大兴安岭北部多年冻土监测进展

大兴安岭北部是我国多年冻土最为发育的地区之一, 多年冻土的存在和分布受植被、积雪等局地因素的影响十分显著, 形成了独特的兴安-贝加尔型多年冻土. 随着该区社会经济的发展, 多年冻土对寒区环境以及工程生产活动的影响越来越大. 近几年来逐步在大兴安岭北部建立了以多年冻土为主要研究对象的监测网络, 包括多年冻土地温监测网络、自动气象站、雪特性观测系统、活动层温度-水分观测系统以及地面融沉监测断面, 获得了一系列有意义的数据和成果. 做好大兴安岭北部多年冻土及其周围植被、气候及冻土灾害的监测具有重要的基础性和前瞻性科学价值.     

东北北部冻土退化与寒区生态环境变化

我国东北地区位于中高纬度欧亚大陆东缘,大、小兴安岭多年冻土区是欧亚大陆高纬冻土区向南最突出的部位,属于高纬山地冻土.东北多年冻土区是我国,乃至全球范围内,受气候变暖和人为活动影响最显著的冻土区之一.过去40 a来该区冻土显著退化,主要表现在:1)冻土南界及不连续多年冻土各分区边界北移而导致总面积减小、空间分布破碎化;2)活动层加深,融区扩大,局地冻土岛消失;3)冻土温度升高、厚度减薄、热稳定性降低等.由于各种因素的共同影响,寒区生态环境也发生了一系列变化.这具体表现为以兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,整个北方森林带北移,沼泽湿地面积减小等,寒区生态系统和环境已出现恶性循环.关注、研究、整治和管护寒区环境对区域社会、经济和生态可持续发展不可或缺.     

大兴安岭中生代火山活动构造背景

大兴安岭中生代火山岩主要为高钾粗面质火山岩, 属于一套碱质含量比较高的钙碱性火山岩系, 随时间从酸性向中基性方向演化。其元素地球化学特征和Sr、 Nd 同位素组成揭示火山岩具有壳源和幔源两部分源区特点, 玄武质岩石来源于相对未亏损的地幔, 中酸性火山岩则成因于地壳物质的混染或下地壳的重熔作用, 暗示火山岩的形成与陆内深部软流体上涌引起的壳幔相互作用有关。 此外, 本文还从火山活动中心的迁移,以及东邻洋陆板块之间的相互运动角度,阐述了大兴安岭中生代火山活动与大洋板块的俯冲作用无直接联系。     

大兴安岭南段不同构造环境中的两类花岗岩

大兴安岭南段主要分布有海西和燕山两个时代的花岗岩类,它们在产出构造环境、地貌形态、地质产状、岩石组合、侵位方式、造岩矿物、岩石化学、锶同位素初始比值及其矿产等诸方面,都存在着较大的差别。海西期花岗岩类主要与板块俯冲有关,属挤压环境下形成的造山钙碱性花岗岩系列。燕山期花岗岩类则主要与大陆边缘断裂活动有关,属引张环境下地幔上隆所引发的亚碱性—碱性非造山花岗岩系列,且随时间推移,拉张强度加剧,岩石碱性程度增高。     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土地区路基沉陷研究

通过对该区４个路段１２个断面为期３ａ的路基沉陷观测并结合线路普查和分析表明,多年冻土路基稳定性与地基的水、热状况密切相关,受自然环境和人为因素的制约。合理布线、保护植被、改善排水、合理确定路基高度以及设置护坡、基底反铺塔头、采用土工聚合材料和无基管涵结构等,是保持该地区路基稳定的有效措施。     

大小兴安岭多年冻土退化及其趋势初步评估

大小兴安岭多年冻土处于欧亚大陆多年冻土带南缘,地温高、厚度小、热稳定性差、对气候变暖的敏感性强.过去40 a来该区多年冻土退化主要表现为最大季节融化深度增大,厚度减薄,地温升高,融区扩大,多年冻土岛消失等.气候变暖及该区森林植被的锐减是导致多年冻土退化的普遍性和基础性因素,而多种人为活动影响起了加速促进作用.依据多年冻土南界与多年平均气温的密切相关关系,据1991—2000年平均气温-1.0~1.0℃等值线给出了现今多年冻土南界位置,并探讨了未来40~50 a后气温升高1.0~1.5℃情况下多年冻土南界的可能北移情况.     

大兴安岭北部永庆林场-十八站花岗岩锆石U—Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征

永庆林场一十八站花岗岩体位于大兴安岭东北部的额尔古纳地块,主要由花岗闪长岩组成,二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩在岩体中零星出露。岩体中锆石呈自形晶,发育振荡生长环带,显示高Th／U比值（0．23～1．35）,表明锆石岩浆成因。锆石的LA—ICP—MSU-Pb定年结果为443．5～447．5Ma,属于晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物,而非前人所划分为的新元古代。锆石的Hf同位素研究显示,2件花岗岩样品的εHf（t）值分别为一1．1～＋2．4和一0．4～＋3．6,二阶段模式年龄为1．2～1．5Ga。结合额尔古纳地块已有的早古生代和中生代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,笔者认为额尔古纳地块不同时代的花岗岩具有相似的模式年龄,其地壳增生的时间主要发生在中一新元古代。目前已有研究表明,兴安地块地壳增生发生在新元古代一显生宙,暗示它们具有不同的地壳演化过程。     

大兴安岭北部永庆林场-十八站花岗岩锆石U—Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征

永庆林场一十八站花岗岩体位于大兴安岭东北部的额尔古纳地块,主要由花岗闪长岩组成,二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩在岩体中零星出露。岩体中锆石呈自形晶,发育振荡生长环带,显示高Th/U比值(0.23~1.35),表明锆石岩浆成因。锆石的LA—ICP—MSU-Pb定年结果为443.5~447.5Ma,属于晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物,而非前人所划分为的新元古代。锆石的Hf同位素研究显示,2件花岗岩样品的εHf(t)值分别为一1.1~+2.4和一0.4~+3.6,二阶段模式年龄为1.2~1.5Ga。结合额尔古纳地块已有的早古生代和中生代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,笔者认为额尔古纳地块不同时代的花岗岩具有相似的模式年龄,其地壳增生的时间主要发生在中一新元古代。目前已有研究表明,兴安地块地壳增生发生在新元古代一显生宙,暗示它们具有不同的地壳演化过程。     

Geology and Lead-Isotope Study of the Baiyinnuoer Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, South Segment of the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China

The Baiyinnuoer deposit (32.74 Mt ore with grades of 5.44% Zn, 2.02% Pb and 31.36 g t^?1 Ag), the largest Zn‐Pb‐Ag deposit in northern China, is hosted by crystalline limestone and slate of the Early Permian Huanggangliang Formation. Detailed cross‐section mapping indicates stratigraphic and fold structural controls on the mineralization. The Zn‐Pb‐Ag mineralization is hosted predominantly by skarn, which occurs as bedding‐parallel lens that pinch out at the margins of the main economic zone. Three skarn stages are identified at the deposit: (i) garnet‐clinopyroxene; (ii) sulfides; and (iii) carbonate‐epidote. Lead isotopic compositions were determined for galena and sphalerite of the ores, whole rock samples of the Yanshanian granite and granodiorite, Permian marble and tuff, and Jurassic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks in and around the Baiyinnuoer area in order to discuss the sources of ore‐forming materials and the relationship between the ore formation and these whole rocks. Galena and sphalerite of the Baiyinnuoer ore have uniform isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.267–18.369; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.506–15.624; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.078–38.394) consistent with the granite and granodiorite (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.252–18.346; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.504–15.560; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.141–38.320), whereas the ratios for Jurassic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks are variable and radiogenic (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.468–18.614; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.521–15.557; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.304–38.375). These results indicate that the mineralization was not related to the Jurassic volcanism, but to the Yanshanian magmatism. The Permian strata may have a slight contribution to the mineralization. All features show that the Baiyinnuoer deposit is related to the Yanshanian granitic magmatism, and can be classified as a zinc‐lead‐silver skarn deposit.     

Tin–polymetallic Mineralization in the Southern Part of the Da Hinggan Mountains, China

Abstract: The southern part of the Da Hinggan Mountains is the only tin-polymetallic concentration area in northern China. Based on ore-forming element assemblages, three metallogenic series, the Sn(W), paragenetic Sn–polymetallic, and poly-metallic series, are recognized. The Sn(W) series, consisting of greisen, skarn and vein types, is associated with ilmenite–series, potassic feldspar (Kf)–granites. The polymetallic Pb–Zn–Cu series with porphyry, skarn and vein types, is related to magnetite–series, granodiorite – monzonite. On the contrary, the paragenetic Sn-polymetallic series mineralization is associated with the coexisting igneous activities of Kf-granite and granodiorite–monzonite, and it is suggested that the paragenetic Sn-polymetallic series is caused by the superimposed mineralization with tin from ilmenite-series magma and polymetallic elements from magnetite-series magma–hydrothermal system. All the three series possess similar metallogenic age, concentrating on J₃–K₁ (130–150 Ma). The melting of high maturity and tin-rich Xilinhot Proterozoic complex (micro–massif) during Mesozoic period, could generate the ilmenite–series, tin-bearing felsic magma, and cause the tin mineralization in the southern part of the Da Hinggan Mountains.