冻土破坏过程的微裂纹损伤区的计算分析

对冻土破坏过程进行了试验研究，冻土破坏的过程是微裂纹损伤与临界串接的演化过程，确认了冻土微裂纹损伤区的存在，并分别用莫尔准则和最大拉应力准则建立了微裂纹损伤区计算模式。将微裂纹损伤区按缺陷处理并简化为当量裂纹，进行了裂纹尺寸的定量计算，结果表明其尺寸与冻土中初始裂纹尺寸相当，将计算结果与观测结果相比较，误差不超过10％。     

固体中微裂纹系统统计演化的基本描述

本文建议了一种在外界载荷作用下,在固体中产生的微损伤的统计演化的理论描述方法。特别是,作为一个例子,讨论了理想微裂纹系统,以便了解在微裂纹成核和扩展过程中,损伤演化的基本行为。本文也简单讨论了有关的平均损伤函数。     

准脆性材料断裂过程区中的圆饼微裂纹损伤计算

准脆性工程材料及结构在外力作用下，不仅引起内部缺陷变化和微裂纹的出现及发展，且使得其结构承载能力降低或性能劣化．在其材料失效过程中常存在裂缝与断裂损伤过程区．为研究材料细观缺陷或微裂纹与宏观破坏的规律，通过细观力学方法，对于代表性体积单元RVE中的圆饼型微裂纹的尺寸与密度变化，探讨其宏观断裂过程区力学参量与损伤之间的量化关系．借助宏观断裂过程区的黏聚裂纹模型，将损伤单元RVE嵌入到宏观裂缝端部的断裂过程区中，对其进行联接细观损伤到宏观破坏的力学多尺度研究．文中也通过实验数据，对其理论计算结果进行了算例的讨论与分析．     

准脆性材料损伤破坏的细宏观联结分析

准脆性材料在外力作用下不仅产生应力与变形,而且还会内部缺陷或微裂纹随着变化和出现宏观裂缝扩展.根据材料的微细观测,通过固体力学原理建立模型分析其微裂纹与宏观裂缝之间的关联.材料中宏观裂缝端部通常存在损伤区,且在该区内存在许多相对微小缺陷或微裂纹,从而使得材料局部变形增加而力量减弱.若把该损伤带视为裂缝一部分,那么在该虚拟裂缝两岸上将存在分布黏聚力;虚拟裂缝两岸的相对位移将是微裂纹区变形及扩展的综合体现.为此,对包含有细观裂纹的代表性体积单元进行力学计算,然后将其嵌入到宏观裂缝端部损伤带的变形计算中,以探寻固体失效的细观与宏观尺度力学分析的联结,并与实测数据相对比.     

固体炸药损伤破坏实验研究

利用显微观察和数字图像相关处理,对一种固体炸药材料的损伤破坏行为进行了研究,获得了带预制裂纹试件在裂纹尖端附近区域的位移分布,以及微裂纹的诱发和发展历程.断裂过程的结果表明,裂尖的位移分布与裂纹的受载形式有关,而最终断裂的裂纹破坏路径总是趋向于加载方向.通过扫描电镜下的实验观察,发现造型粉颗粒的界面脱落是炸药损伤的主要因素,它的发展会导致微裂纹的产生和发展.     

基于声发射矩张量分析混凝土破坏的裂纹运动

从细观上看,混凝土是一种由骨料、水泥浆基体、裂纹等组成的非均匀复合材料.单轴准静态加载条件下,应力应变曲线表现出明显的准脆性特征.其变形破坏过程实质上是内部微裂纹产生、扩展和汇合的过程,研究细观尺度的裂纹扩展演化将有助于深入了解混凝土的变形和破坏过程.声发射作为一种物理检测方法可以获取材料内部细观损伤演化的物理信息.本文基于声发射技术,结合改进的时差定位算法和矩张量理论对声发射信号进行分析,反演了混凝土巴西劈裂破坏中裂纹位置、裂纹类型以及裂纹面运动方向,揭示了混凝土宏观拉伸破坏的细观裂纹扩展机制.结果表明:裂纹运动过程清晰地显示了混凝土内裂纹源首先在试件与载荷接触面附近产生,之后聚集形成局部损伤区域,并沿轴线向中心扩展(加载平面)以及裂纹从试件中间向表面扩展的动态过程(厚度方向);裂纹运动体积可以作为裂纹形成、扩展过程中弹性能释放的度量,初始裂纹成核时体积参数较小,峰值载荷时,裂纹运动体积最大达到5.93×10-4 mm3;混凝土宏观尺度的拉伸破坏在细观尺度上存在有拉伸裂纹、混合裂纹以及剪切裂纹;拉伸裂纹最多,占裂纹总数约为60%,剪切裂纹最少,约占裂纹总数的10%;拉伸裂纹运动主导了试件的宏观劈裂破坏.     

基于声发射矩张量分析混凝土破坏的裂纹运动

从细观上看, 混凝土是一种由骨料、水泥浆基体、裂纹等组成的非均匀复合材料. 单轴准静态加载条件下, 应力应变曲线表现出明显的准脆性特征. 其变形破坏过程实质上是内部微裂纹产生、扩展和汇合的过程, 研究细观尺度的裂纹扩展演化将有助于深入了解混凝土的变形和破坏过程. 声发射作为一种物理检测方法可以获取材料内部细观损伤演化的物理信息. 本文基于声发射技术, 结合改进的时差定位算法和矩张量理论对声发射信号进行分析, 反演了混凝土巴西劈裂破坏中裂纹位置、裂纹类型以及裂纹面运动方向, 揭示了混凝土宏观拉伸破坏的细观裂纹扩展机制. 结果表明: 裂纹运动过程清晰地显示了混凝土内裂纹源首先在试件与载荷接触面附近产生, 之后聚集形成局部损伤区域, 并沿轴线向中心扩展(加载平面)以及裂纹从试件中间向表面扩展的动态过程(厚度方向); 裂纹运动体积可以作为裂纹形成、扩展过程中弹性能释放的度量, 初始裂纹成核时体积参数较小, 峰值载荷时, 裂纹运动体积最大达到$5.93\times10^{-4}$ mm$^{3}$; 混凝土宏观尺度的拉伸破坏在细观尺度上存在有拉伸裂纹、混合裂纹以及剪切裂纹; 拉伸裂纹最多, 占裂纹总数约为60%, 剪切裂纹最少, 约占裂纹总数的10%; 拉伸裂纹运动主导了试件的宏观劈裂破坏.      

爆生气体作用下岩石裂纹的扩展机理

在爆生气体作用下 ,爆破近区的裂纹在气体驱动压力下扩展 ,而爆破中区的裂纹扩展是在气体膨胀压力场和原岩应力共同作用下发生的。基于岩石细观损伤断裂理论 ,认为裂纹扩展的过程就是裂纹尖端到周围岩石的逐渐损伤引起的损伤区移动过程 ;建立了这两个区域的损伤断裂准则和裂纹尖端的损伤局部化模型 ,可以更好地反映爆生气体作用下裂纹扩展的实际过程。     

基于数字图像相关的玄武岩纤维增强混凝土抗压实验研究

制备不同玄武岩纤维(Basalt Fiber, BF)掺量的玄武岩纤维增强混凝土(Basalt fiber Reinforced Concrete, BFRC)试块,结合数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation, DIC)方法研究了BF对混凝土抗压特性的影响。结果表明,混凝土中加入适量BF可以提高其抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,但过量的BF会产生负面效果,且BFRC的抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度呈线性关系;当BF掺量为0.6%时,增强效果最佳,其抗压强度比素混凝土增大24.40%,劈裂抗拉强度比素混凝土增大38.84%。通过DIC方法获取试件抗压破坏的全场应变演化,并通过应变场观察到微裂纹和宏观裂纹的发展过程。素混凝土微裂纹扩展路径单一,且宏观裂纹扩展速度较快;对于BFRC试件,微裂纹出现在多个区域,各区域微裂纹独自发展,且宏观裂纹路径较为复杂。基于应变场特征将BFRC的压缩破坏过程分为微裂纹萌生、微裂纹扩展、宏观裂纹扩展3个阶段,并分别讨论了BF在每个阶段的作用效果和机理。     

基于一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型的裂纹模拟

结合近场动力学和统一相场理论的基本思想,最近提出了一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型,为固体裂纹扩展模拟提供了新途径.本文在此基础上改进了微观损伤准则,并给出损伤的■语言以刻画固体破坏过程中位移场的不连续程度.在改进模型中,首先根据两物质点(即物质点对)之间的变形量,基于相对临界伸长量的历史最大超越程度,给出表征物质键性能退化的微细观损伤.进而,对影响域内的物质键损伤进行空间局部加权平均,获得宏观拓扑损伤.通过引入能量退化函数,建立基于能量的损伤与宏观拓扑损伤之间的关系,由此将其嵌入连续损伤力学基本框架,形成了问题求解的基本方程.该模型是一类非局部化模型,可采用有限单元法进行离散求解,避免了经典局部损伤力学所面临的网格敏感性问题.文中,进一步将其应用于具有强非线性回弹特性的裂纹扩展模拟问题.实例分析表明,本文方法不仅可以把握裂纹扩展模式,而且能够定量刻画裂纹扩展过程中的载荷-变形关系.最后指出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

带微裂纹物体的有效断裂韧性

按照等效介质的思想，引进有效表面能密度的概念，建立了带微裂纹物体有效断裂韧性的公式．具体计算了微裂纹群分别平行和垂直于宏观裂纹两种情况的减韧比．表明微裂纹群在产生应力屏蔽（或反屏蔽）效应的同时，也降低了材料的有效断裂韧性，减小了对宏观裂纹的扩展阻力．     

Energy approach to crack growth in a fiber-reinforced brittle material modeled by an inclusion

Brittle materials randomly reinforced with a low volume fraction of strong, stiff and ductile fibers are considered, with specific reference to fiber-reinforced cements and concrete. Visible cracks in such materials are accompanied by a surrounding damage zone – together these constitute a very complex “crack system”. Enormous effort has been put into trying to understand the micromechanics of such systems. Almost all of these efforts do not deal with the “crack system” propagation behavior as a whole. The propagation process of such a “crack system” includes propagation of the visible crack and the growth of the damage zone. Propagation may take place by lengthening of the visible crack together with the concomitant lengthening of the surrounding damage zone, or simply by broadening of the damage zone while the visible crack length remains unchanged – or simultaneously by growth of both types. A phenomenological completely theoretical model (for an ideal material) is here proposed which can serve to examine the propagation process by means of energy principles, without recourse to the microscopic details of the process. An application of this theoretical approach is presented for the case of a damage zone evolving with a rectangular shape. This shape is chosen because it is expected that it will illustrate the nature of damage evolution and because the computational procedure necessary to follow the growth is the most straightforward.     

Cohesive zone laws for fatigue crack growth: Numerical field projection of the micromechanical damage process in an elasto-plastic medium

Cohesive zone failure models are widely used to simulate fatigue crack propagation under cyclic loading, but the model parameters are phenomenological and are not closely tied to the underlying micromechanics of the problem. In this paper, we will inversely extract the cohesive zone laws for fatigue crack growth in an elasto-plastic ductile solid using a field projection method (FPM), which projects the equivalent tractions and separations at the cohesive crack-tip from field information outside the process zone. In our small-scale yielding model, a single row of discrete voids is deployed directly ahead of a crack in an elasto-plastic medium subjected to cyclic mode I K-field loading. Damage accumulation under cyclic loading is captured by the growth of voids within the micro-voiding zone ahead of the crack, while the evolution of the cohesive zone law representing the micro-voiding zone is inversely extracted via the FPM. We show that the field-projected cohesive zone law captures the essential micromechanisms of fatigue crack growth in the ductile medium: from loading and unloading hysteresis caused by void growth and plastic hardening, to the softening damage locus associated with crack propagation via a void by void growth mechanism. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the FPM in obtaining a micromechanics-based cohesive zone law in-place of phenomenological models, which opens the way for a unified treatment of fatigue crack problems.     

Fractal dimension evolution of microcrack net in disordered materials

Fractal geometry is used to evaluate the degree of disorder of crack size distribution in brittle damaging materials. The fractal dimension of the 2D microcrack net turns out to increase from one to two during the loading process and microcrack propagation. This means that the material becomes more disordered with the damage evolution. The longer cracks, in fact, propagate more rapidly than the shorter and, at the same time, the crack size distribution increases its statistical dispersion. Some numerical examples, related to different initial microcrack densities and size distributions, are illustrated with the computer simulation of the system evolution.     

Quasi-micromechanical constitutive theory for brittle damaged materials under tension

One of fundamental but difficult problems in damage mechanics is the formulation of the effective constitutive relation of microcrack-weakened brittle or quasi-brittle materials under complex loading, especially when microcrack interaction is taken into account. The combination of phenomenological and micromechanical damage mechanics is a promising approach to constructing an applicable damage model with a firm physical foundation. In this paper, a quasi-micromechanical model is presented for simulating the constitutive response of microcrack-weakened materials under complex loading. The microcracking damage is characterized in terms of the orientation domain of microcrack growth (DMG) as well as a scalar microcrack density parameter. The DMG describes the complex damage and its evolution associated with microcrack growth, while the scalar microcrack density factor defining the isotropic magnitude of damage yields an easy calculation of the effects of microcrack interaction on effective elastic moduli. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19891180).     

A material model for cementitious composite materials with an exterior point Eshelby microcrack initiation criterion

A micromechanical model for cementitious composite materials is described in which microcrack initiation, in the interfacial transition zone between aggregate particles and cement matrix, is governed by an exterior-point Eshelby solution. The model assumes a two-phase elastic composite, derived from an Eshelby solution and the Mori–Tanaka homogenization method, to which circular microcracks are added. A multi-component rough crack contact model is employed to simulate normal and shear behaviour of rough microcrack surfaces. The development of the microcrack initiation criterion and the rules adopted for microcrack evolution are a particular focus of the paper. Finally, it is shown, on the basis of several numerical simulations, that the model captures key characteristics of the behaviour of cementitious composites such as concrete.     

受载高聚物裂尖的损伤和银纹化

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，对高聚物裂尖银纹损伤的引发和演化过程进行了原位观测．将固态高聚物本体材料视为线黏弹体，裂尖银纹区视为非线性损伤区，通过构造银纹区的损伤演化方程，给出了银纹区应力模型和银纹生长规律，数值结果与已有实验吻合良好。     

On a geometrically nonlinear damage model based on a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and the propagation of microcracks

We aim to derive a damage model for materials damaged by microcracks. The evolution of the cracks shall be governed by the maximum energy release rate, which was recently shown to be a direct consequence of the variational principle of a body with a crack (Arch. Appl. Mech. 69 (5) (1999) 337). From this, we get the path of the growing crack by introducing a series of thermodynamically equivalent straight cracks. The equivalence of the energy dissipated by microcrack growth and the damage dissipation leads to our damage evolution law. This evolution law will be embedded in a finite deformation framework based on a multiplicative decomposition into elastic and damage parts. As a consequence of this, we can present the anisotropic damaged elasticity tensor with the help of push and pull operations. The connection of this approach to other well known damage theories will be shown and the advantages of a finite element framework will be worked out. Numerical examples show the possibilities of the proposed model.     

Intergranular strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline metals

The deformation field near a steady fatigue crack includes a plastic zone in front of the crack tip and a plastic wake behind it, and the magnitude, distribution, and history of the residual strain along the crack path depend on the stress multiaxiality, material properties, and history of stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. An in situ, full-field, non-destructive measurement of lattice strain (which relies on the intergranular interactions of the inhomogeneous deformation fields in neighboring grains) by neutron diffraction techniques has been performed for the fatigue test of a Ni-based superalloy compact tension specimen. These microscopic grain level measurements provided unprecedented information on the fatigue growth mechanisms. A two-scale model is developed to predict the lattice strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline materials. An irreversible, hysteretic cohesive interface model is adopted to simulate a steady fatigue crack, which allows us to generate the stress/strain distribution and history near the fatigue crack tip. The continuum deformation history is used as inputs for the micromechanical analysis of lattice strain evolution using the slip-based crystal plasticity model, thus making a mechanistic connection between macro- and micro-strains. Predictions from perfect grain-boundary simulations exhibit the same lattice strain distributions as in neutron diffraction measurements, except for discrepancies near the crack tip within about one-tenth of the plastic zone size. By considering the intergranular damage, which leads to vanishing intergranular strains as damage proceeds, we find a significantly improved agreement between predicted and measured lattice strains inside the fatigue process zone. Consequently, the intergranular damage near fatigue crack tip is concluded to be responsible for fatigue crack growth.