高速射弹并联入水过程空泡演化特性试验

为研究多射弹并联入水时多空泡演化特征,首先设计了可用于双射弹水平高速入水的发射装置,通过试验验证了该系统的可行性;然后基于该系统进行了不同空化器直径、径向间距的双射弹并联入水试验,利用高速摄影技术采集到双射弹在并联入水运动过程;最后对采集到的运动序列图片进行数据分析,得到双射弹在并联入水过程中的双空泡演化规律,揭示了射弹并联入水过程中空泡之间的耦合演化机理. 试验结果表明: 高速射弹并联入水过程中,其空泡演化过程存在穿越、吸引及截断3种典型现象;空化器直径与射弹径向间距均是影响双空泡耦合特性的重要因素.相同射弹径向间距时,随着射弹空化器直径减小,双空泡之间的耦合程度减弱,完全穿越转变成部分穿越现象;相同的空化器直径时,随着双射弹的径间距增大,射弹的脱落空泡之间的吸引现象逐渐减弱,但是脱落空泡的偏移幅值随着径向间距的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;当双射弹存在前后距离时,先发射弹易出现空泡的截断现象.随着轴向间距增大,截断现象将减弱.根据独立膨胀原理可知,相同条件下射弹前后间距减小时截断现象亦将减弱.     

液压锥阀气穴现象两相流仿真及实验

为研究液压锥阀存在的气穴问题,基于流体力学理论及阀芯受力分析,计算出径向偏移量的大小,在考虑阀芯发生径向偏移的情况下,借助UG软件建立不同工况下的内流场三维模型,通过ICEM-CFD软件划分网格模型,基于FLUENT软件对锥阀内流场的气穴现象进行液-气两相流仿真,获得径向偏移、半锥角、开口度、背压4个影响因素下的气穴分布及强度的变化规律.搭建可视化的液压锥阀气穴现象实验台,借助高像素的相机拍摄各工况下阀口位置的气穴图像,对仿真结果进行实验验证.结果表明:仿真结果与实验结果相吻合,径向偏移使气穴集中分布在上锥面一侧的流场.半锥角为45°时,阀芯的锥阀气穴强度变化平缓,同时半锥角为45°时,开口度为0.4 mm时气穴的强度最明显,随着开口度增大,气穴现象的气团强度逐渐减弱.综合通流能力、气穴强度,半锥角为45°是一个较优的阀芯半锥角度,同时,增大开口度和背压具有抑制气穴发生的作用.     

头形对细长体超空泡生成与外形影响的实验研究

在水洞中对具有非流线形头形的轴对称细长体模型进行了空泡系列实验研究。发现了非流线形头形细长体的空化起始仅决定于空化数，并在一定的空化数下具有稳定的起始位置、脱体角和空化区域；圆锥系列头形(包括圃盘与不同直径系列)细长体可以生成3种稳定的空泡基本形态：局部附体空泡、模型体尾部闭合超空泡和模型体尾部之后闭合超空泡，超空泡的基本外形为椭球体；圆锥系列头形生成的超空泡，在相同空化数下，超空泡的相对长度与长细比均随着锥顶角或直径的增大而增大；在相同的空泡相对长度或长细比下，随着锥顶角或直径的增大，对应的空化数也增大；具有攻角的头形，改变了空泡的脱体角，使超空泡出现了一定程度的不对称性，但并不改变超空泡的基本形态。     

通气空泡发展过程及其水动力影响

在水洞中对通气空泡发展过程及其对水动力影响开展了系列实验研究,发现通气空泡发展经过局部空泡和超空泡两个阶段,回注射流在局部空泡和超空泡阶段的表现形式不同,对空泡形态的影响也不同,根据空泡形态的显著变化可以得到局部空泡过渡到超空泡的转变判据.空泡数和模型阻力在局部空泡阶段随通气率的增加而减小;在过渡阶段随通气率的微小增加而迅速减小;在超空泡阶段随通气率的增加基本保持不变.通气空泡形态不稳定主要表现为空泡振荡和界面波动,此外空泡形态不稳定还会导致模型动力不稳定.文章对于超空泡控制技术的研究具有重要参考价值.     

Experimental Observations of Cavitating Flows Around a Hydrofoil

The cavitation around a hydrofoil is studied experimentally to shed light on the multiphase fluid dynamics. Different cavitation regimes are studied by using high speed visualization and particle image velocimetry(PIV). As decreasing the cavitation number, four cavitating flow regimes are observed: incipient cavitation, sheet cavitation, cloud cavitation, and supercavitation. From the incipient cavitation to the cloud cavitation, bubbles become more and more. Phenomena with large-scale vortex structure and rear re-entrant jet associated with the cloud cavitation, and subsequent development in the supercavitation are described. The velocity in the cavitation regions in the different cavitation conditions is low compared to that of the free stream. The large velocity gradient is also observed in the cavitating flow region near the surface of the hydrofoil.     

空蚀区空化水流特性的实验研究

实验研究了空蚀区空泡溃灭特性.实验在浙江工业大学水力学实验室空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄影技术观测了不同掺气体积分数下空蚀段的空化云形态,并量测了空化水流的压力.利用绘制的空化数曲线对空泡溃灭进行了分析处理,得到了空化水流在空蚀段沿程变化的特征.结果表明:在不同的掺气体积分数下,对应于各种不同的空化形态,空蚀段空化水流表现出不同的特点;空化数有一个突然上升的过程,在此过程中空泡大量溃灭.     

壅塞空化器羟自由基产量试验研究

针对空泡溃灭瞬间产生羟自由基和氢基,而羟自由基具有强氧化性,能够与难降解有机物分子发生反应的问题,探讨了羟自由基的产量与壅塞空化器的空化强度的关系。以壅塞空化器作为空化发生元件,亚甲基蓝作为自由基捕捉剂,采用可见分光光度计检测反应前后MB(methylene blue)质量浓度的变化量,间接获得羟自由基的产量,探讨了MB初始质量浓度、背压孔当量直径和反应时间对羟自由基产量的影响。试验结果表明:背压孔当量直径为5.4 mm,亚甲基蓝溶液的初始质量浓度为12 mg/L时,自由基产量最高。     

空气压强对垂直入水空泡影响的数值研究

基于RANS方程,结合VOF多相流模型和动网格技术,对带150。锥角头型圆柱体以中等速度垂直 匀速入水空泡进行了数值计算．计算过程中对VOF多相流模型嵌入水和水蒸汽之间的质量输运源项,实现 了水、空气和水蒸汽三项相同时存在的自由液面入水问题数值计算．通过与匀速垂直入水理想空泡模型计算 结果的对比,验证了本文数值计算方法的有效性．对不同空气压强条件下入水空泡形态的数值计算结果分 析,得到了在本文所计算入水工况范围内垂直入水过程中自然空化对入水形态的影响;得到了空泡无量纲闭 合时间、空泡闭合瞬间最大无量纲直径、以及空泡闭合方式与空气压强和入水速度之间的关系等     

Characteristics of Vibration Induced by Cavitation

Cavitation-induced vibration characteristics and the relations between the vibration and cavitation are studied. Cavitation vibrations are measured around a model hollow-jet valve by an accelerometer under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. The measurement data is analyzed by FFT method. The corresponding cavitating flow patterns are photographed by a high-speed camera with an xenon flash lamp. The frequency band of the vibration induced by cavitation is determined. To compare the vibration intensities under different cavitation conditions, a definition of vibration acceleration level is introduced based on power spectral density of the vibration. By the analysis of vibration, the definitions of characteristic cavitation number are suggested. According to these cavitation numbers, the cavitation process is divided into three stages, that is, incipient cavitation, subcavitation and supercavitation.     

黏性沙级配对高速水流空化空蚀的影响

为研究黏性沙不同级配对高速水流空化空蚀的影响及机制,利用自主研发的小型循环式水洞试验装置,采用两条不同的黏性沙级配曲线进行较系统的试验研究。通过配置黏性沙小于某一粒径不同质量分数的挟沙水流,用压力动态数据采集系统实时量测水洞工作段空化区和空蚀区的压力;制作不同配合比的混凝土试件,使混凝土试件在黏性沙小于某一粒径不同质量分数工况下进行4 h的空蚀试验,以混凝土试件每小时质量损失表征空蚀量。结果表明：水洞工作段空蚀区各测点的时均压力和空化数随黏性沙小于某一粒径质量分数的减小而增大;混凝土试件空蚀量随黏性沙小于某一粒径质量分数的减小而增加;流速相同时,较高强度配合比混凝土试件的抗空蚀能力明显优于较低强度配合比的混凝土试件;较低流速下空蚀区主要位于试件前段,较高流速下则位于试件后段;试验所用黏性沙细颗粒比重越大,空蚀量越大。     

旋流式壅塞空化器处理苯酚溶液研究

壅塞空化是一种新型的水力空化技术,在壅塞空化器喷嘴内加入旋流芯即成为旋流式壅塞空化器。在不同背压和旋流芯长度下,利用CFD软件对旋流式壅塞空化器内部流场进行了数值仿真,并对不同初始浓度的苯酚溶液采用高效液相色谱仪检测其处理前后的质量浓度变化。计算结果表明,旋流式壅塞空化器内部产生的涡环对壅塞空化具有促进作用,并存在最佳背压和旋流芯长度。模拟污水处理试验结果表明:当背压为200 k Pa,旋流芯长度为3/4倍导程,苯酚溶液的初始质量浓度为5 mg/L时,旋流式壅塞空化器对苯酚溶液的去除效果最佳。     

航行体云状空泡稳定性通气控制

为研究水下航行体云状空泡稳定性,通过水洞实验对水下航行体模型云状空泡进行了实验研究,对比分析了不同空化数对水下航行体通气空泡稳定性的影响,分别分析了不同空化数下通气空泡发展、断裂和脱落等准周期性波动特性以及脱落速度和空泡发展对表面压力的影响,得到了通气对流动控制效果和局部不稳定性机理.结果表明:在通气作用下空泡内的透明部分逐渐增大,在逆压梯度的作用下,回射流形成并向航行体前部运动,空泡前部由透明逐渐变为浑浊,当回射流到达空泡前段,空泡表面出现波动,在回射流的作用下空泡以涡团形式发生脱落,航行体模型肩部通气空泡的发展和脱落随着空化数的控制而呈现明显的不同;当空化数较大时,空泡发生断裂、脱落两个过程;当通气量增大空化数减小后,空泡呈现断裂、融合、脱落3个过程,此时空泡呈现稳定发展的特性;空泡平均脱落速度随着空化数的减小而减小;实验结果也表明了不同时刻航行体表面压力脉动情况,空泡闭合位置存在压力峰值,航行体表面压力随着空泡的脱落出现波动.     

壅塞空化与射流空化噪声谱特性的实验研究

水力空化已成为一种很有潜力的水处理技术。利用水听器采集空化噪声信号,通过对比分析不同喷嘴产生的空化噪声的功率谱特性,得出壅塞空化器具有宽频高能量平台的功率谱曲线,特别适合于水动力空化处理污水和净化水等领域。     

物体高速出水实验装置研制及流场可视化

研制进行高速物体出水实验的实验设备.阐述水下高速物体出水时,物体、超空泡和尾迹与自由液面相互作用的实验研究结果.试验整个物体在水下高速运行直到完全出水的过程;演示空泡在水下形成及在自由液面附近溃灭的过程,并采用高速摄影仪记录下来.通过照片和数据分析,结果表明:当物体运动速度达到40 m/s左右,是从空化气泡发展成超空泡的临界速度;当速度小于40 m/s时,会出现局部空化,并且速度减弱时呈现振荡趋势;大于此速度,速度减弱时则呈线性;物尖露出水面前一刻的瞬时速度为出水前的谷底值;物体完全出水时,在自由面附近形成了有向上运动趋势的气液混合现象.     

Development of Karst Formation in Area 4 of Tahe Oil field

The main oil-bearing formation of Area 4 of Tahe oilfield is in Yingshan Group of Ordovician consisted of thick pure limestone. The types of the pore space contain the pore, fissure, cave as well as fracture formed by solution collapse. The primary porosity and tectonic fracture are of poor growth. Therefore, the formation growth is mainly controlled by hydraulic units of the palaeo-karst. There are three palaeo-hydraulic zones: vadose zone (including infiltration sub-zone and percolation sub-zone), phreatic zone and tranquil zone. They are identified by retrieving the palaeo-geographical karst environment. The pore space of the infiltration zone is mainly solution fissures, small solution cavities and solution pores. The growth and lateral connection of the formation are favorable. The reservoir/formation ratio is 0.54. The pore space of the phreatic zone developed large size cavities and fractures related to cave collapse. The height of the cavity can reach 71m. The fractures by collapse have a influencing range of more than 100m, and its reservoir/formation ratio is 0. S1. But the lateral connection is unfavorable. The percolation subzone and the tranquil zone are of relatively poor growth with the reservoir/formation ratio less than 0.3.     

Effect of attack angle change on hydrodynamic character of supercavitating bodies

A series of experiments has been done in a moderate-velocity cavitation tunnel to investigate the effects of attack angle change on hydrodynamic characters of supercavitation. Hydrodynamic characters of the aft section at various attack angles were compared. The investigation shows that hydrodynamic forces of the aft section are dependent of supercavity shapes at different attack angles,and the magnitude of hydrodynamic forces of the aft section varies with the change of attack angle. When the aft section is in the fully wetted case,the drag coefficient changes little. Lift and moment coefficients both increase with the increased attack angle,and the increase magnitude is not large. When the aft body planing is on the cavity boundary,the drag coefficient of nonzero attack angle is larger than that of zero attack angle,and the maximal lift and moment coefficients both vary obviously with the increased attack angle. In the case that the body is fully enveloped by cavity,the drag coefficient,lift coefficient and moment coefficient are nearly constant with the change of attack angles.     

航行体出水空泡溃灭载荷特性研究

为计算出水过程中空泡溃灭载荷对航行体出水过程的影响,从空泡溃灭的物理现象入手,将空泡溃灭过程分为空泡运动阶段和空泡溃灭冲击阶段,在两个阶段分别用势流理论方法与双渐进方法进行计算,形成一套完整的空泡溃灭载荷计算方法. 在与相关试验值对比吻合较好,验证方法有效性的基础上,获得了空泡溃灭载荷及形态在整个出水过程中的变化规律. 最后研究了航行体弹性振动对航行体出水空泡溃灭载荷的影响,航行体弹性振动对溃灭冲击载荷的峰值及脉宽影响较小.     

Computational modeling of cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen by an extended transport-based cavitation model

Developing a robust computational strategy to address the rich physical characteristic involved in the thermodynamic effects on the cryogenic cavitation remains a challenge in research. The objective of the present study is to focus on developing modelling strategy to simulate cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen. For this purpose, numerical simulation over a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil is investigated by calibrating cavitation model parameters and implementing the thermodynamic effects to the Zwart cavitation model. Experimental measurements of pressure and temperature are utilized to validate the extensional Zwart cavitation model. The results show that the cavitation dynamics characteristic under the cryogenic environment are different from that under the isothermal conditions: the cryogenic case yields a substantially shorter cavity around the hydrofoil, and the predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity are steeper under the cryogenic conditions. Compared with the experimental data, the computational predictions with the modified evaporation and condensation parameters display better results than the default parameters from the room temperature liquids. Based on a wide range of computations and comparisons, the extensional Zwart cavitation model may predict more accurately the quasi-steady cavitation over a hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen by primarily altering the evaporation rate near the leading edge and the condensation rate in the cavity closure region.     

串列圆柱体下游柱的流体动力分析

处于串列的两根圆柱体,其下游柱的振动响应比起孤立柱来要大得多,这主要是由于两者之间的流体动力存在着区别。在高雷诺数Re下,要想通过实验方式得到下游柱的流体动力系数存在着较大的困难,而在相同雷诺数Re下的孤立柱的流体动力系数却较为丰富。本文通过对已有的孤立柱和下游柱在高雷诺数Re下的流体动力系数的实验值的分析,得到了一种两者之间的联系式,并将下游柱流体动力系数的计算值与实验值进行了比较。本文的工作为预报处于尾流中工作的圆柱体在高雷诺数Re下的流固耦合振动响应提供了依据。     

Study on hysteresis phenomenon in the acceleration phase of supercavitation vehicle

This paper aims to explore cavity shape variation regularity in the acceleration phase of supercavitating vehicle.According to the theory of Homogenous Equilibrium Flow,with Mixture Muhiphase Model,by ...