两亲性星型-梳型共聚物PEO4_-b-[P(St-co-HEMA)-g-PCL]_4的合成

结构精确的两亲性星型-梳型共聚物具有特殊的结构和性能,有广阔的潜在应用前景,因而受到广泛的关注.本文综合利用阴离子开环聚合技术(AROP)、可逆-加成断裂链转移自由基聚合技术(RAFT)和配位-插入开环聚合技术(CROP)设计并合成了结构精确新颖的两亲性星型-梳型共聚物PEO_4-6-[P(St-co-HEMA)-g-PCL]_4.我们对各步产物进行了核磁和GPC表征,对各个聚合过程的可控性都进行了深入研究,证明了两亲性星型-梳形共聚物中每个链段的分子量都是可控的,而且分子量分布窄,符合可控聚合的特点.     

RAFT聚合合成高分子量嵌段聚合物

以合成高分子量聚合物为目标,以苯基二硫代乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)作为RAFT试剂,研究引发剂的种类(偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1-1′-偶氮环己腈(ACC))、用量及聚合温度对苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯RAFT共聚合过程和聚合物结构的影响.结果发现,由于体系中RAFT浓度很低,相应的引发剂浓度要比传统自由基聚合低得多,只有采用较高的聚合温度和低分解速率常数的引发剂(ACC),才能制得无活性聚合物分率低(<0.1)、分子量高的聚合物,并进一步得到杂质含量少、分子量分布窄的嵌段聚合物.     

RAFT聚合合成一种即含甲酰基又含手性β-蒎烯单元聚合物

设计并合成了一种新型含甲酰基同时又含β-蒎烯单元的新单体2-β-蒎氧基-5-乙烯基苯甲醛(POVB),选择苯基双硫代乙酸1-苯基乙酯(PEPDA)为RAFT试剂、以AIBN为引发剂、在60℃下THF中实现了POVB的"活性"/可控RAFT自由基聚合.单体浓度半对数ln([M]0/[M])与聚合时间符合线性关系,聚合过程呈现一级动力学特征;聚合物分子量(Mn)随单体转化率几乎线性增加,而且整个反应过程中分子量分布(Mw/Mn1.2)保持在较窄的范围.1H-NMR的分析进一步证实了聚合物链的末端精细结构.此外,CD谱结果表明手性单元β-蒎烯基能赋予聚合物以光学活性.     

含醛基可降解嵌段共聚物的合成及其生物缀合

以PEO-DDMAT为大分子RAFT试剂、BPO为引发剂,调控含醛基单体4-乙烯基苯甲醛(VBA)与不饱和环缩醛单体5,6-苯基-2-亚甲基-1,3-二氧七环(BMDO)的RAFT共聚合,获得一种新型含醛基、可降解的两亲性嵌段共聚物PEO-b-poly (VBA-co-BMDO),并对不同单体投料比下的共聚行为进行了研究.由于聚合物主链含有酯基,可以在水中碱性条件下进行降解.细胞毒性分析表明其具有良好生物相容性.该嵌段聚合物还可以通过醛基-氨氧基“点击”反应和模型生物分子氨氧基胆固醇(H2NO-Chol)形成稳定的聚合物-生物分子缀合物,该缀合物能在水溶液中自组装成纳米胶束.结果表明PEO-b-poly (VBA-co-BMDO)可以作为聚合物载体缀合含氨氧基的药物分子,在生物医药方面有良好的应用前景.     

Fe(acac)3-Al(i-Bu)3-α,α''-联吡啶催化丙烯腈与苯乙烯共聚合

研究了Fe(acac)3-Al(I-Bu)3-α,α'-联吡啶(acac=乙酰丙酮)催化体系催化丙烯腈(AN)与苯乙烯共聚合, 用元素分析和核磁共振研究了共聚物的结构, 在单体比为1:1时共聚物中丙烯腈/苯乙烯含量分别为49.3%和50.7%. 用凝胶渗透色谱研究了聚合物分子量和分子量分布, 共聚物分子量分布较窄. 动力学研究表明共聚合反应对单体浓度呈一级关系,表观活化能为57.8 kJ/mol.     

丙烯腈-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物的RAFT聚合与表征

以S,S'-二(α,α '-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯(TRIT)为链转移剂,利用可逆加成断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)制备了窄分布的端羧基大分子链转移剂——聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯腈.以大分子链转移剂为RAFT试剂,引发苯乙烯或丙烯腈单体的RAFT聚合,进一步得到聚丙烯腈-聚苯乙烯-聚丙烯腈(PAN-b-PS-b-PAN)和聚苯乙烯-聚丙烯腈-聚苯乙烯(PS-b-PAN-b-PS)三嵌段共聚物.通过1 H-NMR、FT-IR、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对所得产物的结构和分子量进行了袁征,通过原子力显微镜(AFM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)研究了嵌段共聚物薄膜的微相分离结构与热解行为.结果表明:所得产物中除PAN-b-PS-b-PAN外,分子量分布均小于1.2.嵌段共聚物薄膜经250℃热稳定化与600℃热解处理后,碳化并形成了规整的石墨结构,微区尺寸在75 nm左右.     

RAFT分散聚合方法制备支化聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)与三缩丙二醇双丙烯酸酯(TPGDA)为单体,S-1-十二烷基-S′-(α,α′-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯作为RAFT试剂防止反应体系交联,进行RAFT分散共聚合.通过在成核以后加入RAFT试剂和多官能度单体(TPGDA)的两步法分散聚合反应得到了粒径接近单分散的球形聚合物粒子,其粒径大小在1.9～2.7μm范围,粒径分布为1.12～1.24.采用凝胶色谱法(GPC)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)对所得共聚物的分子量、分子量分布(MWD)、共聚物组成、共聚物结构进行了表征.GPC结果表明所得聚合物的分子量分布曲线呈双峰分布,说明在成核期形成了线形的MMA均聚物,而在成核后由MMA与TPGDA共聚生成了支化的共聚物.1H-NMR结果显示所得共聚物具有支化的结构,共聚物中TPGDA的比例低于其在初始原料中的比例.此外,所得共聚物的特性黏度随转化率升高而降低,形状因子α从0.643降低到0.548,进一步证明了聚合物具有支化结构.     

苯乙烯与N-取代马来酰亚胺的可逆加成-断裂链转移交替共聚合

研究了二硫代苯甲酸酯存在下偶氮二异丁腈引发苯乙烯(St)、St与N-对羟基苯基马来酰亚胺(HPM)、St与N-对(2-氯/溴丙酰氧基)苯基马来酰亚胺(CPPM/BPPM)的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)均/共聚,聚合物的结构由紫外-可见光(UV-Vis)与凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征.结果表明,St的RAFT均聚以及St与N-取代马来酰亚胺的RAFT共聚均呈现活性聚合特征,分子量随着转化率上升而增加,且分子量分布较窄.对于St的RAFT均聚,由于双基终止,聚苯乙烯(PSt)链中"戴帽效率"随着转化率上升逐渐下降.对于St与N-取代马来酰亚胺的RAFT共聚合,电荷转移复合物的形成显著地提高了共聚反应速度,并促进交替结构的形成.随后进行了以P(St-alt-BPPM)引发St的原子转移自由基聚合以制备梳型PSt,结果表明在强极性溶剂中进行的聚合过程失去可控性,所得产物分子量极宽,而在本体聚合中所得聚合物分子量相对较窄,有一定的可控性.     

RAFT聚合在聚合物分子结构设计中的应用

可逆加成-断裂链转移(reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,RAFT)聚合是一种新型的活性/可控自由基聚合方法,在制备窄分子量聚合物和设计聚合物分子结构方面具有独特的优势。本文首先介绍RAFT活性自由基聚合的机理、体系、特点及链转移(RAFT)试剂的选择,然后总结了近年来国内外利用RAFT聚合技术在设计无规和交替共聚物方面的应用,详细介绍了该方法在制备特殊结构共聚物,如嵌段、梯度、接枝、星形、树形和梳形结构聚合物的新应用,并对RAFT聚合技术在今后的研究重点和应用前景做了展望。     

两亲性嵌段共聚物PGMA-b-PMAPEG的制备及其胶束的布洛芬药物控制释放性能

利用自由基可逆加成-断链链转移(RAFT)活性/可控聚合法成功合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)-b聚(甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯)(PGMA-b-PMAPEG).利用傅立叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振谱仪、凝胶渗透色谱仪及透射电镜等分析了所合成聚合物的结构、胶束粒径及形貌.以布洛芬作为模型药物负载于聚合物胶束内,考...     

RAFT radical copolymerization of beta‐pinene with maleic anhydride and aggregation behaviors of their copolymer in aqueous solution

RAFT copolymerization of beta‐pinene and maleic anhydride was successfully achieved for the first time, using 1‐phenylethyl dithiobenzoate as chain transfer agent in a mixed solvent of tetrehydrofuran and 1.4‐dioxane (1:9, v/v) at a feed molar ratio of beta‐pinene to maleic anhydride as 3:7, and the alternating copolymer was prepared with predetermined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. Furthermore, using former alternating copolymer as a macro‐RAFT agent, block copolymer poly(beta‐pinene‐alt‐maleic anhydride)‐b‐polystyrene was synthesized in a chain extending with styrene. Hydrolysis of this block copolymer under acidic conditions formed a new amphiphilic block copolymers poly(beta‐pinene‐alt‐maleic acid)‐b‐polystyrene whose self‐assembly behaviors in aqueous solution at different pH were investigated through SEM and DLS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1422–1429     

Synthesis of degradable poly(methyl methacrylate) star polymers via RAFT copolymerization with cyclic ketene acetals

Copolymerization of the cyclic ketene acetal 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) is studied with respect to its copolymerization parameters and the suitability to control BMDO/MMA copolymerizations via the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) technique to obtain linear and 4‐arm star polymers. BMDO shows disparate copolymerization behavior with MMA and r₁ = 0.33 ± 0.06 and r₂ = 6.0 ± 0.8 have been determined for polymerization at 110 °C in anisole from fitting copolymer composition vs. comonomer feed data to the Lewis–Mayo equation. Copolymerization of the two monomers is successful in RAFT polymerization employing a trithiocarbonate control agent. As desired, polymers contain only little amount of polyester units stemming from BMDO units and preliminary degradation experiment show that the polymer degrades slowly, but steadily in aqueous 1 M NaOH dispersion. Within ten days, the polymers are broken down to low molecular weight segments from an initial molecular weight of M_n = 6000 g mol^?1. Star (co)polymerization with an erythritol‐based tetra‐functional RAFT agent following the Z‐group approach proceeds efficiently and polymers with a number‐average molecular weight of 10,000 g mol^?1 are readily obtained that degrade in similar manner as the linear copolymer counterparts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1633–1641     

Temperature- and pH-responsive star amphiphilic block copolymer prepared by a combining strategy of ring-opening polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization

The star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Star-shaped polycaprolactones (HPs-Star-PCL) were synthesized by the bulk polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) with a hyperbranched polyester initiator and tin 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst. The number-average molecular weight of these polymers linearly increased with the increase of the molar ratio of CL to hyperbranched initiator. HPs-Star-PCL was converted into a HPs-star-PCL-RAFT by an esterification of HPs-Star-PCL and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate. Star amphiphilic block copolymer HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA was obtained via RAFT polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The molecular weight distribution of HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA was narrow. Furthermore, the micellar properties of HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA in water were studied at various temperatures and pH values by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results indicated that the star copolymers had the pH- and temperature-responsive properties. The release behaviors of model drug aspirin from the star polymer indicated that the rate of drug release could be effectively controlled by pH value and temperature.     

以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合

合成并研究了两种双硫酯链转移剂的纯化方法 ,进行了多种单体以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合及嵌段共聚 .发现以PhC(S)SC(CH3) 2 Ph为链转移剂的效果比PhC(S)SCH(CH3)Ph好 ,聚合产物的多分散性系数较小 .引发剂与链转移剂的摩尔数比为 1∶3 5～ 1∶4 2时 ,得到多分散性系数小 ,实测分子量与理论分子量相近的聚合产物 .聚合物的分子量随时间和转化率的增加而增加 ,加入第二单体形成嵌段共聚物 ,具有活性聚合特征 .聚甲基丙烯酸酯大分子引发剂引发丙烯酸酯单体聚合时 ,聚合速度最快 .     

Facile synthesis of core‐surface crosslinked nanoparticles by interblock RAFT polymerization

A new, efficient method for synthesizing stable nanoparticles with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) functionalities on the core surface, in which the micellization and crosslinking reactions occur in one pot, has been developed. First, amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PS copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization of styrene using (PEO)‐based trithiocarbonate as a macro‐RAFT agent. The low molecular weight PEO‐b‐PS copolymer was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol where the block copolymer self‐assembled as core‐shell micelles, and then the core‐shell interface crosslink was performed using divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The design of the amphiphilic RAFT agent is critical for the successful preparation of core‐shell interface crosslinked micellar nanoparticles, because of RAFT functional groups interconnect PEO and polystyrene blocks. The PEO functionality of the nanoparticles surface was confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic laser light scattering analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Size-controlled and monodisperse enzyme-encapsulated chitosan microspheres developed by the SPG membrane emulsification technique

The amphiphilic gradient copolymers of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) have been synthesized by using amphiphilic RAFT agent via emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization with a starved feed method of adding TFEMA. Different cosolvents are added into polymerization system to inhibit AA's homopolymerization of in aqueous phase. RAFT polymerization kinetics under different reaction conditions are discussed in detail. (1)H NMR results indicate that the obtained copolymer has a chain structure with AA segments gradually changing to TFEMA segments. The copolymer latexes exhibit good pH stability (pH value from 5 to 14) and Ca(2+) stability. The self-assembly behavior of gradient copolymers in selective solvents are observed and studied by transmission electron microscopy. All the copolymers can form spherical micelles, but the homogeneity and size of micelles are different.     

Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized Poly(styrene-co-butadiene) Nanoparticles via Controlled/Living Radical Mini-emulsion Copolymerization Stabilized by Ammonolyzed Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (SMA) RAFT Agent

A process for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization in a mini-emulsion system stabilized by ammnolyzed poly(styrene-alt- maleic anhydride) copolymer (SMA) as an amphiphilic macro RAFT agent has been applied to the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene to prepare nanoparticles. First, for the RAFT polymerization of styrene, the results of molecular weights (Mns) and polydispersity index (PDIs) determined by GPC showed that the RAFT mini-emulsion polymerization of styrene exhibited good controlled/living nature with a lower degree of aminolysis (～30%). Second, for the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene, before the gel point the molecular weight growth was followed during the polymerization by GPC and the results revealed that the GPC curve moves to the higher molecular weight indicating the formation of the copolymer. At low conversion, molecular weights (Mns) are in good agreement with theoretical prediction. The microphase separation of the copolymer nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

Controlling Internal Pore Sizes in Bicontinuous Polymeric Nanospheres

Complex polymeric nanospheres were formed in water from comb‐like amphiphilic block copolymers. Their internal morphology was determined by three‐dimensional cryo‐electron tomographic analysis. Varying the polymer molecular weight (MW) and the hydrophilic block weight content allowed for fine control over the internal structure. Construction of a partial phase diagram allowed us to determine the criteria for the formation of bicontinuous polymer nanosphere (BPN), namely for copolymers with MW of up to 17 kDa and hydrophilic weight fractions of ≤0.25; and varying the organic solvent to water ratio used in their preparation allowed for control over nanosphere diameters from 70 to 460 nm. Significantly, altering the block copolymer hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance enabled control of the internal pore diameter of the BPNs from 10 to 19 nm.     

Studies on microstructure and aqueous solution properties of block copolymer of acrylamide-styrene

Three series of block copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and styrene (St) as hydrophobic comonomer with varied microstructures were prepared in microemulsion medium by changing feed ratio of monomers, ratio of St to surfactant, and amount of initiator, respectively. The effects of microstructure factors of the amphiphilic block copolymers PAM-b-PSt on their aqueous solution properties were investigated by fluorescence probe technique and surface tension measurement in detail. The experimental results show that the aqueous solution properties of PAM-b-PSt are strongly dependent on their microstructure factors, such as the length and content of PSt hydrophobic blocks in the copolymers and their molecular weight. It was found that the main microstructure factors which effect the hydrophobic association behavior of the copolymer PAM-b-PSt are the length and content of PSt hydrophobic blocks in the copolymer, whereas the hydrophobic association behavior of the copolymer is not affected nearly so much by molecular weight in more dilute regions. At the same time, it was also found that the main microstructure factors which affect the surface activity of the copolymer are the content of PSt hydrophobic blocks in the copolymer and molecular weight, whereas the length of PSt blocks in copolymer does not affect surface activity of the copolymer nearly so much under fixed content of PSt hydrophobic blocks and molecular weight in the copolymer.