satisfaction of the backlogging demand on the rate of partial backlog-grog was investigated in this paper. Then the backlogging rate influenced by the replenishment capacity and the total of backlogging demand was proposed. Based on this new standpoint,an EOQ model of replenishment with the replenishment capacity affecting the partial backlogging was built up.At last,an emulator was performed and the results showed:improving the replenishment capacity could reduce the replenishment times to a lower constant level;this effect may increase the waiting time before the next replenishment,but it could decrease the waiting time after the start of reple山shment;so the trend of the lostsales varying with the replenishment capacity was not very distinct at the medium level of the replenishment capacity;However,the more adequate replenishment capacity could reduce the number of lostsales and improve the rate of partial backlogging during shortage period than the less one.     

组合评价方法的相对有效性分析及应用

Although it is an etfctive method for combination evaluation to solve the inconsistency from dif ferent evaluation conlcusions,different results will still be caused汕en adopting different combination evaluation methods,and this is a new inconsistency.On the basis of introducing the definition of validity and four assumptions,the paper shows an idea comparing different combination evaluation methods.validity through an example,and provides a way to solve the new inconsistency mentioned above.     

试析长日入夜行中的疯癫与道德(英文)

It is also widely acknowledged that Long Day's Journey into Night,O'Neill's biographical play,not only expose the tangled relationship with love and hatred in the Tyrone's family,but also reflects family situation in the turning point of the 20th century,which can offer viewers plenty of inspirations to think.Owe to the value of the drama,a great many critics tend to study Long Day's Journey into Night from various perspectives of different theories.This work has never been analyzed from the perspective of Michel Foucault's theory.Thus,it is valuable to take a view at the whole drama in a unique angle-morality and madness,the theme of Michel Foucault's theory,which can reveal the original cause of the tangled relationship among family members.Morality and madness create a conflict of what it should be and what it actually is.The paper also provides a fresh view for a deeper analysis of the value on Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night.     

第七届国际计算科学大会

The Seventh International Conference on Computational Science （ICCS 2007） was held in Beijing, China, May 27-30, 2007. The theme of ICCS 2007 was ＂Advancing Science and Society through Computation.＂ It aimed to bring together researchers and scientists from mathematics and computer science as basic computing disciplines, researchers from various application areas who are pioneering the advanced application of computational methods to sciences such as physics, chemistry, life sciences, and engineering, arts and humanitarian fields, along with software developers and vendors, to discuss problems and solutions in the area, to identify new issues, and to shape future directions for research, as well as to help industrial users apply various advanced computational techniques.     

Practice Makes Perfect

COMPANIES NEVER seem to avoid two potholes on the road to growth. One is the daunting datum that three out of four mergers fail to deliver the results their advocates expected. There's a reason "tombstones" is the name for those business-section advertisements placed by investment bankers after a deal-a reason demonstrated by the recent dismissal of Hewlett-Packard's CEO Carly Fiorina, architect of that company's acquisition of Compaq. Second, time and again established firms stumble when     

从跨文化角度看旅游饮食的汉英翻译

With China' s accession to the WTO and the success of 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China' s tourism industry has entered a new stage of development. This thesis introduces the cultural features of tourist diet, and attempts to employ Susan Bassnett' s cultural translation theory in analyzing the C-E translation of tourist diet with the purposes of surveying cultural information that is heavily loaded in tourist diet. The author attempts to propose some practical techniques for their translation, and it is also suggested that the translator should flexibly choose to apply these techniques according to the cultural connotation of dish names.     

Temperament and Destiny——The Contrast between Mr.Winterbourne and Mr.Darcy

Mr.Winterbourne in Henry James ’ novel Daisy Miller and Mr.Darcy in Jane Austen ’ s novel Pride and Prejudice are two heroes with great acknowledgements.Mr.Winterbourne is in admiration of Miss Daisy , while Mr.Darcy is in pursuit of Miss Elizabeth.One story ends up with sorrows and regrets while the other ends with joys and satisfaction.I would like to provide evidences to analyze how the male characters ’ action and thoughts affect the consequences.     

Middle school PE teaching is an opening system

Middle school PE teaching is an opening system , and also a ecosystem with life energy , in this system , the various elements achieve the understanding of the curriculum meaning through dialogue and reflection , achieve the generation process of middle school PE curriculum.     

基于MCMC稳态模拟的贝叶斯经验费率厘定信用模型

B黨lmann-Straub model is one of the most famous applications of the Bayesian method for the experience rate making.However,by the traditional B黨lmann-Straub model one cannot get the unbiased posterior estimation of the parameters when there is not sufficient prior information for the structural parameters;What's more,the difficult of computing high dimension numeration limits the application of Bayesian method.This paper introduces the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulaton method based on the Gibbs sampling after analyzing the structure of the B黨lmann-Straub model and sets up the Bayesian credibility model for estimating the predictive risk premium.Also by using the results of the numeration analysis,this paper proves that from this model one can get the posterior distributions of the parameters dynamically and the posterior estimation of the censoring parameters in the situation that exists unknown parameters,as well as improve the precision of the numeration,which can be helpful to find the heterogeneity of the premium.     

德国阿登纳基金会和上海对外贸易学院金融管理学院共同举办主题为“Regional Challenges for Economic Governance from a Chinese Perspective”的国际学术会议

2012年7月11日,德国阿登纳基金会和上海对外贸易学院金融学院举行了主题为"Regional Challenges for Economic Governance from a Chinese Perspective"的学术会议。德国基民盟党团副主席、议员Michael Fuchs先生、以及来自德国基尔大学、杜塞尔多夫大学、卡尔斯鲁厄大学的教授及研究生、上海社科院、上海国际问题研究院的国内外专家学者、高校学生等近40人参加了会议。会上,徐永林教授、傅连康副教授以及冯小兵教授分别作了题为"Problems Associated with the Debt of Local Governments in China""Challenges for the Transformation of the Chinese Economy"以及"China’S Role for Stabilizing the Global Banking"的交流发言,并回答了德方参会人员的提问。     

A technique for uncertainty reduction based on order commonality

The use of commonality is widely diffused as a criterion to reduce uncertainty in demand forecasts for the master production schedule (MPS). Nevertheless, studies have mostly focused on exploiting component commonality in make to stock and assemble to order manufacturing. This paper refers to planning environments with two specific characteristics. First, the degree of certainty of the demand is extremely low, due to product complexity, with poor modularization and standardization, and to the presence of few customers of large dimensions. Second, the delivery lead time is less than the total lead time. In this situation, demand for MPS planning units is extremely uncertain and sporadic. It is therefore necessary to formulate in advance forecasts of customer orders with a redundant configuration. In this paper a technique for the reduction of demand uncertainty is introduced, based on the exploitation of order commonalities. In particular, relations between order commonality and uncertainty reduction in a planning environment with such complex features are illustrated. Then, guidelines for the implementation of the technique in order to reduce over-planning in the master production schedule are provided. Finally, the performances of the technique are empirically analysed by means of both a simulation model and experimental application in a telecommunication systems manufacturer     

Workload Control and Order Release: A Lean Solution for Make‐to‐Order Companies

Protecting throughput from variance is the key to achieving lean. Workload control (WLC) accomplishes this in complex make‐to‐order job shops by controlling lead times, capacity, and work‐in‐process (WIP). However, the concept has been dismissed by many authors who believe its order release mechanism reduces the effectiveness of shop floor dispatching and increases work center idleness, thereby also increasing job tardiness results. We show that these problems have been overcome. A WLC order release method known as “LUMS OR” (Lancaster University Management School order release) combines continuous with periodic release, allowing the release of work to be triggered between periodic releases if a work center is starving. This paper refines the method based on the literature (creating “LUMS COR” [Lancaster University Management School corrected order release]) before comparing its performance against the best‐performing purely periodic and continuous release rules across a range of flow directions, from the pure job shop to the general flow shop. Results demonstrate that LUMS COR and the continuous WLC release methods consistently outperform purely periodic release and Constant WIP. LUMS COR is considered the best solution in practice due to its excellent performance and ease of implementation. Findings have significant implications for research and practice: throughput times and job tardiness results can be improved simultaneously and order release and dispatching rules can complement each other. Thus, WLC represents an effective means of implementing lean principles in a make‐to‐order context.     

Using Frontier Portfolios to Improve Make‐to‐Order Operations

Make‐to‐order (MTO) manufacturers face a common problem of maintaining a desired service level for delivery at a reasonable cost while dealing with irregular customer orders. This research considers a MTO manufacturer who produces a product consisting of several custom parts to be ordered from multiple suppliers. We develop procedures to allocate orders to each supplier for each custom part and calculate the associated replenishment cost as well as the probability of meeting the delivery date, based on the suppliers' jobs on hand, availability, process speed, and defective rate. For a given delivery due date, a frontier of service level and a replenishment cost frontier are created to provide a range of options to meet customer requirements. This method can be further extended to the case when the delivery due date is not fixed and the manufacturer must “crash” its delivery time to compete for customers.     

Optimal Production and Admission Policies in Make‐to‐Stock/Make‐to‐Order Manufacturing Systems

In this article, we study optimal production and admission control policies in manufacturing systems that produce two types of products: one type consists of identical items that are produced to stock, while the other has varying features and is produced to order. The model is motivated by applications from various industries, in particular, the automobile industry, where a part supplier receives orders from both an original equipment manufacturer and the aftermarket. The product for the original equipment manufacturer is produced to stock, it has higher priority, and its demands are fully accepted. The aftermarket product is produced to order, and its demands can be either accepted or rejected. We characterize the optimal production and admission policies with a partial‐linear structure, and using computational analysis, we provide insights into the benefits of the new policies. We also investigate the impact of production capacity, cost structure, and demand structure on system performance.     

2MTO,a new mapping tool to achieve lean benefits in high-variety low-volume job shops

This paper proposes the ‘Mapping Tool for Make-To-Order companies’ (2MTO), a new approach to map, analyse and achieve lean benefits in high-variety-low-volume job shops. The focus is, mainly, on the transitional phase from push to pull, when there is a compelling need to acquire a deep understanding of the current state of the system under analysis. Sometimes, in this initial phase, a pure pull approach cannot be developed and a job shop configuration must be maintained. If so, 2MTO allows selecting a suitable hybrid Production Planning and Control system to control Work-In-Process and to limit lead times, so as to quickly achieve lean benefits, without significantly altering the original layout. 2MTO is fully explained making reference to an Italian precision mechanic company, where the application of the method led to a successful implementation of a Workload Control system.     

Lean Control for Make‐to‐Order Companies: Integrating Customer Enquiry Management and Order Release

A lead time that is short, predictable, and reliable is an increasingly important criterion in supplier selection. Although many companies may achieve this through lean implementation, high‐variety manufacturers, for example, small and medium‐sized make‐to‐order companies, have found that lean's planning and control techniques do not apply. This article outlines a planning and control concept known as workload control (WLC) that integrates customer enquiry management, including a due‐date setting rule, with order release control. Simulation is then used to assess its impact on shop performance. Results demonstrate that an integrated WLC concept can reduce the percentage of tardy jobs—so short lead times can be realistically quoted—while also reducing and stabilizing workloads. WLC can level demand and production over time when work is not standardized and it is not possible to synchronize flows on the shop floor. Results are shown to be robust to changes in routing characteristics, the mix of orders with due dates specified by the customer and proposed internally, and the strike rate (or order‐winning probability). Hence, an integrated approach to WLC represents an important step toward achieving lean in make‐to‐order companies.     

Static and Dynamic Pricing of Excess Capacity in a Make‐to‐Order Environment

We consider a make‐to‐order manufacturer that serves two customer classes: core customers who pay a fixed negotiated price, and “fill‐in” customers who make submittal decisions based on the current price set by the firm. Using a Markovian queueing model, we determine how much the firm can gain by explicitly accounting for the status of its production facility in making pricing decisions. Specifically, we examine three pricing policies: (1) static, state‐independent pricing, (2) constant pricing up to a cutoff state, and (3) general state‐dependent pricing. We determine properties of each policy, and illustrate numerically the financial gains that the firm can achieve by following each policy as compared with simpler policies. Our main result is that constant pricing up to a cutoff state can dramatically outperform a state‐independent policy, while at the same time achieving most of the increase in revenue achievable from general state‐dependent pricing. Thus, we find that constant pricing up to a cutoff state presents an attractive tradeoff between ease of implementation and revenue gain. When the costs of policy design and implementation are taken into account, this simple heuristic may actually out‐perform general state‐dependent pricing in some settings.     

Acquisition Management Under Fluctuating Raw Material Prices

We study a continuous‐review acquisition problem, in which the raw material price follows a discrete‐state Markov process and demand is compound Poisson. We show that one optimal policy is of the order‐up‐to type. Under our mean reversion and time continuity conditions, we further show that the order‐up‐to levels are decreasing at the current price level. At the same time, our computational study verifies that both conditions are indispensable for the monotonicity result. The study also hints at the connection between discrete‐ and continuous‐state price processes.     

基于订单持续期的投资者订单提交策略研究

运用ACD模型,采用2003年12月深成指43只成份股共计1 825 415条的逐笔委托记录,通过对订单持续期的实证检验分析了中国证券市场投资者的订单提交策略,研究发现:1)价差假说、深度假说、波动性假说、交易强度假说、信息透明度假说和订单积极性假说被证实,说明市场微观特性、市场状况、信息和订单提交者成交愿望等都影响投资者的订单提交策略;2)涨跌假说得到支持,说明股票价格涨跌影响该股票的订单持续期;撤单是机构投资者制定订单提交策略的重要手段.     

Integrated Order Scheduling and Packing

We consider an integrated production–distribution scheduling model in a make‐to‐order supply chain consisting of one supplier and one customer. The supplier receives a set of orders from the customer at the beginning of a planning horizon. The supplier needs to process all the orders at a single production line, pack the completed orders to form delivery batches, and deliver the batches to the customer. Each order has a weight, and the total weight of the orders packed in a batch must not exceed the capacity of the delivery batch. Each delivery batch incurs a fixed distribution cost. The problem is to find jointly a schedule for order processing and a way of packing completed orders to form delivery batches such that the total distribution cost (or equivalently, the number of delivery batches) is minimized subject to the constraint that a given customer service level is guaranteed. We consider two customer service constraints—meeting the given deadlines of the orders; or requiring the average delivery lead time of the orders to be within a given threshold. Several problems of the model with each of those constraints are considered. We clarify the complexity of each problem and develop fast heuristics for the NP‐hard problems and analyze their worst‐case performance bounds. Our computational results indicate that all the heuristics are capable of generating near optimal solutions quickly for the respective problems.