颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制及防护研究进展

颅脑爆炸伤是现代战争中士兵面临的主要伤害之一,近年来受到广泛关注。冲击波经由颅脑传播带来的直接伤害被称为初级爆炸伤。目前,初级颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制尚不明确,可能是应力波传播、颅骨弯曲变形、颅脑空化及躯干压缩等多种因素共同作用的结果。该研究是涉及多学科交叉、多物理场耦合及短时和长时效应共存的复杂问题,需要通过建立描述冲击波和颅脑相互作用的高精度、多尺度和多物理场数值模型,发展测量颅骨应变、颅内压力、加速度等力学指标的物理测试系统,结合人体和动物病理、生理、行为学等综合因素分析,最终揭示颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制。本文中介绍了初级颅脑爆炸伤致伤机制,给出了颅脑爆炸伤的行为学、生理学相关的医学评价指标,以及颅骨应变、颅内压力等关键力学评估指标,提出了基于致伤机制和评价指标的防护结构设计方法,包括基于新型防冲击波材料的头盔系统改进、头盔缓冲系统设计、增加头部保护系统的封闭性等,最后展望了在精细化建模、原位实验及防护系统设计等诸多方面的发展趋势。     

颅脑正面碰撞的有限元模拟分析

利用人体脑部的CT图像,建立了一个基于人体解剖学结构的脑部的三维有限元模型.模型生物材料特性分别采用线弹性和粘弹性模型描述.在专业碰撞分析软件PAM-CRASH中,利用建成的颅脑三维有限元模型模拟正面颅脑碰撞过程,得到了碰撞过程的能量、速度、加速度、应力曲线和各个时刻的应力云图,并依据模拟碰撞过程得到的结果进行分析,得出结论.     

爆炸冲击波作用下颅脑损伤机理的数值模拟研究

爆炸引起的颅脑损伤已经成为现代战场单兵的主要致伤形式,而相关的致伤机理尚未完全阐明。本文中,针对头部在爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应及相关致伤机理进行了数值模拟研究。首先,基于颅脑的核磁共振切片建立了人体头部三维数值模型,该模型真实地反映了颅脑的生理特征与细节构造;利用该模型对人体头部碰撞实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,验证了头部模型的有效性。在此基础上,基于欧拉-拉格朗日耦合(Euler-Lagrangian coupling method,CEL)方法发展了爆炸冲击波-头部流固耦合模型,对头部受到爆炸冲击波正面冲击工况进行了数值模拟,分别从流场压力分布、脑组织压力、颅骨变形与加速度等方面对头部动态响应过程进行了分析。爆炸冲击波峰值压力在流固耦合作用下增大为入射波的3.5倍,致使受到直接冲击处的颅骨与脑组织发生高频振动,相应的振动频率高达8 kHz,这与碰撞载荷下的脑组织动态响应是完全不同的。同时,该处颅骨的局部弯曲变形会沿着颅骨进行“传播”,影响着整个颅骨的变化构型,从而决定了脑组织压力与损伤的演化过程。     

人颅骨结构的动力参数

为了深入探讨人头部受撞击时颅脑损伤的力学计算模型,本文对颅骨结构的功力参数连行了测试和有限元分析。结果表明,人颅骨结构属于小阻尼结构,进行动力分析时可以抽象成弹性阻尼薄壳结构。     

基于空气流场压力分析的头盔冲击波防护效能研究

研究典型战斗头盔对爆炸冲击波致颅脑冲击伤的防护效能。首先开展了50 g TNT距有无头盔防护下头部模型1 m处爆炸的抗爆试验,采集了有无防护下头部前额、颅顶、颅后冲击波超压并进行了对比分析;建立了具有典型颅脑结构的头部有限元模型并进行爆炸冲击波加载,对试验工况进行了仿真再现,通过试验结果验证了仿真模型有效性;同时利用数值仿真对不同工况下冲击波流场压力变化规律进行分析;进一步利用数值仿真研究了泡沫衬垫对头盔防护能力的影响。研究结果表明,典型战斗头盔可使前额空气超压衰减为无防护时的54.5%,但是会使颅后空气超压增强为无防护时的2.19倍,对颅后冲击波防护产生负面效果;头盔悬挂中泡沫衬垫能消弱头盔对颅后防护的负面效果,提高头盔对冲击波的防护能力。     

关于中间激波的回顾与展望

中间激波是传统理论认为在物理上不可能实现的一类激波，但是，近年来在数值模拟中发现了它的结构，因此，在国际上引发了中间激波研究的高潮．本文首先系统地回顾了中间微波的研究历史和发展，给出了传统的激波演化性理论，并通过引用演化性理论，否定了中间激波的稳定存在．然后，介绍了近年来在中间激波方面的工作及进展情况，最后阐述了我们的一些看法．     

表面修饰 PbS 纳米微粒的合成及其抗磨性

合成了二烷基二硫代磷酸修饰的ＰｂＳ纳米微粒，用透射电子显微镜和电子衍射对其形貌和晶体结构作了观察分析，通过四球试验考察了它在润滑油中的摩擦学行为．结果表明，这种微粒的粒径大都在３～５ｎｍ之间，具有方铅矿的晶体结构，其在液体石蜡中的抗磨性良好．     

变刚度层叠梁的力学性能研究

为满足不同场景下的功能需求，变刚度结构得到越来越广泛的应用．以机器人手臂为例，在执行操作时，需要其手臂的结构刚度足够大，避免出现过大的扭曲和变形，而在与人交互时，又需要其结构足够柔软，以保证在此过程中与人交互的安全性．该类变刚度结构可根据需求通过外部激励在柔性和刚性状态之间自由切换．在该文章中，研究分析了层叠梁结构，通过理论推导和数值模拟，对其力学性能做出了很好的预测，同时为此类结构的研究提供了有效可靠的思路和方法．     

应用MTS材料试验机对高能材料进行快速加载的试验研究

介绍了开发ＭＴＳ材料试验机应用于快速加载的高能材料动态力学的试验方法，研究了方波信号的频率对加载速率的影响，开发了低周疲劳试验机在冲击载荷下用于固体炸药在不同温度下的单轴，三轴材料动态力学性能研究的功能，得出了应变速率达到４／ｓ。加载速率与信号频率无关，而与系统增益，液压油源大小，伺服阀流量、材料性质有关的结论     

气体介质对动力调谐陀螺仪性能的影响机理及调整措施

在动力调谐陀螺研制和生产过程中发现，陀螺从启动到稳定所需时间较长，在长时间随机漂移测试中，有明显的斜坡漂移。这在很大程度上降低了陀螺的性能，影响了陀螺的应用，经研究发现，陀螺的内部气体在这当中起着重要作用。本文详细分析了陀螺内部气体对动力调谐陀螺性能影响的机理，并提出了解决方法。     

RESEARCH ON MICRO-STRUCTURE AND ENERGY ABSORPTION MECHANISM OF THE HUMAN SKULL BONE 1)

头盖骨对于维持生命安全至关重要。作为一种多孔夹芯结构,头盖骨由密质骨面板和松质骨芯子构成。本文通过头盖骨截面与冲击物相互作用,并基于能量守恒定律分析了人头盖骨能量吸收随着冲击速度的变化规律,给出了头盖骨在不同冲击速度下的破坏形貌图。通过头盖骨截面的失效面积,反映出结构的吸能特性。     

Stresses in a human skull due to pulse loading

Summary Assuming the human skull to be an isotropic homogeneous viscoelastic prolate spheroidal shell and the brain to be a homogeneous viscoelastic fluid, the stresses in the skull due to three various types of pulse loading for different load-durations have been reported in the present paper.

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übersicht Unter der Annahme, da? die menschliche Sch?deldecke als isotrope, homogone, viskoelastische, flache sph?roidische Schale und das Gehirn als homogene, viskoelastische Flüssigkeit aufgefa?t werden k?nnen, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Spannungen im Sch?del infolde dreier veschiedener Arten von Impulsbelastungen mit unterschiedlicher Lastdauer dargestellt.

     

人颅骨应力应变分布的实验研究

本文给出了人颅骨在颅顶受压时用电测法得到的应力——应变分布。文中叙述了直角应变花的布置、粘贴、温度补偿以及载荷和约束的处理,给出了在80kg静载荷作用于颅顶时各测点实测线应变值,得出了沿经线方向线应变为负值,沿纬线方向线应变为正值,45°方向线应变小于经线和纬线方向应变一般规律,计算得出两个主应力值并与有限元计算结果对比,同时得到最大主应力方向与经线夹角小于25°一般规律。颅骨在颅顶受静压力400Kg时破坏,最先破坏部位为蝶额缝与蝶鳞缝区域。     

A History of Blast Exposure May Affect the Transmission Properties of Cranial Bone

An individual who has sustained mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) due to impact is more susceptible to a second concussion for a time, presumably due to the vulnerability of the injured brain tissue. This knowledge informed military guidelines regarding return to duty following blast-related TBI (bTBI). However, bone mechanics studies have shown that bone experiences hysteresis above certain strains as a result of microdamage, which suggests that blast exposure may also reduce the ability of the cranium itself to protect the brain from another blast. In the present study, the response of deer skull bone to blast wave exposure was measured. Oxy-acetylene driven laboratory scale shock tubes were used to produce realistic blast loading profiles. When a skull was exposed to peak blast pressures of about 600 kPa (measured with the sensor facing the direction of propagation of the blast wave) from a 41 mm diameter shock tube, the peak transmitted pressure gradually increased from 13.1 % to 40.2 % over five trials. This hysteresis was persistent and repeatable but was not observed with more localized loading. Future work could more specifically quantify blast thresholds at which persistent changes could be expected. Results from such work would further inform clinical decisions regarding return to activity following bTBI. The present results show that blast loading history of cranial bone should be understood and controlled in the design of related experiments. The results also underscore the need for accurate material properties and experimental validation of numerical models of the interaction of blast waves with the cranium.     

Bulging Brains

Brain swelling is a serious condition associated with an accumulation of fluid inside the brain that can be caused by trauma, stroke, infection, or tumors. It increases the pressure inside the skull and reduces blood and oxygen supply. To relieve the intracranial pressure, neurosurgeons remove part of the skull and allow the swollen brain to bulge outward, a procedure known as decompressive craniectomy. Decompressive craniectomy has been preformed for more than a century; yet, its effects on the swollen brain remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the deformation, strain, and stretch in bulging brains using the nonlinear field theories of mechanics. Our study shows that even small swelling volumes of 28 to 56 ml induce maximum principal strains in excess of 30 %. For radially outward-pointing axons, we observe maximal normal stretches of 1.3 deep inside the bulge and maximal tangential stretches of 1.3 around the craniectomy edge. While the stretch magnitude varies with opening site and swelling region, our study suggests that the locations of maximum stretch are universally shared amongst all bulging brains. Our model has the potential to inform neurosurgeons and rationalize the shape and position of the skull opening, with the ultimate goal to reduce brain damage and improve the structural and functional outcomes of decompressive craniectomy in trauma patients.     

The mechanics of decompressive craniectomy: Bulging in idealized geometries

In extreme cases of traumatic brain injury or a stroke, the resulting uncontrollable swelling of the brain may lead to a harmful increase of the intracranial pressure. As a common measure for immediate release of pressure on the brain, part of the skull is surgically removed allowing for the brain to bulge outwards, a procedure known as a decompressive craniectomy. During this excessive brain swelling, the affected tissue typically undergoes large deformations resulting in a complex three-dimensional mechanical loading state with several important implications on optimal treatment strategies and outcome. Here, as a first step towards a better understanding of the mechanics of a decompressive craniectomy, we consider simple models for the bulging of elastic solids under geometric constraints representative of the surgical intervention. In small deformations and simple geometries, the exact solution of this problem is derived from the theory of contact mechanics. The analysis of these solutions reveals a number of interesting generic features relevant for the mechanics of craniectomy.