海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理含海水污水的基质抑制及其动力学特性

采用ASBR反应器通过改变单一基质浓度分别研究了NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能的影响及其动力学特性.结果表明,保持进水NO_2~--N为105.6 mg·L~(-1),当进水NH_4~+-N浓度提高至1 200 mg·L~(-1)时,海洋厌氧氨氧化反应器仍保持较好的脱氮能力,未受到明显的抑制作用,NO_2~--N的去除率稳定在80.70%左右;当进水NO_2~--N浓度提高至265.6mg·L~(-1)时,反应器开始受到明显的抑制作用,NH_4~+-N的去除率下降至63.01%左右,随着进水NO_2~--N浓度继续提高至305.6mg·L~(-1)时,NH_4~+-N的去除率进一步下降至43.93%左右.利用Haldane模型和Aiba模型拟合NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N抑制作用的动力学特性,得到了NRRmax、KS、Ki这3个动力学参数及出水基质浓度与总氮容积负荷(TNRR)之间的关系,根据进一步分析可知,Haldane模型更适合描述NH_4~+-N抑制作用下的动力学特性,Aiba模型更适合描述NO_2~--N抑制作用下的动力学特性,并得到NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的出水抑制浓度分别为3 893.625 mg·L~(-1)和287.208 mg·L~(-1),为海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理含海水污水提供了理论依据.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,在温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30.0±0.2)mg·L~(-1),pH为(7.2±0.2),考察了NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为0.9、1.1、1.3、1.4、1.5和1.6时,对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的浓度分别为0.8、1.5和7.7 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的去除率分别高达96.2%、95.4%和85.3%,此时脱氮性能最好,与发生厌氧氨氧化时NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N理论值1.32比较接近.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.     

饥饿对硫自养反硝化反应器生物群落结构的影响

采用颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器处理二沉尾水,探究饥饿忍耐对反应器去除效果、微生物群落变化的影响及其性能恢复时间.结果表明,在12~14℃的低温条件下,经过30 d的不进水饥饿忍耐后,颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石反应器出水NO_3~--N浓度分别从1.78 mg·L~(-1)、11.32 mg·L~(-1)增加到27.87 mg·L~(-1)、26.56 mg·L~(-1).颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器分别在重启后的第5 d和11 d使得NO_3~--N去除性能恢复至饥饿前的水平,并且在低温条件下保持了良好的脱氮效果.MiSeq高通量测序结果表明,2个反应器的细菌群落的丰度和多样性饥饿期均低于恢复期,且优势菌门均为Proteobacteria,主要的纲类为β-Proteobacteria.硫磺/白云石反应器中鉴别出Thiobacillus菌属为主要反硝化类群.     

硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水可行性

为了研究硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水的可行性,室温(20~25℃)下,采用驯化后的硫自养反硝化生物膜反应器,探究了不同进水F-浓度对硫自养反硝化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当进水F-浓度为0~700 mg·L~(-1)时,随着F-浓度的提升,反应器的脱氮效能逐渐提升,且当F-浓度为700 mg·L~(-1)时,可获最大TN去除速率1.0 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水F-浓度在700~900 mg·L~(-1)时,经短期驯化,TN去除速率可稳定在0.81~0.87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当进水F-浓度提升至900 mg·L~(-1)以上时,反应器的TN去除速率随进水F-浓度的提升而下降,最低至0.4~0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).以光伏废水为研究对象,在进水F-浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)左右,进水NO_3~--N浓度为390~420 mg·L~(-1),HRT为8.8 h的条件下,经50 d运行后,获得稳定的脱氮效能,TN去除速率为1.1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水TN为15~25 mg·L~(-1),达到污水接管排放标准.采用传统反硝化工艺和硫自养反硝化工艺脱氮处理光伏废水的成本分别为2.468元·t~(-1)和2.072 8元·t~(-1),硫自养反硝化工艺更节约脱氮处理成本.     

采用含硫铁化学污泥作为反硝化电子供体进行焦化废水中总氮深度去除

城市污水处理和大部分的工业废水处理工艺的出水总氮普遍难以达标排放,基于进水水质的C/N值不稳定、提高回流比造成水力负荷增大、降低反应动力学并且耗能、投加有机碳源带来二次污染以及高污泥产率等问题,急需寻求一种节能降耗、操作简单的深度脱氮方法.对此,利用含硫工业废水预处理产生的含硫铁化学污泥作为固相电子供体进行自养反硝化深度脱氮,实验过程中,以焦化废水二级生物出水作为研究对象,考察脱氮性能、硫铁泥转变过程及微生物群落变化,求出废水深度脱氮新工艺的优化反应条件与效果范围.当进水NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度分别是(74.54±0.57)mg·L~(-1)、(1.11±0.19)mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为18 h时,对应出水浓度分别降低至(2.78±1.08)mg·L~(-1)、(2.87±0.71)mg·L~(-1);TON(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)去除率高达90.0%;NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N累积速率分别为12.06 mmol·(L·d)-1、7.74 mmol·(L·d)-1.结果表明,以副产物化学硫铁泥作为电子供体深度脱氮有潜在的工程应用价值,以水处理工艺过程中原位利用废物,解决部分富硫铁化学污泥后续处理问题,表现出资源化利用的综合特征.     

海藻糖强化厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺处理高盐废水的脱氮除碳效能

采用SBR反应器研究海藻糖强化厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺(SAD)处理高盐水的脱氮除碳效能及其动力学特性.当海藻糖为0.25 mmol·L~(-1)时反应器具有最佳的脱氮效能,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和COD均可以被完全去除,与没有添加海藻糖相比,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和总氮去除率分别提高了50%、43%和46%,氨氮去除速率(ARR)和亚硝氮去除速率(NRR)分别提高了81.25%和75%.当海藻糖浓度进一步提升至0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,NH_4~+-N去除率(ARE)仅为58.82%,出水NH_4~+-N浓度下降为33.25 mg·L~(-1).相比于Haldane模型和Aiba模型,Luong模型更适合拟合海藻糖添加条件下SAD的脱氮性能.由其得到的NRRmax、KS、Sm和n分别为0.954 kg·(m3·d)-1、0 mg·L~(-1)、184.785 mg·L~(-1)和0.718.与修正的Logistic模型和修正的Boltzman模型相比,修正的Gompertz模型得到的预测值与实验值最为贴近,修正的Gompertz模型更适合描述海藻糖添加条件下单周期内基质的降解过程.     

低温下A2/O-BAF反硝化除磷脱氮特性

在11~14℃低温下,采用A~2/O-BAF系统处理低C/N生活污水,研究了污染物去除特性、反硝化除磷过程中除磷脱氮比例(ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N)以及BAF中曝气量和有效填料高度对硝化反应的影响.结果表明,在COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和PO_4~(3-)的平均进水浓度分别为193.1、58.6、60.3和5.1 mg·L~(-1)时,平均出水浓度分别为46.3、2.5、13.4和0.3 mg·L~(-1),达到国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级A标准.对ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N进行线性拟合,比值分布在0.47~1.75之间;运用正态分布对ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N进行数理统计,其均值为1.20,标准差0.29.BAF中曝气量为60 L·h~(-1)和100 L·h~(-1),出水NH_4~+-N浓度小于5.0 mg·L~(-1)时所需填料高度分别为1.8 m和1.0 m;继续增大BAF中曝气量为120 L·h~(-1)时,气水流冲击导致生物膜脱落,造成出水NH_4~+-N大于5.0 mg·L~(-1).     

海水异养硝化-好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌SLWX2的筛选及脱氮特性

从分离自刺参养殖环境的7株候选菌株中筛选出1株具有较强异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的菌株SLWX_2,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定其为花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis).该菌株脱氮特性研究结果表明,SLWX_224 h对氨氮、亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮的去除率分别达到100%、99.5%和85.6%;当3种无机氮源同时存在时,菌株优先利用氨氮,再利用NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N,72 h 3种无机氮的质量浓度均降至0.013 mg·L~(-1)以下,表明该菌株能同时进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化完成脱氮;在氨氮负荷500 mg·L~(-1)、亚硝酸氮负荷100 mg·L·~(-1)和硝酸氮负荷200 mg·L~(-1)范围内,该菌的脱氮能力不受明显抑制,对3种形态的氮均有良好去除效果,96 h最多可去除180 mg NH_4~+-N、30 mg NO_2~--N和120 mg NO_3~--N,并且在硝化过程中没有亚硝酸氮积累.该菌株在海水养殖和高盐高氮工业废水的脱氮处理方面具有更大潜力.     

废水同步脱硫脱氮关键工艺参数及微生物群落结构的研究

大量未经处理的含硫化物和硝酸盐废水的排放将带来严重的环境问题.根据以废治废原则,使用厌氧滴滤塔反应器构建的同步脱硫耦联反硝化脱氮反应(SDD)能很好的去除废水中S~(2-)和NO-x-N.其中以聚氨酯泡沫为填料的厌氧滴滤塔反应器中生物活性最强,脱氮脱硫效果最好.体系中功能菌优先将S~(2-)氧化成S0,待S~(2-)去除完全后,再进一步将S0氧化成SO_4~(2-).同时,SDD反应降解NO_3~--N的速率快于NO_2~--N.进水S/N摩尔比越大,产物中SO_4~(2-)相对含量越低.结合实际工程考虑,应控制进水S/N摩尔比在5/3~5/2之间,S~(2-)浓度控制在538 mg·L-1以下.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,Thiobacillus属在4组反应器上占绝对优势,其相对丰度均高于40%.其次相对丰度较高的Rhodanobacter、Arenimonas和Truepera属与厌氧反硝化作用密切相关.对4组反应器中微生物进行Alpha-多样性分析结果表明取得较好脱硫耦联反硝化效果的体系中物种多样性指数也较高.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.