应用于硅微谐振式传感器的等精度频率计设计

针对传统频率测量中存在的弊端,利用等精度测频原理,采用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)设计实现了等精度频率计。通过FPGA对同步门的控制,使被测信号和标准信号在闸门时间内同步,消除了量化误差,提高了测量精度,实现了在整个测试频段内测量精度不随被测信号频率的高低而发生变化,即实现了等精度测量。实验证明:采用该频率计测量标准信号频率的相对误差数量级为10-6,测量谐振式传感器在温漂下的输出频率的变化稳定在±1 Hz,而且实现了谐振式传感器在红外辐射下频率的动态跟踪。     

基于STC12C5A60S2的高频高精度频率计的设计

基于传统测频原理的频率计的测量精度随被测信号频率的变化而变化。针对这一缺陷,提出了一种基于等精度测量原理的频率计设计方案。选用单时钟/机器周期的单片机STC12C5A60S2,其克服了普通8051单片机测频上限频率低的缺陷,从而满足了对高频信号进行测频的要求。该频率计具有电路结构简单、成本低和测频精度高等特点,适合测量高频小信号。     

影响周期信号测频精度的因素及对策

从频率测量原理出发，分析了影响周期信号频率测量精度的因素，提出了采用双计数器相关计数和模拟内插计数来消除被测信号频率大小和“±１误差”对测量精度影响的测频方法。     

基于FPGA的低频相位测量系统设计

基于现场可编程门阵列FPGA的特点,在EP1K100QC208内部设计两个计数器模块并定制一个ROM正弦表;通过单片机AT89S52控制闸门信号的开启和关闭来完成对标准信号和被测信号的同步测量,并对数据进行处理,将计算得到的结果在液晶屏12864上显示出来。二者的结合实现了一个高精度的相位测量系统设计。该系统采用多周期同步测量技术,在测量过程当中,可能存在最多±1个字的计数误差,其精度不会因被测频率的变化而受影响,其电路简单,降低了功耗和成本。     

谈谈单片机测频系统的实现

这里介绍一下如何用单片机来实现频率的精确测定方法。所谓频率,就是在单位时间内检测到的脉冲数。检测脉冲数的方法便是我们测量频率的传统方法,将其称之为"电子计数测频法";而另一种方法是通过准确测量被测信号的周期来测量其频率,将其称之为"同步周期测频法"。下面我分别为大家介绍这两种方法。一、电子计数法测频法图1为传统数字频率计,它采取直接测频法,测频率时将频率信号接在A端,高精度晶体振荡器接在B端,利用电子计数器严格按照式f=N/T所表达     

用8098单片机实现频率的多周期同步测量

多周期同步测量是实现频率等精度测量的一种有效的方法。本文提出了用８０９８单片机实现频率的多周期同步测量的原理，并对该方法的测量精度进行了分析。     

基于单片机控制的等精度频率计设计制作

用D触发器控制两个计数器count1和count2的同步工作,以保证count1和count2计数时间的一致性;将count1和count2与单片机的定时器T0和T1相结合构成两个20位的高精度计数器,分别对标准频率脉中和被测频率脉中进行计数;利用单片机串行口完成输出显示.从而克服了传统测频原理的频率计的测量精度随被测信号频率的下降而降低的局限性,提高了频率测量的精度.     

高精度单片机软件测频法

频率是电子技术中最基本参数之一,与许多电参量非电参量的测量结果密切相关．因此频率测量显得非常重要。本文从硬件分频测频法原理进行分析,提出一种新颖的高精度单片杌软件测频法．其原理是利用单片机对频率信号进行软件分频,然后对分频后的信号进行周期测量,得到其频率。此方法在宽频率范围内可实现等精度测频,具有精度可预置、测量精度高等优点。     

某型发动机转速测量的实现

为了提高发动机转速测量的精度和可靠性,采用AT89C51单片机制作了飞机发动机智能检测控制系统,此系统通过对转速信号的采集、运算、分析来实现对发动机运行状态的在线监控,此系统采用多周期同步测频法来实现对转速的测量。结果表明:它克服了一般测频方法对被测信号计数产生的±1个字误差,提高了检测精度。系统具有体积小、成本低、精度高等特点,应用前景广阔。     

一种快速精确测频方法及应用

针对实际应用中在较短时间内对传感器检测到的单频信号进行快速精确频率测量的要求,介绍了一种改进的多周期频率测量方法,该方法利用被测信号来触发开启同步门,使测量误差与被测信号频率无关,提高了测量准确性。分析了测量中的误差,并给出了该方法在实际设计中的应用,测试结果表明这种方法具有较高的实时性和准确性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).