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1.
Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) are important pests of Solanaceae in many countries. Several studies have demonstrated that T. urticae is an acceptable prey to many predatory mites, although the suitability of this prey depends on the host plant. T. evansi, has been shown to be an unfavorable prey to most predatory mites that have been tested against it. The predator Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark and Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been found in association with the two species in Brazil. The objective of
this work was to compare biological parameters of P. fragariae on T. evansi and on T. urticae as prey. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. At all temperatures, survivorship
was lower on T. evansi than on T. urticae. No predator reached adulthood at 10°C on the former species; even on the latter species, only about 36% of the predators
reached adulthood at 10°C. For both prey, in general, duration of each life stage was shorter, total fecundity was lower and
intrinsic rate of population increase (r
m
) was higher with increasing temperatures. The slower rate of development of P. fragariae on T. evansi resulted in a slightly higher thermal requirement (103.9 degree-days) on that prey than on T. urticae (97.1 degree-days). The values of net reproduction rate (R
0), intrinsic rate of increase (r
m
) and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly higher on T. urticae, indicating faster population increase of the predator on this prey species. The highest value of r
m
of the predator was 0.154 and 0.337 female per female per day on T. evansi and on T. urticae, respectively. The results suggested that P. fragariae cannot be considered a good predator of T. evansi. 相似文献
2.
A leaf disc bioassay was employed to examine the effects of temperature and predator age on functional response of an acarophagous
thrips, Scolothrips takahashii Priesner, to hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, in the laboratory. The results indicated that the predatory thrips exhibited type-II functional responses against
the mites under various temperatures, and that females are more voracious than males. Analysis showed that temperature had
significant effects on the predatory capacity of adult thrips over the range of 20–35 °C. Attack rate in females linearly
increased with temperature while in males it was independent of temperature. Handling times in both males and females decreased
linearly with increasing temperature. Extended response models describing the functional response with temperature incorporated
as a parameter were developed, yielding an estimated maximum numbers of prey attacked at four temperatures were 38.38, 55.06,
71.74 and 88.42 eggs per day for females, and 15.11, 26.11, 37.11 and 48.01 eggs per day for males, respectively. The age
of predator affected both the type of the functional response shown and the magnitude of predation by S.␣takahashii on the spider mite. Females of various ages exhibited Type-II functional responses with similar attack rates, but handling
time prolonged linearly as age increased: the handling times in 15- and 18-d-old females were significantly longer than in
6-d-old thrips. However, Type-I functional responses were determined for males aged 12 d or more; the maximum number of prey
eaten in 24 h decreased as age increased. The implications of the results for the management of hawthorn spider mite are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Seventeen isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were evaluated for their pathogenicity against the tobacco spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard. In the laboratory all the fungal isolates were pathogenic to the adult female mites, causing mortality between 22.1 and 82.6%. Isolates causing more than 70% mortality were subjected to dose–response mortality bioassays. The lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) values ranged between 0.7×107 and 2.5×107 conidia ml−1. The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) values of the most active isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae strains varied between 4.6 and 5.8 days. Potted tomato plants were artificially infested with T. evansi and treated with B. bassiana isolate GPK and M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78. Both fungal isolates reduced the population density of mites as compared to untreated controls. However, conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones formulated in water. This study demonstrates the prospects of pathogenic fungi for the management of T. evansi. 相似文献
4.
Archita Barua Azariah Babu Ratul Ch Rajkhowa 《Proceedings of the Zoological Society》2018,71(3):224-228
The tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner is one of the major pests of tea plants in North-east India. The ladybird beetle, Stethorus aptus Kapur, is a newly reported predator of O. coffeae. Predatory efficiency study of S. aptus under laboratory conditions revealed that adult of S. aptus consumed significantly more mites than larvae. In free choice condition, the predator consumed within a range of 48–56 adults and 82–90 larvae of O. coffeae whereas the 3rd and 4th instar larvae of S. aptus consumed 20–26 adults and 50–60 larvae of O. coffeae per day respectively. Population dynamics of S. aptus was observed for 1 year under field conditions. The maximum density of the predator was recorded during January to March and it gradually declined from September onwards. Population of S. aptus showed positive correlation with its prey O. coffeae and relative humidity while effect of other factors was insignificant. 相似文献
5.
Lucy Kananu Murungi Aggrey Nyende John Wesonga Peter Masinde Markus Knapp 《Experimental & applied acarology》2010,52(1):19-27
The effect of five African nightshade (Solanum sp.) species on the biological and demographic parameters of the tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard, was examined in the laboratory at 25 ± 1°C, 70–80% RH and 12L:12D photoperiod. Duration of each development
stage, reproduction rate, longevity, intrinsic rate of natural increase (r
m), and doubling time (DT) of the tomato spider mite on the five nightshade species were calculated. The results indicated
that S. villosum, S. scabrum, S. tarderemotum and S. americanum are more suitable for T. evansi due to a shorter developmental period, longer adult longevity, higher reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase
ranging between 0.180 and 0.196 females/female/day compared with S. sarrachoides which cannot support T. evansi populations as the r
m (−0.063 females/female/day) and DT were negative on this host. Differences in developmental time and life table parameters
among the other host plants were not significant. 相似文献
6.
While searching for food, predators may use volatiles associated with their prey, but also with their competitors for prey.
This was tested for the case of Zetzellia
mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae), an important predator of the hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus
viennensis (Zacher) (Acari: Tetranychidae), in black-cherry orchards in Baraghan, Iran. Using a Y-tube olfactometer, the response of
this predatory mite was tested to odour from black-cherry leaves with a conspecific female predatory mite, either with or
without a female of the hawthorn spider mite when the alternative odour came from black-cherry leaves with the hawthorn spider
mite only. Female predators avoided odours from leaves with both a hawthorn spider mite and a conspecific predator, as well
as leaves with a conspecific predator only. We discuss whether avoidance emerges in response to cues from the competitor/predator,
the herbivore/prey or the herbivore-damaged plant. 相似文献
7.
İsmail Kasap 《BioControl》2011,56(3):327-332
This study examined the efficacy of the predatory mite Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a biological control agent of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus cultivars at 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40 predator:prey
release ratios under greenhouse conditions. At predator:prey ratios of 1:10, significant reductions on P. citri populations were observed one week after release of T. athiasae, and populations remained at low levels thereafter. The highest mean numbers of P. citri were found in the third week on the Washington cultivar and in the fourth week on Valencia, in a control group with no predators.
This study demonstrates the potential of T. athiasae to effectively control P. citri on Washington and Valencia cultivars under greenhouse conditions at predator:prey ratios of 1:10. However, T. athiasae was unable to control the citrus red mite populations when the predator:prey ratio was reduced to 1:40. We therefore recommend
a release ratio of 1:10 for effective control of P. citri in greenhouses on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus. 相似文献
8.
Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007 to determine the effectiveness of different release times
with the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), for control of the twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). The effect of N. californicus releases over time and on development of TSSM populations during a growing season were evaluated. Our hypothesis was that
repeated applications of N. californicus, which is currently recommended by biological control companies, might be unnecessary to attain season-long control of TSSM.
In greenhouse trials, three treatments consisting of releases of N. californicus at five-day intervals: day 0, day 5, and day 10, and an untreated control were evaluated. The treatment releases significantly
reduced TSSM below the control within five days of each release. Neoseiulus californicus significantly reduced TSSM in treatments with high densities (leaflets with ≥ 40 TSSM) below that of treatments with lower
densities (leaflets with ≤ 10 TSSM) demonstrating that if released at a predator: prey ratio of 1:10, timing of release does
not alter the effectiveness of N. californicus in controlling TSSM. However, we found that if the ratio of predator: prey remains adequate, N. californicus is a more efficient predator at high TSSM densities. Field studies included three treatments consisting of releases of N. californicus at one-month intervals. All treatments significantly reduced TSSM compared with the control plots (no releases). Releases
applied early in the season sustained TSSM significantly below those in the control plots for the whole season. Our results
indicate that one release of N. californicus is able to sustained control of TSSM in strawberry throughout a growing season if released when TSSM populations are low
early in the season in the southeastern United States. 相似文献
9.
Functional responses of predators are generally measured under laboratory conditions at rather high prey densities. This is
also true for the predation capability of the anthocorid predatory bug Orius sauteri (Poppius). To quantify the daily impact of one female Orius predator on its prey Thrips palmi Karny on greenhouse eggplants where the prey is present below the economic threshold density, we use its patch-leaving and
feeding behaviour on eggplant leaves with different prey numbers and scale up to the larger spatio-temporal scale of the greenhouse
and one foraging day by means of a simulation model. For this, we also use literature data on the distribution of T. palmi over eggplant leaves. The simulation results in a typical type II functional response for O. sauteri as a function of average T. palmi density: O. sauteri can find and eat approximately 10 prey items per day if T. palmi is present around its economic injury level. The daily mean number of prey eaten per O. sauteri predator, i.e., its predation capability, is highly sensitive to the actual baseline leaving tendency, the effect size of
the presence of prey on the baseline leaving tendency and the effect size of the encounter rate with prey thereon. 相似文献
10.
Prey stage preference of female Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) (Phytoseiidae) at constant densities of different stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), functional response types and parameters of the predator females to the varying densities of eggs,
larvae, protonymphs and deutonymps of T. urticae were determined in order to establish its potential for the mite biological control. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 1°C,
65 ± 10% RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Our results indicated that the predator consumed significantly more prey larvae than
other prey stages. Functional response type of predator was determined by a logistic regression model. The predator exhibited
a Type II response on all prey stages. The attack rate (α) and handling time (T
h
) coefficients of a Type II response were estimated by fitting a “random-predator” equation to the data. The lowest estimated
value α and the highest value of T
h
(including digestion) were obtanined for the predator feeding on deutonmph. The lowest value of T
h
were obtained for the predator feeding on prey larvae, but the attack rate value obtained on larva wasn’t different than
that obtained on egg and protonymph. According to our results, K. aberrans could be an efficient biological control agent of T. urticae at least at low prey densities. However, further field based studies are needed to draw firm conclusions. 相似文献
11.
Lawson-Balagbo LM Gondim MG de Moraes GJ Hanna R Schausberger P 《Experimental & applied acarology》2007,43(1):49-61
The eriophyoid mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Eriophyidae), commonly called the coconut mite, is a key pest of coconut fruits. Surveys conducted on coconut palms
in Brazil revealed the predatory mites Neoseiulus paspalivorus DeLeon (Phytoseiidae) and Proctolaelaps bickleyi Bram (Ascidae) as the most commonly associated natural enemies of A. guerreronis on coconut fruits. However, virtually nothing is known about the life history of these two predators. We conducted laboratory
experiments at 25 ± 0.1°C, 70–90% RH and 12:12 h L:D photoperiod to determine the life history characteristics of the two
predatory mites when feeding on A. guerreronis and other potential food sources present on coconut fruits such as Steneotarsonemus furcatus DeLeon (Tarsonemidae), coconut pollen and the fungus Rhizopus cf. stolonifer Lind (Mucoraceae). In addition, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) was tested for its suitability as prey. Both predators, N. paspalivorus and P. bickleyi, thrived on A. guerreronis as primary food source resulting in shorter developmental time (5.6 and 4.4 days, respectively), higher oviposition rate
(1.7 and 7.0 eggs/female/day, respectively) and higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.232 and 0.489 per female/day, respectively)
than on any other diet but were unable to develop or lay eggs when fed T. urticae. Coconut pollen and S. furcatus were adequate alternative food sources for N. paspalivorus and Rhizopus for P. bickleyi. We discuss the relevance of our findings for natural and biological control of the coconut mite A. guerreronis. 相似文献
12.
The spider mite Tetranychus evansi has a broad range of host plants. Control of T. evansi has been a big challenge to tomato farmers due to its fast rate of reproduction, development of resistance to chemical pesticides
and its ability to use weeds as alternative hosts when the tomato plants are not available. The aim of the current study was
to determine the host plant acceptance and the relative contributions of trichomes in the control of the red spider mite by
comparing the survival, development and oviposition rates of the red spider mite on eight tomato accessions. Leaflets from
eight tomato varieties were assayed with the spider mites to determine the egg laying capacity and developmental time of the
spider mites on the tomato accessions as well as the trichome densities. Densities of trichome types I, IV, V and VI varied
among the tomato accessions. Variation in types I, IV and VI accounted for most of the variation in mite responses. The varieties
with high densities of types IV and VI had the highest fecundity and mite development did not go beyond the larval stage.
The developmental time varied significantly among the tomato accessions. The results indicated that the higher the density
of trichome type I the lower the adult survival. The findings indicated possible resistance of some of the tested tomato accessions
against T. evansi which is partially associated with trichomes types and density. 相似文献
13.
Prey captured by a predator may attract kleptoparasites which could significantly reduce the amount of food consumed. Stegodyphus lineatus, a cribellate spider, builds an energetically costly web. Ants raid the webs of S. lineatus to steal prey and behave as kleptoparasites. We investigated ant raids in a natural population of S. lineatus and their influence on the spider’s foraging behaviour. Considering spiders that had captured a prey, 31.2% suffered an ant
raid within 24 h after the prey capture. Experimental tests showed that the response to ant raid is to delay web rebuilding
and this was independent of a spider’s previous foraging success. There was a tendency for spiders that were exposed to ants
to build larger webs. Neither prey-handling duration nor prey consumption was modified after exposure to ants. These results
suggest that Stegodyphus lineatus adapt its web-building behaviour in response to the risk of kleptoparasitism. 相似文献
14.
Stethorus japonicusKamiya (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an indigenous ladybird beetle in Japan, which feeds on many spider mite species. We evaluated the development, survivorship and life-history parameters of this lady beetle on a diet of eggs of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (red form) (Acari: Tetranychidae). In addition, the effect of short photoperiod on its reproduction was assessed. Survival rates from egg to adult were more than 71% at temperatures between 17.5 and 30 °C. The highest immature mortality was 100% at 35 °C followed by 76% at 15 °C and 52% at 32.5 °C. The lower threshold temperature for development from egg to egg-laying adult was 13.0 °C and the thermal constant was calculated as 238.7° days. Based on these data, the maximum number of generations that could complete development in a year under field conditions in Ibaraki, central Japan, would be between five and seven. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) were 0.093 at 20 °C, 0.156 at 25 °C and 0.241 at 30 °C. Reproductive diapause was induced at photoperiods with light phases shorter than 13 h at 18 °C. 相似文献
15.
Colleen R. Alma David R. Gillespie Bernard D. Roitberg Mark S. Goettel 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2010,23(2):90-99
The nature and severity of intraguild interactions between predators and entomopathogens will be determined, in part, by a
combination of threat of infection, and avoidance of that threat by the predator. We determined the threat of infection posed
by the entomopathogen, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (as PFR-97™) to the generalist predator, Dicyphus hesperus. We then asked if D. hesperus displays behavioral avoidance of infection while foraging for whitefly nymphs at different stages of infection by the pathogen.
When exposed to leaf surfaces treated with the pathogen, 28% of adult female predators died due to infection. Consumption
of Ephestia kuehniella eggs by surviving predators over 6 d was significantly reduced, suggesting effects of a sublethal infection. Whitefly nymphs
that had been treated with P. fumosoroseus 3 d prior were acceptable as prey to D. hesperus but whitefly nymphs that had been treated with P. fumosoroseus 5 days prior were not. When foraging for whitefly nymphs, adult D. hesperus females rejected infected nymphs 96% of the time, compared to 39% of non-infected nymphs. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus therefore presents a measurable threat to D. hesperus through mortality and reduced prey consumption. Dicyphus hesperus does not avoid initial contact with infected prey but does not feed on such prey. The mechanism underlying these rejections
could be due to either avoidance of infection or rejection of prey already consumed by the infectious agent. These results
suggest that predation by D. hesperus foraging among infected whitefly nymphs under greenhouse or natural conditions could be reduced through a combination of
pathogenicity and reduced efficiency of foraging. 相似文献
16.
Several predatory mites have been found in association with the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer, in northeast Brazil. However, the latter still causes damage to coconut in that region. The objectives of this work
were to compare the frequencies of occurrence of Neoseiulus (Phytoseiidae) and Proctolaelaps (Melicharidae) species on standing and aborted coconuts in coastal Pernambuco State, northeast Brazil and to analyze their
possible limitations as control agents of the coconut mite, based on evaluations of the restrictions they may have to access
the microhabitat inhabited by the pest and their functional and reproductive responses to increasing densities of the latter.
Neoseiulus baraki (Athias-Henriot) was found mostly on standing coconuts whereas Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram) was found mostly on aborted coconuts. Measurements of the entrance to the microhabitat occupied by the coconut mite,
between the bracts and the subjacent fruit surface, showed that this different pattern of predator prevalence could be related
to predator sizes, although other environmental factors could not be disregarded. Progressively higher predation rate of N. baraki was observed up to an experimental density that corresponded to 1,200 coconut mites per fruit, which is close to the average
number determined in northeast Brazil, reducing slightly afterwards. Predation rate of P. bickleyi reduced consistently but slightly with increasing prey densities, but in absolute values, rates were always much higher than
determined for N. baraki. The excessively high killing capacity of P. bickleyi, probably related to its high feeding requirement, may be detrimental in terms of stability. In fact, such high requirement
for food suggests that P. bickleyi might not have a strong relation with the coconut mite and that the latter may not be its main food source under natural
conditions. It is concluded that body sizes of both predators and the exceedingly high feeding requirement of P. bickleyi may limit their performance as control agents of the coconut mite. 相似文献
17.
A survey for natural entomopathogenic fungi of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) adults was made in Erzurum, Turkey, during the period 2006. Tetranychus urticae (65.8%) infected with a strain of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides were found. Thirteen isolates of C.
cladosporioides were assessed against T. urticae, in a single dose (8 × 106 conidia ml −1), laboratory bioassay on bean leaflets. The total mortality percentage caused by C. cladosporioides isolates varied from 50.95 to 74.76% and LT50 values ranged from 2.34 to 3.90 days. The results revealed that isolates of C. cladosporioides were effective against two spotted spider mite. This is the first record of natural infection of T. urticae by C.
cladosporioides. 相似文献
18.
John J. Sloggett Alexandra Magro François J. Verheggen Jean-Louis Hemptinne William D. Hutchison Eric W. Riddick 《BioControl》2011,56(4):643-661
We review the chemical ecology of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis from the perspective of its invasiveness and the deleterious effects it exerts in the regions it has colonised. We outline
the nature and quantification of its chemical defence, and discuss the protection this provides against natural enemies, particularly
intraguild predators. We consider the role of infochemicals in location of prey, intraspecific communication and intraguild
interactions. We also discuss the role of prey allelochemicals in relation to H. axyridis extreme dietary generalism. Harmonia axyridis poses a number of practical problems for human health and well-being, including “ladybug taint” wine contamination and problems
resulting from large aggregations overwintering in buildings. We consider chemical insights into these issues and, in particular,
how attractants and repellents might help manage H. axyridis populations through a push–pull strategy. We conclude by discussing future perspectives for research. 相似文献
19.
Fawzeia H. Elmhalli Katinka Pålsson Jan Örberg Thomas G. T. Jaenson 《Experimental & applied acarology》2009,48(3):251-262
The toxicity of para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), the main arthropod-repellent compound in the oil of the lemon eucalyptus, Corymbia citriodora, was evaluated against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus using five methods (A–E) of a contact toxicity bioassay. Mortality rates were estimated by recording numbers of dead nymphs
at 30 min intervals during the first 5 h after the start of exposure and at longer intervals thereafter. The mortality rate
increased with increasing concentration of PMD and duration of exposure with a distinct effect after 3.5 h. From the results
obtained by methods A, C and E, the LC50 range was 0.035–0.037 mg PMD/cm2 and the LC95 range was 0.095–0.097 mg PMD/cm2 at 4 h of exposure; the LT50 range was 2.1–2.8 h and the LT95 range was 3.9–4.2 h at 0.1 mg PMD/cm2. To determine the duration of toxic activity of PMD, different concentrations (0.002, 0.01, 0.1 mg PMD/cm2) were tested and mortality was recorded at each concentration after 1 h; thereafter new ticks were tested. This test revealed
that the lethal activity of PMD remained for 24 h but appeared absent after 48 h. The overall results show that PMD is toxic
to nymphs of I. ricinus and may be useful for tick control. 相似文献
20.
Yingen Xue Alan Meats G. Andrew C. Beattie Robert Spooner-Hart Grant A. Herron 《Experimental & applied acarology》2009,48(4):291-302
Occasional pesticide application in integrated pest management to at least part of a crop requires that any biological control
agents must re-invade previously sprayed areas in order that resurgent pests can be constrained. The ability of the phytoseiid
predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to feed on adult two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae on excised leaf discs in both control conditions and in a treatment with a sub lethal residue of agricultural mineral oil
(AMO) was assessed. The predator exhibited a Type II functional response with the asymptote significantly higher in the AMO
conditions due to the fact that the prey grew slower and reached a smaller size in this treatment. In terms of prey volume
eaten, the satiation level of the predator was unchanged by the AMO deposits. The numbers of eggs produced by adult P. persimilis females at densities of 4, 8 and 16 TSSM adult females/disc in the control were significantly higher than those in the AMO
treatment, but were similar for the higher density levels, 32 and 64 prey per disc. Thus the functional response in terms
of volume of prey eaten explained the numerical response in terms of predator eggs produced. The presence of AMO deposits
when the prey were at high density had no effect on predator efficiency (volume eaten) but resulted in a lower intake than
that in control conditions when there was a greater distance between prey. 相似文献