蓝藻AOM特征与DBPs生成关系的研究进展

蓝藻水华期间,藻细胞因自然生长或受水处理工艺影响(如预氧化和混凝),会向水中释放大量藻源有机物(AOM),能够与氯消毒剂反应生成大量消毒副产物(DBPs),增加了饮用水安全风险.了解AOM的特征及其对DBPs生成的影响对于AOM的控制和饮用水安全保障至关重要.本文综述了蓝藻AOM的主要理化特征(溶解性有机碳、溶解性有机...     

藻屑堆积对沉积物-水界面污染物的释放效应

为探索不同密度藻屑堆积对沉积物-水界面污染物的释放效应,设置了对照组(无藻屑添加)、2个藻屑添加组(分别为1倍组(加入0.06 g干藻,约6 g·m~(-2),以干重计)、20倍组(加入1.2 g干藻,约120 g·m~(-2),以干重计)),于(16±1)℃避光培养.结果表明,实验前4 d,20倍组藻屑分解耗氧剧烈并释放出大量溶解性有机质(DOM)及氮、磷营养盐.其中,溶解氧(DO)浓度迅速下降至1.4 mg·L~(-1)以下,上覆水中类色氨酸类物质荧光强度在第4 d最高(0.8 RU)且高于空白组,对荧光强度的贡献比例高达51.7%,为DOM的主要成分,说明藻屑分解释放大量类色氨酸物质.释放的溶解性无机氮(DIN)、溶解性总磷(DTP)以氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、正磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)为主要形态.随后实验阶段上覆水中SR值、E250/E360值降低,E253/E203值增加,说明藻屑在降解过程中腐殖化程度逐渐增加,取代基种类减少,导致释放的DOM以类腐殖质为主.因此,20倍组类色氨酸类物质逐渐被降解,导致荧光强度逐渐降低,类腐殖质荧光强度增加,对荧光强度的贡献比例高达62.7%.而对照组与1倍组污染物释放培养期间无显著性差异,DOM及氮、磷营养盐释放浓度均低于20倍组.因此,120 g·m~(-2)藻屑密度堆积情况下可造成水体明显缺氧至厌氧,导致大量氮、磷营养盐及溶解性有机物释放至上覆水中,成为水体富营养化的重要营养源.     

蓝藻水华对太湖水柱反硝化作用的影响

反硝化作用是湖泊水体最主要的脱氮过程,对减轻湖泊的氮素污染和富营养化控制具有重要意义.蓝藻水华暴发和衰亡可能会通过改变水体氮素循环途径及微环境来促使反硝化作用直接在水柱中发生,加速氮的去除.为了验证这一假设,取太湖湖水添加不同生物量的蓝藻和连续10 d的NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P营养盐,进行蓝藻生长与降解对反硝化影响的模拟实验,测定蓝藻水华期水体藻类生物量和各形态氮浓度的动态变化,同时利用~(15)N同位素添加培养结合膜进样质谱仪(MIMS)实时定量测定反硝化速率.结果表明,蓝藻在生长期吸收氮素转变为颗粒氮,在衰亡期藻细胞通过降解矿化释放了大量的NH_4~+-N,继而转化为NO_3~--N,为反硝化作用提供底物,是大幅度促进水体反硝化作用的关键;反硝化速率(以N2计,下同)最高达到(1 614. 52±301. 57)μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),是同时期最低蓝藻生物量组反硝化速率[(534. 45±242. 18)μmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)]的3倍,实验结束时添加初始蓝藻生物量倍数最高组的TN去除率达最高(40. 02%),是未添加蓝藻组TN去除率(17. 72%)的2. 26倍,说明蓝藻堆积会显著促进反硝化作用的强度,加速水体氮素的去除.蓝藻衰亡时反硝化速率的快慢受NH_4~+浓度的影响显著,表明附着在藻团的微生物的耦合硝化-反硝化作用是氮盐去除的主要途径.本研究结果表明,水华蓝藻生长期快速吸收氮素转变为颗粒氮,蓝藻死亡降解后通过耦合硝化-反硝化作用加速氮素去除,这可能是太湖夏季氮素浓度降低的原因之一.     

蓝藻越冬期湖湾沉积物磷吸附特征和释放风险

越冬过程是蓝藻暴发的前置阶段,该时期沉积物内源磷是蓝藻水华发生的主要磷源之一.在调查藻型湖湾蓝藻越冬两个时期(休眠期和复苏期)水质和沉积物污染物指标的基础上,进一步分析了水平和垂直方向上沉积物磷吸附特征,阐明沉积物磷释放风险及微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,研究区域两个时期湖湾基本为中度富营养水平,并且水质和沉积物氮磷污...     

藻类打捞对太湖聚藻区湖泛发生的影响

藻类打捞是多年来控制太湖沿岸藻源性湖泛的主要措施,为科学地指导藻类的打捞、防止湖泛的发生,采用能够模拟太湖风浪与沉积物再悬浮的大型装置,模拟湖泛易发的藻类聚集量下不同打捞频率(1次/d～1次/6 d)对湖泛发生时水体主要视觉指标和敏感指标〔ρ(DO)、E_h、ρ(Fe2+)、ρ(TFe)、ρ(∑S2-)等〕的影响. 结果表明:1次/d和1次/2 d的高打捞频率能够有效预防湖泛的发生,当第4天对照组发生湖泛时,1次/d和1次/2 d打捞频率下ρ(DO)为0.60和0.06,E_h为48和37,ρ(Fe2+)是对照组的79.3%和90.7%,ρ(TFe)是对照组的64.8%和72.3%,ρ(∑S2-)是对照组的62.03%和64.56%;1次/3 d频率虽不能控制湖泛的发生,但能有效推迟湖泛发生时间约2~3 d;而1次/4 d～1次/6 d的低打捞频率既不能预防也不能推迟湖泛的发生. 研究显示,在2.5 kg/(m2·d)鲜藻聚集速率下,1次/2 d的打捞频率是在控制湖泛发生前提下的最经济打捞频率.      

凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素与营养盐释放的影响

针对目前我国凤眼莲治理富营养化水体技术的规模化应用现状,考虑到大面积控养的凤眼莲与暴发的水华蓝藻(尤其是产毒铜绿微囊藻)会在湖湾区短期内密集共存的情况,开展了凤眼莲对产毒铜绿微囊藻生长、生理特性、藻毒素生产与释放影响的研究,另外,也考察了短期共存下藻类营养盐释放与凤眼莲对藻毒素积累的情况.半连续共培养实验结果表明,凤眼莲能够有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,促进藻细胞的衰亡.虽然凤眼莲未对铜绿微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ的电子传递产生影响,但减少了其光合系统中的藻蓝蛋白(PC)含量和藻蓝蛋白/别藻蓝蛋白(PC/APC)水平,10%和20%水体交换率处理的PC/APC水平第8 d时分别降至相应空白对照的54.93%±7.07%和55.81%±1.97%.凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻形成了一定的氧化伤害,最终促进其抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶比活显著下降,丙二醛含量显著提高,10%和20%水体交换率处理的丙二醛含量第8d时分别升至相应空白对照的2.95倍±0.074倍和2.22倍±0.086倍.凤眼莲通过促进蓝藻的衰亡和分解,加速了营养盐的释放.12 d内,可溶性总氮浓度回升到初始水平,而水体可溶性总磷的释放速度比氮营养盐更快.另一方面,凤眼莲并没有促进铜绿微囊藻毒素的生产,也没有使水体藻毒素含量显著提高.相反,和自然衰减不同,短期内显著促进了水体藻毒素的降解,第12 d时10%和20%水体交换率处理的水体藻毒素分别下降至12.07μg·L-1±0.63μg·L-1和11.36μg·L-1±0.04μg·L-1.而凤眼莲整株的藻毒素短期积累量(FW)仅为5.95 ng·g-1±0.76 ng·g-1.增加水体交换率能够在一定程度上减缓凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻的伤害,减缓营养盐的释放速度,但对水体藻毒素消减的影响不显著.     

水质安全的动态超声波强化混凝除藻水处理试验研究

超声波辐射能够破坏蓝藻气囊,在水处理工艺中达到强化蓝藻混凝沉淀的效果.然而不适当的超声处理会进一步破坏蓝藻细胞,导致胞内毒素大量释放,加重水质污染负荷.本研究为获得水质安全的超声波强化混凝沉淀蓝藻水处理方法,采用频率40~120 k Hz的超声波辐射蓝藻水,考察处理后蓝藻混凝沉淀去除效果及藻毒素释放情况.结果表明,频率68~120 k Hz、能量密度59.1~186.4 W·L-1的静态超声波作用10~15 s后进行混凝沉淀,藻类去除率达98%以上,且频率越高效果越好;然而各频率静态超声波作用5 s以上均会导致藻细胞内藻毒素释放.采用内衬吸声棉及动态超声方式,频率120 k Hz、能量密度38.5~196.6 W·L-1超声波作用7.5~30 s后,可避免胞内藻毒素释放,且能去除水中溶解性藻毒素18.7%~30.7%,混凝沉淀后藻类去除率97.0%以上,其它有机物也降低.     

洱海藻类水华高风险期沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化

选择藻类水华高风险期,研究沉积物氮磷释放通量时空变化及影响因素,以揭示沉积物氮磷释放对洱海水质影响.结果表明:①2009、2013和2018年洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量整体呈上升趋势,与2009相比,2013年增幅较大,而2018年与2013年相比增幅较小;溶解性总氮(DTN)释放通量在11. 71～14. 15 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),其中有机氮(DON)释放通量在6. 39～8. 42mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的58%,无机氮(DIN)释放通量在5. 31～5. 73 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTN的42%;溶解性总磷(DTP)释放通量在0. 11～0. 14 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),无机磷(DIP)释放通量在0. 07～0. 09 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的66%,有机磷(DOP)释放通量在0. 04～0. 05 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),占DTP的34%.②洱海沉积物氮磷释放通量空间差异也较大,其中氮释放通量呈南部北部中部趋势,磷释放通量表现为北部中部南部趋势; 2009、2013和2018年相比,由北向南各湖区氮释放通量增幅分别为17%、13%和23%,磷释放通量增幅分别为19%、28%和29%.③2009、2013和2018年相比,洱海沉积物氮磷含量总体稳定,不是影响其释放通量变化主因,水华高风险期水体pH增加和DO下降是影响沉积物氮磷释放通量变化的重要因素,洱海保护应关注水体环境因子变化导致的沉积物氮磷释放增加问题.     

绿潮硬毛藻分解对天鹅湖水体氮磷水平的影响

为了解绿潮硬毛藻衰亡分解对上覆水体营养水平的影响,以荣成天鹅湖不同湖区的沉积物和暴发的硬毛藻为试材,通过室内模拟研究了藻类分解过程中水体氮磷水平及理化性质的变化,并评价了不同湖区沉积物中氮磷的释放潜力.结果表明:硬毛藻衰亡分解使上覆水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)均明显上升,并且前期(0~16 d)上升较快,ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)最高分别可达12.40和7.98 mg/L;水体中ρ(TP)和ρ(SRP)表现为前期变化不大,19 d后大幅增加,含量变幅分别为0.02~1.14和0.01~0.40 mg/L.在试验中后期(约16 d后),不同湖区沉积物处理的水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(SRP)均表现为有沉积物含藻处理>无沉积物含藻处理>有沉积物无藻处理.在藻分解的条件下,不同湖区沉积物的氮磷释放能力存在很大差异,氮释放量的顺序为湖中心>西北部>南部,而磷表现为西北部>湖中心>南部.在硬毛藻绿潮的衰亡阶段,由于初期藻体营养盐的直接释放和后期促进沉积物内源释放的间接影响,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均明显增加,进而加重了天鹅湖水体的富营养化水平.      

UV-C辐照对延滞期6种微藻生长抑制效果

藻类季节性暴发生长是许多地区水源管理中的难题,亟待研发安全高效的控藻方法。该文以我国水源6种典型藻株为研究对象,包括蓝藻铜绿微囊藻、浮游颤藻、水华鱼腥藻,绿藻普通小球藻、斜生栅藻,硅藻针杆藻,采用准平行光束仪进行50~100 m J/cm2UV-C辐照,研究对于延滞期、低初始生物量的藻类生长抑制效果,分析藻种敏感性差异。结果表明,50~100 m J/cm2UV-C剂量对于铜绿微囊藻、水华鱼腥藻和针杆藻具有2~4 d生长抑制效果,100 m J/cm2剂量组9 d后Chl a浓度减量37%~60%,对于普通小球藻和斜生栅藻仅有1~2 d生长抑制效果,100 m J/cm2剂量组9 d后Chl a浓度减量16%~33%,对于浮游颤藻无抑制效果且会加速其生长。在生长能力和光合活性两方面,硅藻(针杆藻)和蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻)的敏感性均显著高于绿藻(斜生栅藻和普通小球藻)和蓝藻浮游颤藻藻株。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.