用于自动语音识别系统的切换语音功率谱估计算法

针对语音识别系统在噪声环境下不能保持很好鲁棒性的问题,提出了一种切换语音功率谱估计算法。该算法假设语音的幅度谱服从Chi分布,提出了一种改进的基于最小均方误差（MMSE）的语音功率谱估计算法。然后,结合语音存在的概率（SPP）,推导出改进的基于语音存在概率的MMSE估计器。接下来,将改进的MSME估计器与传统的维纳滤波器结合。在噪声干扰比较大时,使用改进的MMSE估计器来估计纯净语音的功率谱,当噪声干扰较小时,改用传统的维纳滤波器以减少计算量,最终得到用于识别系统的切换语音功率谱估计算法。实验结果表明,所提算法相比传统的瑞利分布下的MMSE估计器在各种噪声的情况下识别率平均提高在8个百分点左右,在去除噪声干扰、提高识别系统鲁棒性的同时,减小了语音识别系统的功耗。     

一种改进的双麦克智能语音前端算法

麦克风采集的语音信号常含有噪声和混响,会降低语音信号的清晰度和可懂度,导致语音识别系统识别率降低。对Habets双麦克风噪声和混响消除算法研究发现,算法具有很好的噪声消除性能,但是输出语音的识别率较低。在其基础上提出一种改进算法,通过引入维纳滤波器,对后置OM-LSA算法进行替换。经验证,改进算法的输出失真减小,识别率提升。     

基于谱减和LMS的自适应语音增强

针对宽带噪声背景下的语音增强问题,将短时语音视为非平稳或宽平稳信号,基于谱减法和自适应滤波的最小均方（LMS）算法,提出了一种FIR型自适应滤波算法（SSLMS）：用减谱法由短时噪声观测语音估计期望信号,作为滤波器输出信号的参考信号;用滤波器的输出与参考信号的差值为误差信号,用LMS算法求得滤波器权系数修正量,并修正滤波器。权系数最速下降调整中,采用了归一化LMS、符号LMS、块LMS技术,以简化保证权系数收敛的步长选择、减少权系数修正的运算量,从而提高自适应速度。对不同的语音在各种信噪比下仿真实验,并与改进的谱减法比较,结果表明,该法增强效果优于谱减法;在信噪比为3 dB时该法的增强效果仍然令人满意。     

基于MMSE维纳滤波语音增强方法研究与Matlab实现

提出一种基于最小均方误差估计维纳滤波器的设计方法与Matlab实现。通过使用莱文森-德宾算法求解维纳-霍夫方程(Yule-walker方程),得到滤波器系数进行维纳滤波。加载Matlab中的语音数据handel,人为地加入高斯白噪声,分别计算加入噪声后信号的自相关Rxx和加入噪声后信号和理想信号的互相关Rxd。在输出端将信号较为精确地重现出来,而噪声却受到最大抑制。实测数据的处理结果证明经过维纳滤波后语音信号的噪声减弱,信噪比提高,较好地改进了语音信号质量。     

基于维纳后置滤波的LS波束形成混响抑制算法

混响导致语音信号时间和频率模糊,严重时语音变得难以理解。为了提高语音质量,提出一种具有维纳后置滤波的最小二乘波束形成混响抑制算法。该算法将混响后的语音信号分为直达部分和混响部分,得到维纳后置滤波器增益估计;针对语音信号在低频部分噪声相干性较强的问题,利用最小二乘波束形成算法进行分频处理,最后求解最优权值。仿真实验表明,所提出的算法具有较好的混响抑制特性。     

稳键的自适应空间波束形成语音增强算法研究

为了进一步改善波束形成的降噪性能,研究了一种稳键后置滤波自适应空间波束形成算法.用麦克风代替传统波束形成器的延时抽头线,使所有的麦克风都有一阶的滤波器,利用经典的线性约束最小方差准则使空间波束形成产生语音参考信号,同阻塞矩阵输出的噪声参考信号一起经自适应多路相消器,从而有效的消除干扰噪声;最后结合后置滤波技术进一步改善语音质量.实验结果表明,相对于传统后置滤波自适应波束形成算法,在消噪性能上有明显的改善且具有更高的输出信噪比.     

基于麦克风阵列的语音增强算法研究

麦克风阵列信号处理技术的语音增强方法,能够充分利用语音信号的时空信息,其波束控制能力、抗干扰能力和信号增益均优于传统的方法。对于广义旁瓣抵消(GSC)的自适应滤波算法,在噪声相干的情况下具有很好的噪声抑制作用,但并不适用于噪声为非相干情形;反之,维纳滤波算法在噪声非相干的情况下对噪声有很好的抑制作用,而又不适用于噪声相干情形。为防止出现在高信噪比的情况下信号相消的现象,首先对GSC的阻塞矩阵进行了改进,其次对维纳滤波算法中信噪比取值的不确定性进行了改进,最后尝试将两种算法进行融合。仿真结果表明:融合算法在两种噪声情况下都具有较好的噪声抑制能力,在复杂噪声环境中具有更高的可靠性,因而更具实用价值。     

智能音箱中的一种快速回声消除算法

考虑到智能音箱中多采用麦克风阵列作为拾音装置,而单通道自适应滤波技术对声学回声消除具有失真性和复杂性,提出一种麦克风阵列快速回声消除算法。该算法首先用自适应滤波技术估计第一通道回声,然后估计阵列间的相对回声传递函数,把两者相乘得到其他通道回声;其次,把估计出的回声和噪声当作广义旁瓣抵消器（GSC）波束形成下支路的噪声参考信号,利用GSC波束形成算法去除回声和噪声。仿真结果表明,在中度混响、远距离、低回噪比且用音乐作为回声环境时,该算法具有良好的回声消除与噪声抑制性能,不仅运算量小,而且使目标语音信号具有较高的信源失真率和可懂度。     

基于听觉掩蔽效应和最优平滑的语音增强算法

针对谱减法在低信噪比下音乐噪声较大的缺点,通过分析人耳听觉掩蔽特性,提出一种改进的语音增强算法。在维纳滤波法的基础上结合掩蔽效应调整增益系数,采用非平稳环境下的最小约束递归平均算法进行噪声参数估计,利用最小均方误差准则的最优平滑因子对增强语音进行平滑处理,从而进一步消除音乐噪声。仿真结果表明,与改进谱减法与维纳滤波法相比,该算法在低信噪比情况下能有效抑制背景噪声和残余的音乐噪声,保持较好的语音质量和清晰度。     

基于反双曲正弦函数的抗冲激块稀疏自适应滤波算法

针对现有基于最小均方误差（MSE）的块稀疏系统辨识算法抗冲激性能不佳的问题,提出了一种利用反双曲正弦函数替代最小均方误差的改进型块稀疏归一化最小均方（IBS-NLMS）算法。该算法首先构造新的代价函数,利用负梯度最陡下降法求出增量,进而导出了新的滤波器权系数更新公式,在公式迭代过程中出现的冲激噪声会导致权系数的更新量趋于零向量,从而消除了由于非高斯冲激干扰而导致的算法发散问题。同时,理论分析并推导出了该算法的均值收敛过程。块稀疏系统辨识的仿真结果表明,在非高斯冲激噪声干扰和截断变化情况下,改进型算法与块稀疏归一化最小均方（BS-NLMS）算法相比有更快的收敛速度和更小的稳态误差。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。