公平偏好如何影响开放式创新:一个基于计算经济学的研究

本文利用基于Agent的计算经济学方法和EWA学习模型,研究了不同公平偏好特征下创新主体对不同创新模式选择的问题。通过为Agent赋予四种不同的公平偏好类型:狭义的自利性偏好、竞争性偏好、差异厌恶性偏好和社会福利偏好,观察其在外向型开放式创新、内向型开放式创新、双向型开放式创新和封闭式创新四种创新策略之间的选择行为。研究结果表明:当创新主体具有狭义的自利性偏好时,封闭式创新和内向型开放式创新被选择的比例相当,并且多于外向型开放式创新和双向型开放式创新被选择的比例。当创新主体具有竞争性偏好时,封闭式创新被选择的比例又明显多于内向型开放式创新性。当创新主体具有差异厌恶性偏好时,外向型开放式创新被选择的比例也会明显减少,同时选择双向型开放式创新的主体基本消失。当创新主体具有社会福利偏好时,双向型开放式创新被选择的比例又会显著增加。     

考虑公平偏好的低碳化供应链两部定价契约协调

在供应链低碳化背景下,研究了具有公平偏好的制造商向零售商提供两部定价契约的供应链协调问题。分别讨论了零售商是否具有公平偏好的情况,通过模型求解得到实现供应链协调的契约参数及利润分配方案。研究发现,当仅有制造商具有公平偏好时,两部定价契约可以实现供应链协调;当制造商和零售商均具有公平偏好时,在竞争型渠道中,特定参数制约下两部定价契约不能够协调供应链,而在和谐型渠道中仍能协调供应链,制造商占有的渠道利润随零售商公平偏好的程度而不同。     

考虑消费者公平偏好的竞争供应链歧视定价研究

考虑消费者存在公平偏好且两个制造商分别通过各自的零售商销售相似产品的竞争供应链，并构建三种情形下的博弈论模型，研究了不同的供应链成员采用基于消费者历史购买行为的歧视定价(BBP)策略对制造商和零售商利润、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。研究发现：与不采用BBP策略相比，1)仅零售商采用BBP策略会降低制造商利润，但是当消费者公平偏好较大时，仅零售商采用BBP策略会增加零售商利润；2)当制造商和零售商均采用BBP策略会同时增加制造商和零售商的利润；3)仅零售商使用BBP策略会减小消费者剩余，然而制造商和零售商均使用BBP策略会增加消费者剩余；4)仅零售商采用BBP策略会降低社会福利，当制造商也采用BBP策略会进一步降低社会福利。     

收益流风险视角下双渠道供应链的囚徒困境问题分析

双渠道模式加剧了制造商和零售商之间的渠道冲突,而整体利润与个体利益的不一致导致了供应链的“囚徒困境”。考虑到消费者的渠道偏好以及厂商风险偏好对供应链生产决策的影响,运用收益流风险构造多阶段供应链效用函数,比较分析制造商和零售商之间的四种竞合策略组合对其利润以及效用水平的影响,进而研究制造商与零售商在收益流风险视角下对竞合策略的选择问题。结果表明：供应链的利润与消费者的渠道偏好呈U型关系,消费者对渠道不敏感时,供应链利润达到最低水平;比较四种策略选择发现,集中决策情境下供应链整体利润达到最优,而出于自利动机,制造商与零售商会选择单独定价作为占优策略,导致分散决策成为供应链“囚徒困境”中的纳什均衡解;从收益流风险视角发现,供应链的效用水平与厂商的风险偏好态度呈负相关关系,基于动态序贯的策略选择能够有效阻止决策者的短视行为,多期的策略选择中双方合作集中决策为供应链最优的均衡策略。基于以上分析结果,提出制造商提高线上渠道服务水平、零售商搭建与制造商的合作模式、政府健全外部市场信用评级制度,从收益流风险视角考量供应链管理的长期效用水平,以期为提高供应链合作提供有益参考。     

基于完全理性和公平偏好的营销渠道委托代理模型比较研究

营销渠道中的制造商和零售商常常是信息不对称的,与市场"零距离"的零售商比制造商有更多的信息,基于此,本文首先考虑渠道成员具有完全理性,建立了符合营销渠道实际的委托代理模型,通过模型分析发现:制造商给予零售商激励程度越大,零售商越努力销售其产品,但努力程度与零售价格、零售商的风险规避度相关,与批发价格无关。进一步,将行为经济学的公平偏好理论植入到渠道激励研究中,建立了基于公平偏好的销售渠道委托代理模型,其研究表明:渠道双方具有互惠式公平偏好时,当制造商给予零售商的最大固定工资和固定工资满足一定条件时,零售商愿意付出更多的营销努力;并且制造商越是慷慨地给予零售商更多的固定收入,零售商越努力销售制造商的产品。同时,和完全理性模型比较,考虑公平偏好时,制造商和零售商的收益都得到了帕累托改进,也就是说能够设计出帕累托改进的销售工资合同。最后还提出了有待继续研究的问题。     

基于公共偏好理论的激励机制研究——兼顾横向公平偏好和纵向公平偏好

基于公平偏好理论,本文改进了"经济自利人"的假设,并拓展了委托代理的分析框架,以此对传统HM模型有所发展。本文同时考虑横向和纵向的公平偏好,完善了单边维度公平偏好下的委托代理分析。研究表明,伴随着代理人公平偏好程度的增大,代理人努力水平的提升和代理成本的降低揭示了公平偏好理论对于优化委托代理合作的重要作用,这对现实的委托代理合作有很强的指导意义。     

公平关切及低碳视角下供应链两部定价契约问题研究

低碳环境下,碳排放权作为一种有价值、可交易的稀缺性资源,已彻底颠覆了传统企业的竞争法则、成本构成及盈利模式,被视为低碳时代供应链契约优化与协调的主要对象。文章利用博弈论等相关知识,考虑公平关切及低碳视角下,由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,分别讨论了当零售商不具有公平偏好及具有公平偏好时,面对有利和不利不公平分配的制造商向零售商提供两部定价契约能否达成协调？以及达成协调时的供应链契约协调参数设置等问题。研究结果表明,只有在制造商和零售商都具有公平偏好,且在竞争型供应链渠道下,当制造商面对不利不公平分配的单位负效用大于某一临界值时,供应链两部定价契约不能达成协调。     

考虑公平偏好的零售商主导型供应链均衡决策研究

考虑由具有批发定价权的零售商和生产规模不经济的制造商组成的零售商主导型供应链，构建仅制造商具有公平偏好、仅零售商具有公平偏好，以及双方同时具有公平偏好等三种情形下的Stackelberg博弈模型，探究上下游企业的公平偏好对供应链各成员企业的均衡决策与效用的影响。研究发现：（1）与无公平偏好时的最优产量相比，供应链成员（仅制造商、仅零售商和双方同时）具有公平偏好时制造商将会增加最优产量，提升供应链的运作效率，而且满足特定条件时批发价格契约可以实现供应链的协调。（2）双方同时具有公平偏好对供应链各成员企业的最优决策与效用的影响最为显著。（3）供应链各成员企业的最优决策与效用分别同上下游企业的公平偏好系数之间可能都不是简单的线性关系，具体还与消费者的价格敏感性和制造商的生产成本等因素密切相关。数值分析结果也证实了上述结论。     

碳限额与碳交易机制下考虑公平关切的供应链定价与协调研究

供应链企业的公平关切是发展与维持良好供应链上下游合作关系的重要因素。面对消费者的低碳偏好与碳排放规制约束,供应链企业在确定最优定价与减排水平等运作决策时,常常表现较强的公平关切倾向。探究环保规制下公平关切如何影响供应链的运作决策,可以为供应链合作提供对策。本文在碳限额与碳交易机制下,研究了由公平关切制造商和公平关切零售商组成的低碳供应链的最优定价和碳减排率等决策,分析了公平关切对最优定价和碳减排水平及利润的影响,并讨论了收益共享-成本共担契约模型对供应链的协调性,最后通过数值仿真验证了主要结论。结果表明：(1)制造商和零售商都公平关切时,收益共享-成本共担契约的参数若满足一定条件,供应链可以实现协调。(2)批发价与制造商公平关切系数正相关,零售价与制造商和零售商公平关切系数都正相关;若制造商考虑零售商公平关切则批发价的变化取决于碳减排成本系数的大小,碳减排率与制造商和零售商的公平关切系数是负相关;若制造商忽视零售商的公平关切,则批发价仅受制造商自身公平关切的影响, 碳减排率与制造商公平关切负相关,与零售商公平关切无关。(3)制造商公平关切对双方利润具有负向影响,零售商公平关切对制造商利润也有负向影响,而零售商利润随自身公平关切的变化情况取决于制造商是否考虑其公平关切,若考虑则两者正相关,否则两者负相关。     

公平偏好下的渠道成员价格决策及其动态检验

公平偏好行为成为渠道成员决策的重要考虑因素,利用实验的方法研究公平偏好下渠道成员的价格决策.通过博弈实验方法研究渠道成员的价格决策并做进一步的动态检验,分别设定控制条件、公平关系和权势关系3个条件研究不同环境下的价格决策,并对价格决策的动态性进行检验,最后通过Logit模型估计偏好参数.研究结果表明,实验中决策者制定的价格低于传统理论分析的结果,接近于公平偏好理论下的结果,证明存在公平偏好;权势关系下渠道的整体收益最低,公平关系下的收益最高,说明公平偏好确实在渠道交易中起正面效用;激烈的竞争导致公平偏好下降,实验者经济目标和公平偏好随时问变动有互动关系.研究结果可对渠道价格契约的设计提出指导性建议,相关的数值计算为进一步研究提供理论支持.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

Leadership, levels of analysis, and déjà vu: Modest proposals for taxonomy and cladistics coupled with replication and visualization

In the inaugural issue of LQ's Yearly Review of Leadership, Hunt and Dodge (2000, p. 442) note that, “Within the last two decades, one of the crucial developments in organizational research in general, and in leadership research specifically, is the articulation of specific levels of analysis and their implications for theory building, measurement, and observation.” Their original observations are updated by extending the inferential logic of Yammarino, Dionne, Chun and Dansereau (2005) to determine if any increase in the utilization of a level of analysis perspective has occurred in the last five years. The possible evolution of leadership theory and analysis is discussed, especially with reference to Relational Leadership Theory, Leader–Member Exchange, and Individualized Dyadic Theory. Proposals incorporating taxonomic and visualization tools as a means to help bridge the stakeholder gap are also offered.     

Information Frictions in Trade

It is costly to learn about market conditions elsewhere, especially in developing countries. This paper examines how such information frictions affect trade. Using data on regional agricultural trade in the Philippines, I first document a number of observed patterns in trade flows and prices that suggest the presence of information frictions. I then incorporate information frictions into a perfect competition trade model by embedding a process whereby heterogeneous producers engage in a costly sequential search process to determine where to sell their produce. I show that introducing information frictions reconciles the theory with the observed patterns in the data. Structural estimation of the model finds that information frictions are quantitatively important: roughly half the observed regional price dispersion is due to information frictions. Furthermore, incorporating information frictions improves the out‐of‐sample predictive power of the model.     

The Economics of Density: Evidence From the Berlin Wall

This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network.     

Modelling end-of-life product recovery chains - a case study

European Union legislation, and existing national legislation of many European countries, mandates that manufacturers take back and recover their electronic and electrical equipment. If manufacturers are to comply with legislation, models need to be developed for these activities. Whilst infrastructural and technological deficits exist and must be addressed, so too must the organization of recovery, from a business perspective. In this paper, models of resource recovery are presented and a case study described.