超临界流体中的催化反应

介绍超临界流体中的固体催化反应，酶催化反应，均相催化反应及催化加氢反应。     

超临界流体中的催化反应

介绍超临界流体中的固体催化反应、酶催化反应、均相催化反应及催化加氢反应。     

超临界流体中的酶催化反应

介绍了在超临界流体中进行酶催化反应的优越性及一些研究成果，如酶在超临界流体中的稳定性及其影响因素，并对超临界流体和有机溶剂中的酶反应作了比较。     

超临界流体技术在非均相催化反应中的应用

综述了超临界流体技术在非均相化学合成及酶催化反应中应用的研究进展，同时介绍了超临界流体技术应用于非均相催化反应领域应着重开展研究的主要内容。     

超临界流体在催化反应中的应用

综述了超临界流体在酶催化、多相催化、均相催化等催化反应中的应用。指出了超临界流体作为催化反应介质在基础研究和应用研究方面的课题方向。     

超临界流体中的酶催化反应研究进展

与其它非水相的酶催化介质相比，超临界流体有着其独特的优点。介绍了超临界流体的概念、选择以及酶在超临界流体中活性的影响因素，并讨论了超临界流体中酶催化反应的相关应用与发展前景。     

超临界流体在非均相催化反应中的应用

介绍了超临界流体的概念和超临界流体独特的性质。从化学动力学和热力学的角度，阐述了超临界反应对化学反应的影响。重点对超临界反应在烷基化、异构化、氧化、加氢及F－T合成等非均相催化方面的应用进行综述。     

硫酸氢钠在催化反应中的应用

介绍了近年来硫酸氢钠在催化酯化和催化缩合反应中的应用，指出反应机理研究和开拓其应用领域是今后的研究方向。     

超临界流体技术在环境保护中的应用研究

综述了超临界流体技术在环境保护各领域的应用。介绍了国内外超临界流体技术 (超临界水反应、超临界萃取以及超临界色谱 )处理环境污染物的实例     

超临界流体在化学反应中的应用

综述了临界流体的性质及超临界流体在化学反应中一的些应用。主要介绍了超临界流体在Ｆ－Ｔ合成反应、１－己烯异构化反应、氧化反应和烷基化反应中的应用。     

超临界流体技术制备超微材料应用

汇总了近年来国内外文献中关于超临界流体技术制备超微材料的应用,主要应用在高分子与生物材料、无机和有机材料、药物化合物、炸药等领域,提供了所制备超微材料的名称、应用的制备方法、主要实验结果和出处;介绍了超临界流体技术在制备合成微粒和颗粒包覆过程的应用,并对此应用技术目前存在的问题和发展前景进行了总结和展望。     

Solubilities of solids in supercritical fluids

The solubilities of several low-volatility compounds in supercritical fluids were measured. The fluids used were pure carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide modified with small amounts of organic liquids. Some enthalpies of solution of solids in carbon dioxide at a density of 0.80 g/mL are presented. The enthalpy of solution of fluoranthene in carbon dioxide was found to be less endothermic at higher CO₂ density. The order of solubilities in the modified fluids was the same as that in the pure liquid modifiers. The same apparatus was used to measure vapor pressures of some substances as well as solubilities.     

超临界流体中的化学反应

超临界流体中的化学反应可分为两大类 ,即超临界流体作为反应介质的反应和超临界流体作为反应原料的反应 ,分别介绍了其研究进展 ,着重介绍了第一类反应中的酶催化反应、超临界水氧化、高分子合成     

Homogeneously-catalyzed syntheses in supercritical fluids

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) differ from liquid solvents in a number of important properties, any of which could potentially alter the performance of a chemical reaction performed in a supercritical medium. Although rate, yield and selectivity improvements as well as environmental, health and engineering benefits are all possible, little research has been reported on homogeneously-catalyzed syntheses in SCFs. Several notable successes plus new techniques for solubilizing hydrophilic reagents in SCFs are encouraging further research in this growing field. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环境友好的超临界多相催化反应研究进展

在传统的多相催化反应中引入惰性超临界流体的超临界多相催化反应可以改善反应过程或减少环境污染.综述了超临界多相催化反应的特点,并着重从催化超临界水氧化反应、超临界相转移催化反应、超临界酶催化反应等3个方面详细论述了超临界多相催化反应的研究进展.最后对今后的发展方向提出了看法.     

A review on catalytic & non-catalytic bio-oil upgrading in supercritical fluids

This review article summarizes the key published research on the topic of bio-oil upgrading using catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical fluid(SCF)conditions.The precious metal catalysts Pd,Ru and Pt on various supports are frequently chosen for catalytic bio-oil upgrading in SCFs.This is reportedly due to their favourable catalytic activity during the process including hydrotreating,hydrocracking,and esterification,which leads to improvements in liquid yield,heating value,and pH of the upgraded bio-oil.Due to the costs associated with precious metal catalysts,some researchers have opted for non-precious metal catalysts such as acidic HZSM-5 which can promote esterification in supercritical ethanol.On the other hand,SCFs have been effectively used to upgrade crude bio-oil without a catalyst.Supercritical methanol,ethanol,and water are most commonly used and demonstrate catalyst like activities such as facilitating esterification reactions and reducing solid yield by alcoholysis and hydrolysis,respectively.     

超临界流体的应用与研究进展

综述了超临界流体的基础理论研究及其在分离提纯、材料制备、化学反应、环境保护和分析化学等方面的应用。     

超临界流体干燥技术在纳米粉体制备中的应用

由于纳米粒子的表面效应，用传统的干燥方法干燥纳米粉体时极可能产生团聚结构。超临界流体干燥技术是制备具有高比表面积、孔体积、较低密度和低热导率的块状气凝胶和纳米粉体的重要途径之一。介绍了超临界流体的性质、超临界流体干燥技术的研究进展、超临界流体干燥的工艺与设备及过程的影响因素，阐述了超临界流体干燥技术在纳米材料制备中的应用，并指出了超临界流体干燥过程的控制技术及注意点，为进一步加强超临界流体干燥技术的理论研究和拓展超临界流体干燥技术的应用领域奠定了基础。     

超临界流体技术制备超微材料方法

从超临界流体技术制备超微材料具有传统方法不可比拟的优越性出发,对利用超临界流体技术的各种方法进行总结,主要包括快速膨胀法、抗溶剂法、气相过饱和沉积法和反应法;以最常用的超临界二氧化碳为例,介绍了各种方法的制备原理以及目前的研究热点和现状,对近年来国内外文献相关研究的结论和存在的问题进行了综述;对各种方法进行了比较和展望。     

Particle design using supercritical fluids: Literature and patent survey

As particle design is presently a major development of supercritical fluids applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and specialty chemistry industries, number of publications are issued and numerous patents filed every year. This document presents a survey (that cannot pretend to be exhaustive!) of published knowledge classified according to the different concepts currently used to manufacture particles, microspheres or microcapsules, liposomes or other dispersed materials (like microfibers):RESS: This acronym refers to ‘Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions’; this process consists in solvating the product in the fluid and rapidly depressurizing this solution through an adequate nozzle, causing an extremely rapid nucleation of the product into a highly dispersed material. Known for long, this process is attractive due to the absence of organic solvent use; unfortunately, its application is restricted to products that present a reasonable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (low polarity compounds).GAS or SAS: These acronyms refer to ‘Gas (or Supercritical fluid) Anti-Solvent’, one specific implementation being SEDS (‘Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids’); this general concept consists in decreasing the solvent power of a polar liquid solvent in which the substrate is dissolved, by saturating it with carbon dioxide in supercritical conditions, causing the substrate precipitation or recrystallization. According to the solid morphology that is wished, various ways of implementation are available:GAS or SAS recrystallization: This process is mostly used for recrystallization of solid dissolved in a solvent with the aim of obtaining either small size particles or large crystals, depending on the growth rate controlled by the anti-solvent pressure variation rate;ASES: This name is rather used when micro- or nano-particles are expected; the process consists in pulverizing a solution of the substrate(s) in an organic solvent into a vessel swept by a supercritical fluid;SEDS: A specific implementation of ASES consists in co-pulverizing the substrate(s) solution and a stream of supercritical carbon dioxide through appropriate nozzles.PGSS: This acronym refers to ‘Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (or Suspensions)’: This process consists in dissolving a supercritical fluid into a liquid substrate, or a solution of the substrate(s) in a solvent, or a suspension of the substrate(s) in a solvent followed by a rapid depressurization of this mixture through a nozzle causing the formation of solid particles or liquid droplets according to the system.The use of supercritical fluids as chemical reaction media for material synthesis. Two processes are described: thermal decomposition in supercritical fluids and hydrothermal synthesis.We will successively detail the literature and patents for these four main process concepts, and related applications that have been claimed. Moreover, as we believe it is important to take into account the user's point-of-view, we will also present this survey in classifying the documents according three product objectives: particles (micro- or nano-) of a single component, microspheres and microcapsules of mixtures of active and carrier (or excipient) components, and particle coating.