熔融物堆芯冷却滞留特性研究

以模块式小型堆ACP100为分析对象,建立MELCOR程序严重事故分析模型,分析了堆芯衰变热依次经过吊篮、压力容器壁面然后进入堆腔注水系统（CIS）的传热行为。采用燃料棒失效模型评价燃料组件坍塌行为,并通过ANSYS程序蠕变断裂模型评价堆芯下板失效行为。分析结果表明,严重事故后堆芯中心燃料组件坍塌形成堆芯熔融池,堆芯周围燃料组件保持完整结构状态,堆芯下板支撑堆芯熔融池和未坍塌的燃料组件且未发生蠕变断裂失效;CIS冷却压力容器外壁面并导出堆芯衰变热,最终实现熔融物堆芯滞留,避免下封头内形成熔融池。      

假想堆芯熔化严重事故下反应堆压力容器完整性的研究进展与建议

堆芯熔化严重事故下保证反应堆压力容器完整性非常重要,高温蠕变失效是堆芯熔化严重事故下反应堆压力容器的主要失效模式。本文介绍了近年来在假想堆芯熔化严重事故下国内外反应堆压力容器高温蠕变行为的研究进展及现状,着重阐述了在材料高温蠕变试验、缩比模型试验和数值模拟等方面取得的成果,以及国内在RPV结构完整性高温蠕变行为研究方面的最新成果,指出了目前研究中存在的问题并提出开展多轴拉伸试验、三维耦合效应的温度场分析和缩比模型试验等研究方向。     

CEFR燃料组件的两种试验件通过验收

为CEFR燃料组件模拟运输用的试验件和燃料组件安装调试用的试验件于2002年完成施工设计,并于2003年3月在上海第一机床厂加工完毕通过了验收,前者为CEFR燃料组件从满洲里运至北京而进行的模拟运输提供试验件,它的结构几何尺寸、质量和加工与堆用燃料组件几乎完全相同,不同的只是燃料采用代用材料;后者主要用于CEFR堆芯燃料组件的试安装、水力学调试、吊装运输以及对销冷却进行过滤,除去在安装、调试中进入堆芯内的杂质,完成上述任务后,方可将正式的燃料组件装入堆芯。这种试验件外形尺寸和重量与正式燃料组件完全一样,这样便可模拟燃料组件的安装和吊装运输,但它的内部结构不同于正式的燃料组件,它通过内部的节流装置和过滤器分别进行水力学调试和清除堆芯钠冷却剂中的杂物。     

AC600全压堆芯补水箱补水实验研究

全压堆芯冰箱（ＣＭＴ）是ＡＣ６００压水堆非能动高压安注系统的主要设备。全压堆芯补水箱补水实验主要研究中,小破口失水事故时ＣＭＴ的重力排放特性,为验证安全分析计算机程序试验数据,中国核动力研究院建造了ＣＭＴ补水实验装置,并在该装置上模拟反应堆主管道中,小破口失水事故动态工况,完成了ＣＭＴ补水实验,本文给出了小破口失水事故工况堆芯水箱补水试验结果与分析。,     

示范快堆堆芯熔融物收集装置的安全分析

针对示范快堆堆芯熔融物收集装置的高温结构完整性问题,采用堆芯熔融物滞留在反应堆压力容器策略有效性评估方法（IVR-DOE10460）,建立了316H本构模型、多轴修正以及具体的分析评价方法。通过搜集与分析ASME规范和R66材料数据手册中316H钢相关的材料数据,确定了输入数据。在此基础上,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS开展堆芯熔融物堆积形态下堆芯熔融物收集装置的应力应变分析,并基于时间分数法与延性耗竭法（应变分数法）对堆芯熔融物收集装置进行蠕变强度校核。有限元分析结果表明：堆芯熔融物收集装置在设计时间内可满足时间分数和应变分数小于1的蠕变强度考核要求,且满足竖直位移小于设计指标的功能性要求。堆芯熔融物收集装置在堆芯熔化严重事故后能保持结构的完整性。     

熔盐堆堆芯应急排盐系统可靠性分析及优化

堆芯应急排盐系统作为熔盐堆特有的安全系统，具有排盐和余热排出功能，为熔盐堆提供了一种紧急停堆方式。为定量化分析堆芯应急排盐系统的可靠性，以美国橡树岭实验室的熔盐实验堆(Molten Salt Reactor Experiment,MSRE)为研究对象，使用概率安全分析软件RiskSpectrum建立和计算MSRE堆芯应急排盐系统故障树，得到系统失效概率为5.62×10^-4，并进行最小割集分析和重要度分析，识别出影响系统失效的关键因素是外套管泄漏失效、控制冷冻阀冷却气的电磁阀共因失效和气动阀共因失效。通过套管换热元件中减少使用焊缝连接，以及采用不同类型部件控制冷冻阀冷却气，可明显降低系统失效概率。分析结果为液态熔盐堆应急排盐系统工程应用研究提供参考。     

福岛第一核电厂2号机组严重事故进程模拟分析

本文应用MELCOR程序,通过建立全厂详细的模型,对福岛第一核电厂2号机组在地震发生后4天(96h)内的严重事故进程进行了模拟分析并与电厂实测数据进行了比较。基于文中假设的模拟计算得到的趋势与电厂现有实测数据较为一致,分析结果表明:假设TORUS隔间内海水淹没一半时,作为新增的外部热阱与RCIC系统耦合工作,可有效地将堆芯衰变热排出,并延缓了安全壳压力上升。96h内安全壳压力未达到过滤排放系统开启值;RCIC系统在事故发生后近3天失效,此后4.6h操纵员通过开启主蒸汽泄压阀(SRV)对反应堆进行快速卸压,然而堆芯在消防水注入时接近完全裸露,继而发生强烈锆水反应;6h内产氢量达到近800kg。事故后期堆芯通道依然维持可冷却几何形状,最终操纵员通过开启第2组泄压阀对反应堆进行卸压,消防水泵得以有效向反应堆注入冷却水,堆芯重新淹没并冷却。     

示范快堆堆芯熔融物收集装置的安全分析

针对示范快堆堆芯熔融物收集装置的高温结构完整性问题,采用堆芯熔融物滞留在反应堆压力容器策略有效性评估方法(IVR-DOE10460),建立了316H本构模型、多轴修正以及具体的分析评价方法。通过搜集与分析ASME规范和R66材料数据手册中316H钢相关的材料数据,确定了输入数据。在此基础上,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS开展堆芯熔融物堆积形态下堆芯熔融物收集装置的应力应变分析,并基于时间分数法与延性耗竭法(应变分数法)对堆芯熔融物收集装置进行蠕变强度校核。有限元分析结果表明:堆芯熔融物收集装置在设计时间内可满足时间分数和应变分数小于1的蠕变强度考核要求,且满足竖直位移小于设计指标的功能性要求。堆芯熔融物收集装置在堆芯熔化严重事故后能保持结构的完整性。     

非能动堆芯应急冷却系统试验

为了研究先进压水堆非能动堆芯应急冷却系统中各主要设备的行为和系统性能.中国核动力研究设计院在AC-600全压堆芯补水箱补水性能实验装置的基础上建成了非能动堆芯应急冷却系统试验装置在该试验装置上,根据不同的冷端破口直径、不同的压力平衡管和不同的自动卸压系统操作逻辑进行了一系列试验试验结果表明,不同的试验条件下,非能动堆芯应急冷却系统能够对堆芯进行冷却     

HP-STMCs空间堆堆芯典型瞬态热工分析

以计算流体力学(CFD)为基础,编写HP-STMCs空间堆堆芯功率瞬变模型和反应性反馈模型的用户自定义函数(UDF),开发堆芯瞬态分析程序SNPS-FTASR。对程序的正确性进行验证并得到满意的结果后,用SNPS-FTASR分析1个控制鼓误动作向堆芯引入正反应性和堆芯1根热管失效时的瞬态响应特性。结果显示:在1个控制鼓误动作引入正反应性时,堆芯功率先迅速升高后因堆芯反应性负反馈而缓慢上升,最终堆芯功率稳定在额定功率的121.3%。在堆芯1根热管失效时,堆芯UN燃料芯块的温度先迅速升高后因反应性负反馈使得堆芯功率迅速下降,最终堆芯功率稳定在额定功率的88.7%,堆芯最高温度较稳定状态上升约140 K,表明热管冷却空间堆在一个控制鼓误动作和1根热管失效时热工方面是安全的。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.