鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and isotope geochemistry in the Turpan Basin,northwestern China

The Turpan Basin is located in the arid zone of northwestern China and is a typical closed inland basin surrounded by high mountains. It is one of the most arid regions in the world and, as a result, the groundwater in this area is very important for both domestic and agricultural uses. In the present study, the relationships of major elements（K＋, Na＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl-） and environmental isotopes（δ18O, δ2H and T） in groundwater were analyzed to investigate the evolution of the regional hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin. The hydrochemistry results demonstrate that groundwater with high total dissolved solids（TDS） concentration is dominated by sodium chloride（Na-Cl） and sodium sulfate（Na-SO4） type water, whereas that with low TDS concentration（typically from near mountain areas） is dominated by calcium bicarbonate（Ca-HCO3） type water. The evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin is a result of calcium carbonate precipitation, evaporation concentration, cation exchange and dissolution of evaporites（i.e. halite, mirabilite and gypsum）. Furthermore, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation practice plays a key role in the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Environmental isotopes reveal that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation in the mountain areas and fast vertical infiltration of irrigation return flow. In the southern sub-basin the shallow groundwater and the deep groundwater is separated at a depth of about 40 m, with substantial differences in terms of hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics. The results are useful for decision making related to sustainable water resource utilization in the Turpan Basin and other regions in northwestern China.     

天山冰川区山溪河水化学成分变化过程分析

2014年8月在天山北坡中段对玛纳斯河流域西部鹿茸冰川的考察中,采集了冰川表面融水径流至大南沟出山口以及流域内其他主要河流的水样共30个,从氢氧同位素关系、Gibbs图分析、水化学Pipper图分析以及相关分析,定量分析了由冰川、降水补给源到出山口的径流不同离子的变化特征和影响因素。结果表明:海拔2 000 m以上高山地区的河水均属TDS(total dissolved solids,总溶解固体)小于100 mg·L~(-1)的低矿化度甘甜淡水。河水呈弱碱性,p H介于6.92~7.86,与TDS、EC具有较好的相关性。河水含有的主要阴阳离子浓度为:HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-Cl~-;Ca~(2+)Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+。各离子含量整体随着与河床接触时间增加和水流延伸而缓慢增大,不同离子变化过程存在差异。河床岩石成分和离子间复杂的相互作用是导致差异的主要原因。其影响力为:水岩作用降水贡献蒸发浓缩。硫酸盐岩贡献较大,导致SO_4~(2-)增加尤为明显;水化学类型由HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)型转化为(HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))-Ca~(2+)型。Cl~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、K~+等离子主要受到水化学相互作用的影响。NO_3~-主要来自人类活动和自然生物作用,F~-主要来自水-岩作用。     

乌鲁木齐大气降水稳定同位素与水汽来源关系研究

利用GNIP（Global of Isotope in Precipitation）乌鲁木齐站点1986-2003年大气降水稳定同位素资料和美国国家环境保护委员会/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）再分析资料,通过研究乌鲁木齐地区17年（1986-2003）大气降水的氢、氧稳定同位素组成,提出了局地大气降水线方程为...     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

闪电河流域“三水”季节变化特征

分析水体中氢(H)、氧(O)稳定同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)的变化,可以判断出不同水体的变化特征及相互关系。通过2014年5、8、10月对内蒙古正蓝旗境内闪电河流域地表水、浅层地下水及大气降水等样品的连续采集,得到地表水样21个、地下水样69个、大气降水样21个,在对"三水"样品δD、δ~(18)O值测试分析的基础,进一步讨论了"三水"变化特征及相互关系,结果显示:1闪电河流域"大气降水线"表达式为:δD=8.01δ~(18)O+6.83‰(r=0.962 1),反映了研究区蒸发量远大于降水量的气候特征。而不同月份d(氘盈余参数)出现差异,降水最多的8月d值最低,降水最少的10月d值最高,显示了大气降水次数或强度对二次蒸发作用产生了一定程度的影响。2闪电河流域地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值,不仅位于"大气降水线"之下,而且不同月份地表水与地下水中δD、δ~(18)O值的变化区间也出现差异。5月,各断面地下水与地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值差异不大,说明地下水与地表水得到充分混合;8月和10月,地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值比地下水明显偏重且各断面中大气降水所占比例较高,显示了大气降水过程对地表水H、O同位素变化的影响。此外,闪电河流域自上游到下游地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值在8月相近,而在10月逐渐出现偏大,指示了10月强烈蒸发作用对地表水中δD、δ~(18)O值变化的影响。     

石河子市浅层地下水化学特征及其成因分析

为研究新疆石河子市地下水化学特征及成因,采用描述性统计和Piper三线图对研究区19个潜水和25个浅层承压水水样的主要离子组分含量及水化学类型进行统计分析,并运用Schoeller图、Gibbs图和离子比值图等方法分析影响研究区地下水化学特征形成的主要因素。结果表明:石河子市浅层地下水为低矿化度的弱碱性水,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca和HCO3·SO4^-Ca型为主,其次是HCO3·SO4^-Na型。影响潜水水化学特征的主要是岩石风化作用和地表水蒸发浓缩后的渗透补给,影响浅层承压水水化学特征的主要因素是岩石风化作用;地下水中少量Ca^2+和Mg2+来自碳酸盐的溶解,一部分Ca^2+来自硫酸盐的溶解,Na^+和Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解;γ(Na+-Cl-)与γ(Ca^2++Mg^2+)-γ(HCO3^-+SO4^2+)呈负相关关系,表明阳离子交换作用也是浅层地下水中化学组分形成的重要作用之一。     

Spatial-temporal dynamics of desert vegetation and its responses to climatic variations over the last three decades:a case study of Hexi region in Northwest China

Analysis of spatial-temporal variations of desert vegetation under the background of climate changes can provide references for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.In this study,we used the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS)NDVI data from 1982 to 2006 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI data from 2000 to 2013 to reveal the dynamics of desert vegetation in Hexi region of Northwest China over the past three decades.We also used the annual temperature and precipitation data acquired from the Chinese meteorological stations to analyze the response of desert vegetation to climatic variations.The average value of NDVImax(the maximum NDVI during the growing season)for desert vegetation in Hexi region increased at the rate of 0.65×10–3/a(P0.05)from 1982 to 2013,and the significant increases of NDVImax mainly appeared in the typical desert vegetation areas.Vegetation was significantly improved in the lower reaches of Shule and Shiyang river basins,and the weighted mean center of desert vegetation mainly shifted toward the lower reaches of the two basins.Almost 95.32% of the total desert vegetation area showed positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation,indicating that precipitation is the key factor for desert vegetation growth in the entire study area.Moreover,the areas with non-significant positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation mainly located in the lower reaches of Shiyang and Shule river basins,this may be due to human activities.Only 7.64% of the desert vegetation showed significant positive correlation between NDVImax and annual precipitation in the Shule River Basin(an extremely arid area),indicating that precipitation is not the most important factor for vegetation growth in this basin,and further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism for this phenomenon.     

新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水文地球化学演化分析

为探究新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水质演化过程,采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比法对昌吉州东部平原区2016年63组地下水水质取样点及54组2012-2015年地下水水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明:昌吉州东部平原区2012年地下水阳离子平均含量总体为Ca^2+> K^++Na^+> Mg^2+,阴离子平均含量总体为HCO3-> SO42-> Cl^-;从2013年开始,SO42-逐渐增大,Ca^2+逐渐减小;到2016年阳离子平均含量总体为Ca^2+>K^++Na^+> Mg^2+,阴离子平均含量总体为HCO^3-> SO4^2-> Cl^-。水化学类型由2012年HCO3-Ca·Mg(Ca·Na、Ca·Na·Mg)型向2016年HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na·Mg(Ca·Mg、Ca·Na)演化,这主要与含水介质的风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用有关,而蒸发浓缩作用更加体现在承压水区的上部潜水中。地下水中Na^+、K^+、Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解;Ca^2+、Mg^2+主要来自蒸发岩溶解;SO4^2-主要来自石膏(CaSO4·2H2O)和芒硝(Na2SO4·10H2O)的溶解。Cl^-、SO^2-4除来自岩盐的溶解外,还受到人类活动的影响。     

甘肃梨园河流域地下水来源及其水化学特征

通过分析水化学与氢氧稳定同位素的关系,研究梨园河流域地下水的补给机理和水化学演化规律。地下水总溶解固体（TDS）自西南向东北递增,最大值为1 258 mg/L。沿流程方向,深层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Ca-Mg-HCO₃、Mg-SO₄→Na-SO₄型。浅层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Mg-HCO₃-SO₄→Mg-SO₄型。地表水的水化学类型无分异,主要为Ca-HCO₃型。深层和浅层地下水沿途均发生了水岩融滤作用。Na⁺含量沿程增大,一是地下水中Ca²⁺与岩石中Na⁺发生阳离子交换作用,二是硅酸盐矿物的风化作用产生Na+。Phreeqc软件模拟显示,深层地下水中方解石先沉淀后溶解;CO₂、石膏、白云石和岩盐溶解。浅层地下水中,方解石由不饱和逐渐变为饱和;石膏、岩盐一直溶解。地下水的δ²H和δ¹⁸O值大部分位于大气降水线上方,反应了山区现代降水或雪冰融水通过出山地表径流补给,交替更新快,且深层地下水向上补给浅层地下水和地表水。地表、地下水相互转化是该区水循环的主要特征。     

喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征分析

土壤盐渍化是喀什葛尔河流域农业发展面临的主要问题之一。采用相关分析法与主成分分析法分析了喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征。结果表明:土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,盐渍化程度为重度及中度盐渍化;土壤总盐与SO24-、K+、Na+呈显著正相关,揭示了土壤盐分大小与SO24-、K+、Na+有关;表层的总盐、各盐分离子含量均高于其余土层,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现表聚性;盐分离子按质量分数大小在土壤剖面基本上呈自上而下的垂直分异特点;盐分组成中,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-为主;8月份表层、0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm、80～100cm总含盐量均高于2月份。主成分分析结果表明,SO24-、K+、Na+作为研究区土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子。     

Application and verification of simultaneous determination of cellulose δ13C and δ18O in Picea shrenkiana tree rings from northwestern China using the high-temperature pyrolysis method

Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide important data in ecological, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental researches, thereby, the demand for stable isotope analyses is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous measurement of cellulose δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from tree rings would reduce the cost of isotopic commodities and improve the analytical efficiency compared with conventional separate measurement. In this study, we compared the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of tree-ring α-cellulose from Tianshan spruce (Picea schrenkiana) in an arid site in the drainage basin of the Urumqi River in Xinjiang of northwestern China based on separate and simultaneous measurements, using the combustion method (at 1050°C) and the high-temperature pyrolysis method (at 1350°C and 1400°C). We verified the results of simultaneous measurement using the outputs from separate measurement and found that both methods (separate and simultaneous) produced similar δ¹³C values. The two-point calibrated method improved the results (range and variation) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. The mean values, standard deviations, and trends of the tree-ring δ¹³C obtained by the combustion method were similar to those by the pyrolysis method followed by two-point calibration. The simultaneously measured δ¹⁸O from the pyrolysis method at 1400°C had a nearly constant offset with that the pyrolysis method at 1350°C due to isotopic-dependence on the reaction temperature. However, they showed similar variations in the time series. The climate responses inferred from simultaneously and separately measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O did not differ between the two methods. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values were negatively correlated with standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index from May to August. In addition, the δ¹⁸O was significantly correlated with temperature (positive), precipitation (negative), and relative humidity (negative) from May to August. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values determined simultaneously through the high-temperature pyrolysis method could produce acceptable and reliable stable isotope series. The simultaneous isotopic measurement can greatly reduce the cost and time requirement compared with the separate isotopic measurement. These results are consistent with the previous studies at humid sites, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in tree-ring α-cellulose can be used in wide regions.     

民勤绿洲灌区地下水水化学特征及其演化驱动机理

通过分析民勤绿洲灌区55个地下水样的相关水化学指标,探讨该区地下水水化学特征及其演化驱动机理。结果表明:研究区地下水阳离子以Na~+和Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-为主;其中K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、CO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)表现为强变异性,而Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-则表现为中等变异。研究区地下水水化学类型以SO_4-Mg型、Cl-Mg型、SO_4-Na型和Cl-Na型为主,沿着地下水流方向(坝区→泉山区→湖区),阳离子中Na~+逐渐取代了Mg~(2+)的主导地位,而阴离子中SO_4~(2-)一直占主导地位,但Cl~-的比重在不断增加。研究区地下水水化学组分主要来自岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩、碳酸盐矿物以及硅铝酸盐矿物的风化溶解。地下水水化学演化是由蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换和溶滤共同作用的结果。该研究结果可为民勤绿洲地下水资源评价、合理利用及其保护提供科学依据与决策指导。     

西藏雨季主要水体氢、氧同位素特征

通过对2014年雨季西藏境内63处水体中δD和δ~(18)O值的测定,分析其中氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征。结果表明:水体δD和δ~(18)O的取值范围分别为-152.06‰~-19.05‰和-16.96‰~4.66‰,δD较δ~(18)O的标准差大,平均值分别为-101.38‰和-9.67‰;3种水体的δD和δ~(18)O值关系为湖泊δD相对河流δD富集,河流δD相对沼泽δD富集,湖泊δ~(18)O相对河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O富集,河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O无差异;蒸发趋势方程分别为δD湖泊=6.14δ~(18)O-45.48(n=22,R2=0.855),δD河流=7.83δ~(18)O-26.22(n=32,R2=0.858),δD沼泽=5.93δ~(18)O-52(n=9,R2=0.723),河流相比湖泊和沼泽水体的δD与δ~(18)O更易受大气降水的影响;氘过量参数特征为湖泊-79‰~-17‰,河流-40‰~-5‰,湿地沼泽-34‰~-7‰,表现出蒸发强烈的水体特征;沼泽水体δ~(18)O与纬度的一元线性回归方程为y=1.67x-63.23。     

远源引种樟子松对荒漠区气候及土壤盐碱离子适应性分析

本文通过对远源樟子松在民勤沙区栽培后 ,其生长同当地气候及土壤盐碱离子的灰色关联分析研究 ,认为樟子松生长 ,与当地的日照时数、平均气压、蒸发量、地温、空气湿度、降水量、风速等气象因素关系较为密切 ,是影响樟子松的主要因素 ,而同最大风速因子关系较差 ,是影响樟子松的次要因素。通过樟子松成活率同土壤中的盐碱离子的关联度分析 ,认为土壤 p H值和 HCO3 -离子对樟子松的成活率有大的影响 ,是影响樟子松幼苗成活率的主导因子 ;SO42 -、Mg2 +、Ca2 +、K++ Na+等离子同樟子松成活率关系也很密切 ,Cl-和全盐量同樟子松幼苗成活率关联度较小 ,相对而言是次要因子     

中国西北中小型盆地天然地下水水化学特征——以公婆泉盆地为例

研究分析干旱气候条件下甘肃北山公婆泉盆地天然地下水水化学成分特征,结合水文地质条件与水化学特征Piper三线图表明:研究区存在4种类型地下水,白垩系深层水中钙镁离子含量相对高于其他类型水.地下水氚同位素结合水化学特征较好地区分了水源点的水文地质属性.氢氧同位素表明,该区地下水来源于大气降水,第四系浅层水受到强烈的蒸发作用,发生了一定程度的氧漂移,并影响"混合水"的同位素组成.最后分析了地下水主要离子的来源,以及地下水形成过程中所受到的溶滤、沉积和蒸发等水文地球化学作用.     

包头地区大气降水δD和δ~(18)O变化特征浅析

大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素包含着水循环演化过程中的历史信息,对揭示水资源的形成及演化机制具有重要的意义。文中根据包头站大气降水中稳定同位素和气象资料,分析了包头地区(1986-1992年)大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其与气温和降水之间的关系,发现该区氘盈余值(d)具有冬季高夏季低的特点,且d值接近全球大部分地区降水的d值(10‰)。该区大气降水中δ18O值具有夏季高冬季低,δ18O的温度效应显著,而降水量效应只在夏半年(4-9月)间显著。同时提出了包头地区当地大气降水线方程为δD=6.4δ18O-4.07,与全国及全球降水线方程相比,反映出干旱的气候特征。     

Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor,China

In recent years, climate change has been aggravated in many regions of the world. The Hexi Corridor is located in the semiarid climate zone of Northwest China, which is particularly affected by climate change. Climate change has led to the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation, which may result in hydrological drought and water shortage. Thus, it is necessary to explore and assess the drought characteristics of river systems in this area. The patterns of hydrological drought in the Hexi Corridor were identified using the streamflow drought index(SDI) and standardized precipitation index at 12-month timescale(SPI12) from 1960 to 2013. The evolution of drought was obtained by the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform method. The results showed that both the mean annual SDI and SPI12 series in the Hexi Corridor exhibited an increasing trend during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis, we divided the study period into two segments, i.e. before and after 1990. Before 1990, the occurrence of droughts showing decreased SDI and SPI12 was concentrated in the northern part of the corridor and shifted to the eastern part of the corridor after 1990. The probability of drought after 1990 in Shule River basin decreased while increased in Shiyang River basin. The wavelet analysis results showed that Shiyang River basin will be the first area to go through the next drought period. Additionally, the relationships between drought pattern and climate indices were analyzed. The enhanced westerly winds and increased precipitation and glacier runoff were the main reasons of wet trend in the Hexi Corridor. However, the uneven spatial variations of precipitation, temperature and glacier runoff led to the difference of hydrological drought variations between the Shule, Heihe and Shiyang River basins.     

疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水研究——Ⅰ.方法与参数选取

干旱内陆河流域绿洲生态环境需水研究是内陆河流域水资源综合管理和优化配置、保护和恢复生态环境中最为关键的科学问题之一,本研究针对疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境现状以及天然植被、河流湖泊等生态需水特征,建立了基于天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化的疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水定量化模型,以期为干旱内陆河流域绿洲生态环境需水研究提供一种可借鉴方法。模型计算结果表明,疏勒河中游绿洲2013年天然植被、河流基本生态、河流输沙、河流渗漏补给、水面蒸发和湿地生态环境需水量分别为1.90×108m3、1.00×108m3、1.11×108m3、0.83×108m3、0.68×108m3、2.70×108m3。根据目前疏勒河流域中游绿洲水资源与生态环境现状,应加强水资源的综合管理,协调农业用水与生态用水关系以及不同区域和不同部门间水资源配置量,提高水资源综合利用效率;进一步制定中游绿洲近期和远期生态保护和生态恢复目标,确定生态综合治理重点区,准确计算基于生态保护目标的流域中游绿洲生态需水量及阈值。     

过去3000年季风降水变化与突变事件的洞穴石笋记录对比

基于辽宁省暖和洞2支石笋6个230Th年龄与190个δ18O数据,建立了晚全新世3500～200a B.P.东亚季风降水序列。3个百年尺度的弱季风事件已被证实:2800-2600、1500-1200和400-200a B.P.,其与北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件在发生时间上具有较好的一致性。与内陆高精度、高分辨率石笋δ18O记录对比结果显示:1)轨道-千年尺度季风降水长期趋势变化相一致;2)百年-数十年尺度上季风降水具有明显的区域性,如距今1200-500 a B.P.,东北地区降水逐渐增加,西部干旱-半干旱地区降水逐渐减少,长江中下游以及南方地区降水变化趋势不明显。太阳活动与北大西洋气候波动可能对百年尺度东亚夏季风的强弱变化施加了重要影响。