和田河流域耗水现状分析

和田河流域位于干旱内陆区,降雨稀少,蒸发剧烈,水量散耗是该地区水份运动的主要形式。本文采用和田绿洲散耗型水文模型,对流域耗水现状进行综合分析。分别从河流、水库、地下水、绿洲灌区的耗水水平,流域耗水的年内分配,社会经济与自然生态系统耗水比例等方面体现耗水现状,为和田河流域今后的水土资源合理配置与管理提供参考。     

Hydrological Modeling of Zarqa River Basin – Jordan Using the Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) Model

Jordan is an arid country with limited water resources, so there is a chronic need to study and understand its hydrology at the watershed scale which will eventually help in achieving good management for the existing scarce water resources. The studied watershed was the Zarqa River Basin which is considered as the largest watershed in Jordan. The objective of this study was to calibrate the hydrological component of the Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) model for the Zarqa River Basin. The calibrated model could be used in a later stage to examine the impact of different management practices and climate change scenarios on the water resources in the basin. The calibration of the HSPF water quantity parameters was aided by GIS and by the automatic calibration model (PEST). The automatic calibration was done for the years 1988–1991 and the validation was done for the years 1996–1998. The coefficient of determination, R ² for the calibration and verification years of the monthly flows was 0.81 and 0.76, respectively.     

塔里木盆地绿洲耗水分析

应用散耗性水文模型的模拟结果，对塔里木盆地的喀什噶尔河、叶尔羌河、阿克苏河、开都孔雀河、和田河的大型绿洲的耗水进行了综合分析。取得了包括绿洲年耗水水平、绿洲耗水的年内分布、绿洲各类土地的耗水、社会经济与自然生态系统耗水比例、农田土壤耗水平衡与耗水组成、地下水补给与消耗的组成及潜水蒸发的分类等的初步定量结果。深化了绿洲耗水的认识并为绿洲水资源配置提供依据。     

关井限采对民勤绿洲地下水漏斗和植被影响研究

民勤绿洲是西北内陆河流域地下水超采严重、地下水漏斗突显、生态环境恶化的典型区域,寻找有利于地下水漏斗抑制和生态修复的调控方式是地下水管理亟待解决的首要问题。基于2011—2012年观测数据,采用GIS和FEFLOW软件,构建民勤绿洲潜水非稳定流模型,模拟分析不同关井限采方案对地下水漏斗和植被的影响。结果表明:(1)缩减地下水开采量能有效减缓地下水位下降,修复地下水漏斗,改善生态环境;(2)减少单井抽水量和关闭一定数量机井相结合缩减地下水开采量的方式,对于修复区域地下水漏斗,抬升绿洲边缘地区地下水位,增加植被存活面积较为有效;(3)目前已实施的关井方法有利于防治绿洲荒漠化,而相同比例关井方法对于区域地下水漏斗修复效果更明显,生态环境和社会效益更佳。研究成果可为当地地下水调控和管理提供参考。     

叶尔羌绿洲水资源利用与耗水分析

应用干旱区平原绿洲四水转化模型,对新疆叶尔羌河平原绿洲的水土资源不同利用情景的水资源转化和消耗进行模拟,研究地下水的适宜开采量和灌溉规模问题。结果表明:现状条件下,社会经济耗水量占总耗水量的53%~60%;如果维持灌溉地年耗水650 mm左右、非灌溉地300 mm左右,那么最大灌溉面积约为850万亩,适宜的地下水利用量约为10亿m3,对应的渠系水利用系数为0.49。     

A Case Study of Minqin Oasis in China

Abstract

The paper analyzes the causes of desertification of Minqin Oasis, Hexi Corridor, Gansu, China on an ecological point of view and found that the poor water management has led to water mineralization, vegetation degeneration, soil desertification, and ecosystem deterioration. In Minqin Oasis, the type of predatory management used traditionally was: reclamation, irrigation, cultivation, salinization, abandonment, and desertification. The strategies to save Minqin Oasis are a) to increase the public awareness of ecology and water resources; b) to develop water-saving agriculture; c) to adjust plant structure; d) to control the exploitation of groundwater; and e) to reduce the waste of water resources and establish a high efficiency structure of the oasis ecosystem.     

Groundwater Assessment at Santiago Island (Cabo Verde): A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Recurring Source of Water Supply

Groundwater resources are in many parts of the world the only source for private domestic, agricultural and public water supply. Subsurface has also become major recipient of wastewater and solid waters especially in the developing countries. Overexploitation of coastal aquifers and pollution are among the main problems related to groundwater resources assessment and management in Santiago Island (Cabo Verde). Brackish groundwater is the only available water type in the region that is being provided to numerous parts of the Island such as Praia Baixo, Montenegro, and Charco for agriculture and human supply. Solute and isotope data obtained in different groundwater systems were used in the identification of groundwater resources degradation. In order to understand the influence of the anthropogenic activities on the water quality and the main origin of the salts in groundwater, a statistical approach (Principal Components Analyses—PCA) was performed on the physico-chemical data. The results obtained indicate water–rock interaction mechanisms as the major process responsible for the groundwater quality (mainly calcium-bicarbonate type), reflecting the lithological composition of the subsurface soil. Also, anthropogenic contamination was identified, in several points of the island. Isotopic techniques (δ²H, δ¹⁸O and ³H content) combined with geochemistry provided comprehensive information on groundwater recharge, as well as on the identification of salinization mechanisms (e.g. seawater intrusion, salt dissolution, and marine aerosols) of the groundwater systems, at Santiago Island.     

华北平原区地表水与地下水统一评价的二元耦合模型研究

在系统分析华北平原区“四水”转化机理和地下水补、径、排规律的基础上，研究和提出一种基于“四水”转化水文模型和地下水数学模拟模型的二元耦合模型，并结合安阳市水资源评价实例，较好地解决了大埋深条件下平原区水资源统一评价问题，为华北地区乃至全国开展第二次水资源评价工作进行了有益的尝试，并积累了一些宝贵的经验。     

近60年和田河源流区径流特征及对气候变化的响应

分析气候变化下河川径流的变化规律及响应机制对河流流域内的经济、社会、生态发展具有重要意义。本文基于和田地面站点1953—2014年的气温、降水数据以及同古孜洛克站和乌鲁瓦提站1957—2014年径流数据,运用累积距平、小波分析、M-K突变检验等方法分析了和田河源流区近60年的径流特征及对气候变化的响应。结果发现:和田河源流区径流年际变化趋小,径流数值更加稳定,并在前期减少的情况下,在2006年发生突变,径流明显增大;和田河存在25～27年的主周期和6～9年的第二周期。在过去60年中,和田河经历了"丰-枯-丰-枯-丰"的交替变换,并在今后一段时间内依然表现为径流增加趋势;和田河径流的变化是气温、降水共同作用的结果,但气温是影响和田河径流变化最为主要的因子。在对气候变化的响应上,和田河径流对于气温的响应具有一定的滞后性。     

基于可持续发展理念下的地下水资源利用数量评价

地下水资源作为干旱、半干旱地区人类社会赖以生存的资源,是不可缺少的保障,但人们对资源保护意识淡漠,过度开采和不合理使用等诸多问题始终存在。本文依据区域性地下水利用统计资料及地下水利用主要量化评价公式,计算出地下水开发利用量的阈值参数,为可持续利用地下水这一珍贵资源提供客观评价的数量标准,对科学利用这一水资源提供了有益借鉴。     

黑龙江杜尔伯特县节水增粮行动项目地下水资源分析与预测

在对节水增粮行动项目区的地质、水文地质条件进行研究的基础上,进一步分析了杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县节水增粮行动项目区地下水的补给条件和动态特征,对潜水和承压水资源量分别进行计算,对2015年进行供需平衡分析,采用开采强度法对地下水开采进行预测分析计算,采用水位恢复法预测地下水状况。计算结果表明:论证单元区地下水补给资源量为12 320.25万m3/a,可开采资源量为10 472.26万m3,总需水量为8 719.4万m3,需水量小于可开采量,各论证区可开采量均有剩余。采用开采强度法对水源地进行水位降深预测,在无补给且连续24天开采情况下,最大水位降深为1.82m,平均水位降深1.37m。从停止开采的24小时内动水位恢复迅速,从第10天以后水位回升缓慢,到第120天基本回复至初始状态。     

和田河流域水量沿程变化分析研究

为缓解和田地区水资源供需矛盾,满足和田河向塔河下泄任务,本文根据和田河流域水文站实测资料,分别计算3种工况下的自上游控制站至下游肖塔站的河道水量损失率;由此分析和田河两大支流水量沿程损失的原因.并在此基础上,进一步通过相关分析得到下游肖塔站接收上游来水的临界水量、喀拉喀什河及玉龙喀什河渠首合成最小下泄流量及艾格利亚站和吐直鲁克站的最小下泄流量.其成果对和田河流域水资源开发、管理及向塔河下泄水量具有一定的参考价值.     

输水条件下额济纳绿洲浅层地下水水化学特征与水位埋深关系

浅层地下水水化学特征及水位埋深是干旱区地下水环境变化的重要指示,研究其时空变化对干旱区绿洲生态环境修复及其可持续发展具有重要意义。以我国西北干旱区第二大内陆河——黑河下游额济纳绿洲为研究区,以2017年8月水化学组分分析数据为基础,结合水化学历史分析数据(2001年9月和2009年8月)及地下水位埋深自动监测数据,运用反距离权重(IDW)插值方法和水化学Piper图解法,分析了生态输水以来(2001-2017年)额济纳绿洲地下水水化学特征和水位埋深的时空变化特征及二者间的响应关系。结果表明,在空间上,地下水位从西南到东北逐渐降低,地下水总溶解固体(TDS)沿着地下水流向呈增加趋势。2001年、2009年及2017年地下水化学类型变化不明显,分别呈SO_4·Cl-Mg·Na,SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg,SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg;地下水中TDS变化较为明显,即在2001年最高,2017年次之,2009年最低。TDS与地下水位埋深之间呈非线性统计关系,具体表现为:水位埋深在1.5～3m及6m以下范围内,TDS变化不大,稳定维持在2 000mg/L左右;但在3～6m范围内,TDS随地下水位埋深增大呈一定的增加趋势。     

Water Balance within Intensively Cultivated Alluvial Plain in an Arid Environment

The Tuoshigan–Kumalake River alluvial plain is an oasis located in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang, China. Large water consumption reduces the discharge and jeopardizes the ecosystem of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Therefore a recent regulation is enacted to limit water use in the plain. The objective of this paper is to investigate the hydrological cycle inside an intensively cultivated plain at upstream Tarim River. A conceptual water balance methodology was used for evaluating groundwater movement among riverway, irrigation ditches, irrigation area and non-irrigation area, based on the recorded water diversion. Results show that both irrigation area and non-irrigation area are supported by the water from river way in hyper-arid environment. Irrigation area is supported by surface water through canal system and non-irrigation area is supported by groundwater from canal loss and irrigation area. Nearly half of the water in the non-irrigation area comes from the irrigation area in the form of groundwater. This indicates that water supply of natural plants relies on the water from agricultural ecosystem. Tight water connection between irrigation area and non-irrigation area suggests that natural ecosystem needs to be considered in agricultural management in arid environment.     

GRACE, GLDAS and measured groundwater data products show water storage loss in Western Jilin, China

Water storage depletion is a worsening hydrological problem that limits agricultural production in especially arid/semi-arid regions across the globe. Quantifying water storage dynamics is critical for developing water resources management strategies that are sustainable and protective of the environment. This study uses GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) and measured groundwater data products to quantify water storage in Western Jilin (a proxy for semi-arid wetland ecosystems) for the period from January 2002 to December 2009. Uncertainty/bias analysis shows that the data products have an average error <10% (p < 0.05). Comparisons of the storage variables show favorable agreements at various temporal cycles, with R(2) = 0.92 and RMSE = 7.43 mm at the average seasonal cycle. There is a narrowing soil moisture storage change, a widening groundwater storage loss, and an overall storage depletion of 0.85 mm/month in the region. There is possible soil-pore collapse, and land subsidence due to storage depletion in the study area. Invariably, storage depletion in this semi-arid region could have negative implications for agriculture, valuable/fragile wetland ecosystems and people's livelihoods. For sustainable restoration and preservation of wetland ecosystems in the region, it is critical to develop water resources management strategies that limit groundwater extraction rate to that of recharge rate.     

西安市主城区地下水位动态类型划分研究

为了解西安市主城区地下水位动态类型的空间分布情况,本文以水文地质单元分区为依据,选取15眼典型监测井的地下水位埋深数据,采用基于非线性变换的主成分投影-聚类(PCP-C)模型,对不同区域的地下水位动态类型进行了分类研究。结果表明:研究区地下水位动态类型总体可分为水文影响型和开采影响型,其中非开采区范围内,从河漫滩至二级阶地地下水动态受水文因素影响由强变弱;黄土坮塬、自备井开采区及水源地集中开采区受人为活动影响较大,为开采影响型。     

节水增粮行动项目地下水取水水源、取水影响论证思路及关键技术

本次对节水增粮行动项目地下水取水水源、取水影响论证的研究共收集了规模大于10万亩项目县的101份水资源论证报告书,在分析当地水文地质状况的基础上,系统总结了节水增粮行动项目地下水取水水源、取水影响论证的思路,提出了具体的工作程序,并总结了论证范围确定、单井控制规模确定及地下水水位预测等关键技术。     

西北干旱内陆盆地地下水生态功能的探讨

以准噶尔盆地南缘地下水资源开发利用为例,分析地下水变化引起的区域地下水水位下降、泉流量衰减、水质恶化、植被退化、灌区土壤次生盐渍化与盐沼化、湖泊萎缩或干枯等生态环境效应,解析西北干旱内陆盆地地下水水位埋藏、潜水矿化度、包气带岩性与结构、土壤含盐量等地下水状态变量及其生态功能,提出地下水资源评价的内容与步骤:地质生态环境野外调查、地下水系统模型、地质生态环境系统模型及面向生态的地下水资源评价方法。最后就地下水系统参数确定和评价模型运转等问题展开讨论。     

干旱区内陆河流域绿洲水循环监测及评价系统

以新疆为例,针对干旱区内陆河流域平原绿洲水资源的运移、转化和消耗等水循环特点,以水资源科学管理,高效利用,合理配置和可持续发展为出发点,提出了加强绿洲水文研究、建立绿洲水循环监测系统及绿洲水资源利用评价系统的初步构想。监测评价系统能适时科学地诊断绿洲水循环过程及水资源利用的合理性,并及时有效地解决绿洲水资源利用存在的问题。     

新疆麦盖提绿洲水资源利用与耗水分析——绿洲耗散型水文模型的应用

应用绿洲耗散型水文模型，对新疆叶尔羌河流域麦盖提县绿洲的水土资源利用现状和不同利用情景的水资源转化和消耗进行模拟，研究地表水可利用量已限定的情况下，地下水的适宜开采量和灌溉规模问题。结果表明：现状条件下，社会经济系统耗水约占总耗水的60％，灌溉面积及地下水开采量是合适的；适宜的地下水开采量为1．0～1．5亿m^3,地下水开采系数为0．25～0．35；灌溉水利用系数不宜过高，约为0．5左右。