响应面优化脂肪酶催化合成中长碳链甘三酯

采用响应面设计对脂肪酶Novozym 435在无溶剂体系中催化甘油和中长碳链脂肪酸(辛酸、癸酸和油酸混合物)酯化反应合成中长碳链甘三酯进行了研究.研究发现:反应温度、加酶量和反应时间对中长碳链甘三酯得率具有显著性影响(P＜0.05),而底物摩尔比(脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比)对中长碳链甘三酯得率不具有显著性影响.优化得到的最佳条件为:反应温度90℃,加酶量6.5％(以脂肪酸和甘油的总质量计),底物摩尔比3.5∶1,反应时间12.97 h.在此条件下,平均甘三酯得率为78.5％;产品中甘三酯、甘二酯、甘一酯和游离脂肪酸含量分别为85.6％、0.3％、0.1％和14.0％;产品甘三酯中辛酸、癸酸和长碳链脂肪酸含量分别为25.4％、10.7％和63.9％,与目标中长碳链甘三酯产品指标基本一致.     

新型中长链甘三酯的制备及其在人造奶油中的应用

以全氢化高芥酸菜籽油(HERO),中链甘三酯(MCT)和棕榈油(PO)的混合油样为原料油,化学法酯交换合成低热量中长链甘三酯(MLCT)。研究了化学酯交换前后混合油样的甘三酯组成、固体脂肪含量及热学性质的变化,并对酯交换产品进行应用测试分析。结果表明:酯交换改善了混合油样的甘三酯组成、固体脂肪含量及热学性质,该酯交换产品可用于人造奶油中。     

甲醇钠催化酯交换制备中/长链结构甘三酯

以中碳链链甘三醋和大豆油为原料,以甲醉钠为催化剂催化醋交换反应合成中/长链结构甘三酯.研究了反应温度、反应时间和甲醇钠添加童3个因素对酯交换反应的影响.结果表明,反应温度50℃,反应时间20min,甲醉钠添加童(以油质童计)0.3%时酯交换反应达到最佳状态,产物中中/长链结构甘三酯的含童为75.29%.通过正交极差分析得出,甲醉钠添加量是影响酯交换反应的主要因素,其次是反应温度,反应时间的影响较小.     

超临界CO2体系下酶法制备中碳链甘三酯的研究

中碳链甘三酯作为一种低能量的油脂因其特殊的生理功能和代谢途径得到了广泛的应用,本文以甘油和辛酸、癸酸混合物为原料,研究在超临界CO_2体系下酶法制备中碳链甘三酯的工艺条件,并对酯化产物进行分析。通过脂肪酶的比较,得出脂肪酶Novozyme 435优于Lipozyme RM IM,因此,选用脂肪酶Novozyme435为催化剂,以中碳链甘三酯得率为指标,通过响应面法对工艺条件进行优化,得出最佳反应条件为:反应压力9.1 MPa、反应温度90℃、酶添加量4.2%、底物摩尔比3∶1和反应时间10.2 h。在此反应条件下中碳链甘三酯的得率为95.1%,酯化率为98.62%。该方法有效的提高了脂肪酸的利用率及MCT得率,所得酯化产物色泽较浅。     

酸性离子液体催化合成中碳链甘三酯的研究

在无溶剂体系下,采用离子液体—1-甲基-3-磺丙基咪唑硫酸氢盐[Spmim][HSO4]催化甘油和中碳链脂肪酸(辛酸和癸酸混合物)酯化合成中碳链甘三酯.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面设计对反应条件进行优化,得到最佳反应条件为:反应温度160℃,反应时间14.03 h,催化剂加入量(以脂肪酸和甘油的总质量计)0.74％,底物摩尔比(脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比)3.2∶1.在最佳工艺条件下,中碳链甘三酯的得率为92.90％,酯化率为95.48％,产物中甘二酯、甘一酯和游离脂肪酸含量分别为2.38％、0.21％和4.51％.     

酶法酯交换催化合成中/长链结构甘三酯原料药工艺研究

该文以中碳链甘三酯和大豆油为原料,对酶法酯交换催化合成中/长链结构甘三酯的工艺进行研究。系统研究了脂肪酶的种类、脂肪酶添加量、反应温度和反应时间四个因素对酯交换反应程度的影响,结果表明,选用脂肪酶TL IM,脂肪酶添加量5%(以油重计),反应温度65℃,反应时间30 min时酯交换反应即达到平衡状态,中/长链结构甘三酯的含量为73.73%,符合结构甘油三酯进口药品注册标准的含量要求。正交极差分析结果显示,选定脂肪酶的添加量是影响酯交换反应程度最重要的因素,反应温度次之,反应时间最小。     

响应面优化酶法酯交换催化合成中长链结构甘三酯

采用响应面法对脂肪酶Lipozyme 435在无溶剂体系中催化中链甘三酯(MCT)和大豆油酯交换反应合成中长链甘三酯的反应条件进行优化,并采用超高压液相色谱-飞行时间质谱在正离子模式下对反应产物的甘三酯构型进行分析。结果表明:反应温度和反应时间对中长链甘三酯含量具有极显著性影响(P0.01)。最佳反应条件为大豆油与MCT质量比60∶40,反应时间4.36 h,反应温度89℃,加酶量(以底物质量计)5.5%。在此条件下,中长链甘三酯含量达到84.15%。CyCyL、CyCyLn、LOCy、LPCy、OOCy和LOCa为反应产物的主要甘三酯构型。     

无溶剂体系中酶促合成中碳链甘三酯

在无溶剂体系下,采用Lipozyme 435催化甘油和中碳链脂肪酸(辛酸和癸酸混合物)酯化合成中碳链甘三酯(MCT).结果表明在无溶剂体系下,反应温度对MCT得率具有显著影响.通过单因素试验和正交试验,得出制备MCT的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度90℃,加酶量(以脂肪酸质量计)5％,底物摩尔比(脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比)3∶1,反应时间16 h.在此条件下,MCT得率为92.10％,产物中甘二酯、甘一酯和游离脂肪酸含量分别为6.03％、0.13％和1.74％.     

鱼油质构脂质的高温气相色谱分析

高温气相色谱法分析鱼油质构脂质，表明超临界CO2酶法酯交换合成的鱼油质构脂质，其特征等价碳数ECN36-ECN42的甘三酯为78．82％，产品中脂肪酸和单甘酯含量为39％，双甘酯含量为52％，甘三酯含量为9％。     

结构脂酶法合成的研究进展

对酶在中碳链结构甘三酯、含有多不饱和脂肪酸的甘油三酯、代可可脂、婴儿配方脂肪等领域的应用研究进行了综述。并对酶在脂质的合成与生产中具有广阔的应用前景进行了展望。     

In Situ Bioconversion of Coconut Oil via Coconut Solid State Fermentation by Geotrichum candidum ATCC 34614

Coconut base solid state fermentation was carried out by Geotrichum candidum ATCC 34614 for in situ coconut oil bioconversion. Coconut oil, which contains highly saturated medium chain triglycerides, was partially bioconverted into a combination of medium chain diglycerides, medium chain monoglycerides and medium chain fatty acids by this fungus lipolytic activity. The product demonstrated improved aroma, flavor, thermal behavior and antibacterial activity. Maximum triglycerides conversion (76.5 %) occurred at 40 % moisture content and 50 % oil content after 25 days of incubation. Bioconverted coconut oil revealed as much as 95 % antibacterial activity as well as altered thermal characteristic towards lower melting and higher crystallization points. The fermented culture also revealed highly fruity and flora notes which contained five main short- and medium-chain esters known as aromatic compounds. The present study established the possibility of using G. candidum ATCC 34614 in coconut solid culture for bioconversion of coconut oil, which improves the fermented product characteristics.     

中链甘油三酯干预对大鼠和小鼠体重影响的Meta分析

肥胖或超重已经成为现代社会严重的流行性健康问题,是导致糖尿病、脂代谢紊乱等多种代谢疾病的危险因素之一,动物实验是临床前实验研究的重要组成部分,是研究疾病、药理作用的重要方法。本研究目的是研究中链甘油三酯(Medium-Chain Triglycerides,MCT)对大鼠和小鼠体重影响。检索了PUBMED,EMBASE和WEB of SCIENCE三个数据库相关文献,比较分析了含中链甘油三酯或椰子油饮食干预与长链甘油三酯饮食对大鼠和小鼠体重的影响,数据以标准化平均差(SMD)或加权平均差(MD)和95%置信区间(CI)表示。结果发现,中链甘油三酯的干预可以减轻大鼠[SMD,-0.76(95% CI:-1.16,-0.37)]或小鼠[MD,-1.39(95% CI:-2.23,-0.54)]的体重。因此,中链甘油三酯的干预对大鼠和小鼠有一定的改善体重的作用。     

四种牛羊乳粉脂质的比较

目的:比较分析普通牛、羊乳粉和有机牛、羊乳粉的脂质特点。方法:以普通牛乳粉、普通羊乳粉、有机牛乳粉和有机羊乳粉为研究对象,采用氯仿-甲醇法提取乳粉中的脂质,氨丙基硅胶固相萃取小柱分离得甘油三酯和磷脂,利用猪胰脂酶专一水解甘油三酯分子的1,3位脂肪酸得Sn-2甘油一酯,磷脂酶A₂水解磷脂得Sn-2脂肪酸,然后通过气相色谱分析甘油三酯和磷脂的脂肪酸组成和含量及其位置分布,超高液相色谱联用质谱分析甘油三酯构型,高效液相色谱测定磷脂分子组成及含量和胆固醇含量。结果:羊乳粉脂质含量、甘油三酯含量和磷脂含量均高于牛乳粉,且普通乳粉较有机乳粉高;乳粉中饱和脂肪酸主要为棕榈酸,单不饱和脂肪酸主要为油酸,且普通羊乳粉含量显著高于其余三种乳粉（P<0.05）;n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸普通羊乳粉中含量最高,n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸在有机羊乳粉中含量最高。四种乳粉Sn-2位脂肪酸为饱和脂肪酸,且月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸更倾向于分布在甘油三酯Sn-2位上,棕榈酸也更倾向于分布在磷脂Sn-2位上。四种乳粉的中链甘油三酯（Medium Chain Triglycerides,MCT）主要由Ca-Ca-Ca(Ca:C_10:0)和Ca-Ca-La(La:C_12:0)组成,羊乳粉较牛乳粉高;中长链甘油三酯（Medium-and Long-chain Triglycerides,MLCT）含量较高的为Ca-Ca-P（P:C_16:0）、Ca-Ca-O(O:C_18:0)和La-M-P(M:C_14:0),羊乳粉MLCT含量显著高于牛乳粉（P<0.05）;LCT含量最高的为O-P-O（O:C_18:0）。结论:羊乳粉的脂质比牛乳粉更易被吸收。与普通乳粉相比,有机乳粉安全更有保障,且有机乳粉含有更高的n-3 PUFA,营养价值更高。     

Effect of carrier oils on the physicochemical properties of orange oil beverage emulsions

In this study, the effect of carrier oils on the physicochemical properties of orange oil beverage emulsions was investigated. The beverage emulsions were prepared by soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) using a two-stage processing of homogenization. Results showed that the presence of carrier oils could improve the physical properties of beverage emulsions, including droplet size, size distribution and turbidity, compared with only orange oil in oil phase of the beverage emulsion. And the effect of long chain triglycerides on the physical stabilities of beverage emulsions was significant (p < 0.05) than that with medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The oxidation rate of orange oil in the emulsion was faster compared to that of the orange oil/carrier oils in emulsions. However, the rheological properties of beverage emulsions were hardly dependent on the carrier oils. In addition, all the emulsions exhibited near-Newtonian fluid behavior. These findings revealed that the physicochemical properties of the beverage emulsions could be effectively improved by the presence of carrier oils.     

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的研究进展

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯是一种天然油脂的改性产品，综述了中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的定义、来源、理化性质及代谢特点，介绍了国内外对其性质、应用、制备及其安全性等方面的最新研究进展，并对用椰子油制备中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的前景进行了展望。     

Evaluation of Thermal Processing of Retortable Pouches Filled with Conduction Heated Foods Considering their Actual Shapes

A computer model was developed to evaluate thermal processing of a retortable pouch containing a conduction heated food. In this model, a transient 2-dimensional heat conduction equation was solved using a modified finite difference technique for a food-filled retortable pouch considering its actual shape. The model was used to determine process time, mass average sterilizing value and nutrient retention to achieve a prefixed level of lethality in the pouched product for a given temperature profile of the heating medium. Temperature distributions and sterilizing values predicted by the developed model were compared with similar values obtained by applying a finite element technique with the aid of a package program (ANSYS). Close agreements were found between the developed model and the finite element technique.     

LIPIDS IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES AND LONGISSIMUS MUSCLES OF FEEDLOT AND GRASS-FED EWES1

Subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids from feedlot-and grass-fed ewes were studied to determine if diet would influence fatty acid composition of these older animals. Subcutaneous lipid of ewes from the feedlot-fed group contained more 4-methyl branched acids, less iso and anteiso branched acids, less stearic acid and more octadecenoic acid than grass-fed ewes. Only small amounts of medium chain acids (10–15 carbons) were noted in longissimus muscle lipids from both dietary groups and essentially all of them were in the triglycerides. Lipids in longissimus muscle of feedlot ewes contained more monounsaturated and less polyunsaturated acids and this was due to higher levels of triglycerides in longissimus lipid of feedlot-fed ewes. Approximately three times as much high melting stearic acid was present in subcutaneous lipid of both dietary groups of ewes as has been noted in subcutaneous lipid of lambs. Reduction of high melting stearic acid in mutton fat by a short grain feeding period should make mutton more acceptable.     

The influence of chemical modification on the hydrolysis of fats by pancreatic lipase and pregastric esterase with reference to fat digestion in the pre-ruminant calf

The hydrolysis of various dietary fats and pure triglycerides by pregastric esterase and pancreatic lipase was studied in vitro in conjunction with a series of digestibility trials to examine the effect of various chemical modifications to beef tallow on its digestibility in milk replacers for pre-ruminant calves. Using pure triglycerides, it was shown that pregastric esterase preferentially hydrolyses triglycerides containing short chain fatty acids; the rate was highest with glyceryl tributyrate and decreased markedly with increase in chain length. Using butterfat, tallow and various modified forms of tallow, it was shown that the inclusion of butyric acid in tallow by interesterification, which markedly improved its digestibility, substantially increased its rate of hydrolysis by pregastric esterase. The initial rate of hydrolysis of tallow by pancreatic lipase was substantially less than that of butterfat. Little improvement in the rate of hydrolysis and solubilisation was obtained when the tallow sample was interesterified or when it was supplemented with the long chain fatty acids, myristic and oleic, or with the short chain fatty acid, butyric. A considerable increase in the initial rate of hydrolysis and solubilisation did occur with tallow samples with a reduced content of stearic acid. The results suggest that hydrolysis by pregastric esterase is a major site of discrimination between different fats in the pre-ruminant calf and an important factor in determining overall digestibility.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌NT-6固态发酵罗非鱼下脚料条件优化及产脂肽组分分析

利用纳豆芽孢杆菌（Bacillus natto）NT-6,以罗非鱼下脚料为主要基质,进行固态发酵生产抗菌营养复合型活性肽,以提高抗菌脂肽产量为目的,对培养基和发酵条件进行优化。在对产生的脂肽组分进行分析的基础上,采用高效液相色谱-质谱定量检测法,通过单因素试验和响应面设计优化固态发酵工艺条件。结果表明：利用罗非鱼下脚料为主要基质固态发酵生产的抗菌脂肽组分主要包括表面活性素（m/z分别为995.20、1 008.20、1 058.20）、伊枯草菌素（m/z分别为1 044.30、1 071.20）。优化后的最佳工艺参数为罗非鱼下脚料与麸皮配比3.48∶1（m/m）、初始基质水分含量69.34%（质量分数）、发酵时间61.69 h、发酵温度28.97 ℃、甘蔗渣添加量6%（质量分数）、接种量5 mL/100 g,此条件下抗菌脂肽产量达7.32 g/kg,实际验证结果为7.29 g/kg,相对于优化前提升了7.5 倍,产生的脂肽含有多种脂肽组分。     

酶法制酱

酶法制豆酱、面酱工艺，利用蛋白酶及淀粉酶分解原料中的蛋白质及淀粉，能减少制曲工序，节约能源及设备，稳定产品质量。该文对酶法制酱的生产工序、设备、产品质量与传统曲法制酱进行了比较，并对产品应用加以建议。