彩色多普勒评价音乐胎教对胎儿血流动力学影响的探讨

目的用彩色多普勒超声评估音乐胎教前后对胎儿血流动力学的影响,为推广普及音乐胎教提供科学依据.方法对60例孕龄24-42周健康孕妇采用Acuson128×P/10型电脑仪,彩色多普勒血流显像分别显示音乐胎教前后胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉及升主动脉血流,分别测量其脐动脉,大脑中动脉搏动指数(PI),阻力指数(RI),收缩期流速/舒张期流速(S/D)比值以及升主动脉血流速度、心输出量及心率.结果音乐胎教后,胎儿主动脉血流速度增加,心输出量增加,胎儿心率无明显变化.胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉PI、RI、S/D均下降.结论音乐胎教能增加心输出量,改善脐-胎盘及大脑血液供应.彩色多普勒血流显像技术探测音乐胎教前后胎儿血流动力学改变,具有实用性、无创性、重复性好等优点.     

超声监测脐动脉和大脑中动脉PI、RI、S/D和主动脉ISI、IFI与胎儿生长受限的关系及对不良围产结局的预测

目的 探讨超声监测脐动脉和大脑中动脉搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）、收缩期与舒张期流速比（S/D）和主动脉峡部收缩指数（ISI）、峡部血流指数（IFI）与胎儿生长受限（FGR）的关系及对不良围产结局的预测价值。方法 选择120例孕晚期孕妇，年龄21～41岁，平均年龄27.20岁（标准差5.19岁）；孕周32～41周，平均孕周35.33周（标准差1.69周）；产次1～3次，平均产次1.41次（标准差0.29次）；高血压54例，糖尿病62例。将超声确诊为FGR的孕妇作为研究组（n=58），宫内胎儿正常发育孕妇作为对照组（n=62）。应用彩色多普勒超声监测子宫动脉、脐动脉及主动脉峡部血流参数。统计两组孕妇的妊娠结局。根据不同妊娠结局再次将研究组分为正常结局组和异常结局组，比较两组大脑中动脉、脐动脉及主动脉血流参数，并分析以上血流参数与新生儿体质量及新生儿Apgar评分的相关性。运用受试者工作特性（ROC）曲线分析血流参数对不良围产结局的预测价值。结果 研究组脐动脉参数PI、RI及S/D值均较对照组明显偏高（1.23±0.15 vs 0.71±0.11、0.89±0.14 vs 0.52±...     

大脑中动脉血流变化对估计脐带绕颈胎儿预后的价值

目的探讨大脑中动脉血流变化对估计脐带绕颈胎儿预后的价值。方法选取2006年1月~2006年9月足月妊娠妇女51例。其中观察组39例,均为脐带绕颈一周并经阴道分娩。结合胎儿预后将观察组分为胎窘组(15例)和正常组(24例)。对照组12例,为随机选择的同期正常妊娠并顺产的妇女。应用彩色多普勒超声技术对全部孕妇于临产前和活跃早期检测胎儿大脑中动脉阻力指标-收缩期峰值流速/舒张末期流速(S/D)、阻力指数(RI)和搏动指数(PI)。结果(1)临产前,胎窘组胎儿大脑中动脉血流S/D、RI、PI值较对照组和正常组皆显著升高(P<0.05);而对照组和正常组比较,差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)活跃早期胎窘组胎儿大脑中动脉血流S/D、RI、PI值较对照组和正常组皆显著降低(P<0.05);而对照组和正常组比较,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论大脑中动脉血流阻力指标的变化与脐带绕颈胎儿不良预后密切相关;临产前监测脐绕颈胎儿MCA血流阻力指标的变化可以作为早期评估胎儿预后的理想方法。     

妊娠期胎儿肱动脉和脐动脉血流的多普勒超声研究

该研究是评价胎儿肱动脉的阻力指数在整个妊娠期的变化以及它与脐动脉阻力指数的关系。应用 HP公司SSH14 0型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对 71例正常孕妇的 71个胎儿的 15 4条肱动脉和脐动脉在 12～ 4 0周间进行检查。并在每一孕周对胎儿肱动脉的阻力指数的平均值、标准差、变化范围及 t分布的 95 %自信区间进行计算。显示胎儿肱动脉阻力指数在怀孕初期尽管相对较低 ,仍为高阻力血流频谱 ,并随着孕周增加轻度升高 ,而胎儿脐动脉的阻力指数呈渐进性减少。认为氧合作用好的正常胎儿肱动脉阻力指数较高 ,脐动脉的阻力指数在整个孕期呈渐进性减小妊…     

脐动脉血流速度监测的临床意义-附118例异常分析

目的利用脐动脉血流速度监测孕晚期及分娩期胎儿的脐动脉阻力,通过对脐动脉血流速度波形分析,结合胎心监护,间接判断胎盘血流,脐带血流速度有无异常,决定正确的分娩方式,有效降低胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息的发生率,具有重要的临床意义.方法检测842例孕妇,其中S/D、PI、RI增高者118例(异常组),随机选择正常者100例(正常组),配合NST监护,将两组进行比较.结果合并IUGR及妊高症时S/D,RI值变化最大,分别为S/D6.47 ± 0.45、4.14±0.18,RI0.97±0.33、1.01 ± 0.65,监护阳性行剖宫产者25例,与正常组比较,P＜0.005,但两组新生儿Apgar平分比较P＞0.01.结论说明通过胎儿脐动脉血流监测能及时发现并处理胎儿宫内异常,新生儿预后良好.     

动脉血流超声检测胎儿宫内窘迫的临床研究

目的探讨脑、脐动脉血流监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的临床应用价值。方法对足月孕妇应用彩色多普勒检测脐动脉血流速度(S/D)值及大脑中动脉血流速度(S/D)值,并对胎儿宫内窘迫者的S/D值、新生儿脐血血气分析和新生儿Apgar评分进行比较分析。结果脐血流与大脑中动脉血流检测各项监测指标均正常者表示胎儿宫内状况与新生儿情况良好,各项监测指标均异常者提示胎儿宫内情况危急,需引起高度重视,应采取积极的措施。结论脐血流与大脑中动脉血流检测联合应用诊断胎儿宫内窘迫,预测胎儿宫内安危及新生儿预后有临床指导意义。     

头皮血肿新生儿大脑中动脉血流动力学的超声影像学分析

目的探讨新生儿头皮血肿对大脑中动脉血流动力学的影响。方法采用飞利浦公司的Philips iU22彩超仪测量55例头皮血肿新生儿及30例正常新生儿大脑中动脉的收缩期峰值流速、舒张末期血流速度及阻力指数,比较两组间各参数;分析头皮血肿侧大脑中动脉阻力指数与头皮血肿深度的相关关系。结果头皮血肿新生儿大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速降低,舒张末期流速降低,阻力指数升高,与正常儿童组比较,有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;头皮血肿侧大脑中动脉的阻力指数与头皮血肿厚度呈正相关关系（r=0.4,P=0.042）。结论头皮血肿新生儿大脑中动脉血流动力学发生显著改变,预示同时存在其它并发症的可能。     

胎儿生长受限孕妇原因分析及监测治疗的探讨

目的探讨与胎儿生长受限（FGR）相关病因及监测治疗。应用彩色多谱勒超声检查胎儿脐动脉血流,监测胎儿脐动脉收缩期与舒张末期的血流速度之比（S／D）,来了解胎儿生长受限孕妇的胎儿预后。方法对121例FGR孕妇,按其发病原因分组,进行归类分析;采用胎儿脐动脉检测仪探测胎儿脐动脉血流速度的频谱图,测算出S／D值;探讨改善胎儿预后的治疗方法。结果脐带因素、妊娠并发症、支原体阴道炎、贫血、及遗传因素等是发生FGR的主要原因。胎儿生长受限孕妇的脐血流S／D值明显高于正常的孕妇。当S／D值升高时,围生儿不良结局的发生率也明显升高。结论加强产前、产时监护,及早发现导致FGR的高危因素,积极治疗妊娠并发症及合并症,对改善围生儿预后,降低围生儿死亡,具有极其重要的意义,对胎儿生长受限的孕妇进行脐血流监测,能及早发现情况,及时处理。氧疗以及应用复方氨基酸、能量合剂等药物静脉注射联合治疗效果良好。孕晚期及时处理可以改善胎儿预后。     

双胎妊娠胎儿超声多普勒血流与胎儿妊娠结局的相关性研究

目的探讨双胎胎儿超声多普勒血流与胎儿妊娠结局的关系。方法用超声多普勒测量双胎各胎儿大脑中动脉、脐动脉以及肾动脉的血流,同时追踪胎儿出生后体重及新生儿Apgar评分。结果本研究共纳入84例双胎妊娠病例,其中分娩后体重不一致(差值≥20%)者12例,体重一致(差值20%)者72例。脐动脉S/D差值在体重不一致者中为0.61±0.16,体重一致者中为0.27±0.03,(t=3.774,P=0.003);双胎脐动脉阻力指数差值在体重不一致者中为0.08±0.02,体重一致者中为0.07±0.03,(t=0.172,P=0.864);双胎大脑中动脉阻力指数差值在体重不一致者中为0.08±0.02,体重一致者中为0.06±0.01,(t=1.289,P=0.201);双胎肾动脉阻力指数差值在体重不一致者中为0.04±0.01,体重一致者中为0.04±0.00,(t=0.009,P=0.993);Apgar评分小于7分的新生儿数在体重不一致胎儿中为0,在体重一致胎儿中为1,P=1.000(确切概率法计算)。结论双胎妊娠孕期可以通过监测双胎胎儿脐动脉血流S/D值来预测胎儿出生时体重,S/D值差值越大,胎儿出生时体重差距越大。     

妊娠高血压综合征胎盘微循环的改变及一氧化氮的调节作用

为了探讨一氧化氮对妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）胎盘微循环的调节作用，利用彩色多普勒超声测定妊高征患者（妊高征组）及正常晚孕妇（对照组）子宫动脉及脐动脉最大收缩期与舒张末期血流速度之比，即Ｓ／Ｄ值，并观察了部分病例胎盘绒毛血管的超微结构改变，并测定了胎盘组织一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性。结果显示，中、重度妊高征患者的胎盘绒毛血管有不同程度的改变，妊高征组胎盘组织ＮＯＳ活性与脐动脉Ｓ／Ｄ值呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示，妊高征组胎盘微循环的异常改变可能与胎盘组织ＮＯＳ活性降低有关。     

Umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity waveforms in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with aspirin and glucocorticosteroids.

Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is at high risk to the mother and fetus. Impaired utero-placental perfusion may increase fetal loss and intrauterine growth retardation. We assessed the changes in impedance to blood flow in the umbilical and uterine arteries in five patients with SLE treated with low dose aspirin and corticosteroids, using Doppler ultrasound longitudinally throughout pregnancy. Blood flow velocity waveforms of the umbilical and uterine arteries were studied by transabdominal and transvaginal Doppler ultrasound, respectively. Resistance index (RI) was measured every two to four weeks from week 10 to term, and the values obtained were compared to those of normal pregnancies. All five patients delivered uneventfully. One neonate was delivered at 36 weeks (2550 g) and one neonate was growth retarded (1900 g at 38 weeks). Three women delivered at 39 weeks (3585 g, 2850 g, and 2800 g). Most umbilical artery RI values obtained throughout pregnancy were above the 95th percentile of normal pregnancies. The highest values of RI of the umbilical artery were assessed in the case of fetal growth retardation. However, most measurements of RI of the uterine artery were under the 95th percentile of normal. The improved pregnancy outcome in patients with SLE treated with aspirin and corticosteroids seems to correlate with their normal uterine artery flow velocity wave forms.     

Prenatal stress and hemodynamics in pregnancy: a systematic review

Maternal prenatal stress is associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and developmental delay. However, the impact of prenatal stress on hemodynamics during pregnancy remains unclear. This systematic review was conducted in order to assess the quality of the evidence available to date regarding the relationship between prenatal stress and maternal–fetal hemodynamics. The PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Maternity and Infant Care, Trip, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases were searched using the search terms pregnancy; stress; fetus; blood; Doppler; ultrasound. Studies were eligible for inclusion if prenatal stress was assessed with standardized measures, hemodynamics was measured with Doppler ultrasound, and methods were adequately described. A specifically designed data extraction form was used. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using well-accepted quality appraisal guidelines. Of 2532 studies reviewed, 12 met the criteria for inclusion. Six reported that prenatal stress significantly affects maternal or fetal hemodynamics; six found no significant association between maternal stress and circulation. Significant relationships between prenatal stress and uterine artery resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices, umbilical artery RI, PI, and systolic/diastolic ratio, fetal middle cerebral artery PI, cerebroplacental ratio, and umbilical vein volume blood flow were found. To date, there is limited evidence that prenatal stress is associated with changes in circulation. More carefully designed studies with larger sample sizes, repeated assessments across gestation, tighter control for confounding factors, and measures of pregnancy-specific stress will clarify this relationship.     

子痫前期孕妇肾动脉血流参数变化的彩超论断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像检测子痫前期孕妇肾动脉血流参数变化的意义。方法本研究随机选取100例正常妊娠妇女为对照组,选取经临床确诊的116例子痫前期患者为研究对象,按病情分为轻度子痫前期60例,重度子痫前期56例。应用彩色多普勒超声检测各组孕妇肾门处肾动脉主干及肾叶间动脉（IRA）收缩期峰值流速（Vs）、舒张末期最低流速（Vd）、上升加速度（AC）、阻力指数（RI）。结果与对照组及轻度子痫前期组比较,重度子痫前期组肾门处及肾内叶间动脉血流参数Vs、RI、AC均明显升高（P〈0．01）,Vd明显下降（P〈0．05）,差异均有统计学意义;而轻度子痫前期组与对照组比较,其肾门处及肾内叶间动脉各项血流参数均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论随着病情严重程度的增加,重度子痫前期患者肾门处及肾内叶间动脉收缩期流速明显升高,阻力增大,而舒张期流速明显减低,彩色多普勒超声无创、可重复性好,能较准确检测子痫前期患者肾动脉血流动力学变化,有较好的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声监测子宫螺旋动脉的临床意义

目的应用彩色多普勒技术及病理学方法检测子宫螺旋动脉,分析子宫螺旋动脉与胎儿窘迫的关系,为预测胎儿窘迫的发生提供一种有效手段。方法对足月正常孕妇及高危孕妇各30例应用彩色多普勒超声技术检测子宫螺旋动脉,并对结果进行记录和比较。结果①子宫螺旋动脉血流动力学参数：胎儿窘迫组较对照组PI值、RI值、S／D值增高,且有显著统计学差异（P〈0．001）。②子宫螺旋动脉组织形态学改变：胎儿窘迫组较对照组螺旋动脉管病理改变阳性率增高,有显著统计学差异（P〈0．001）。结论彩色多普勒超声技术检测子宫螺旋动脉血流可以预测胎儿窘迫的发生。     

Oral magnesium supplementation improves fetal circulation.

It is well known that pregnancy is a condition in which plasma magnesium falls because of accumulation of the ion in the placenta and fetus. Magnesium (Mg) is therefore widely given as a supplement during pregnancy, particularly in cases of preterm labour. In our experience, the combination of oral Mg (magnesium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) at a dose of 360 mg/day with conventional ritodrine treatment allows a reduction in ritodrine dosage, accompanied by a significant reduction in side effects. We therefore evaluated changes in fetal blood flow, using pulsed Doppler, in women submitted to combined magnesium and ritodrine treatment compared to those treated with ritodrine plus placebo. The Mg-treated group showed a decrease in vessel resistance both in the umbilical artery and in the fetal middle cerebral artery, indicating that fetal vasculature is sensitive to exogenous Mg. Measurement of plasma and mononuclear cell Mg showed an intracellular increase in the cation of about 10 per cent. We conclude that oral magnesium supplementation in pregnancy is safe and that it has a positive effect on the fetal circulation.     

A comparative analysis of glycosaminoglycans from human umbilical arteries in normal subjects and in pathological conditions affecting pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Vascular cells express different phenotypes in adult and fetal vessels, and the extracellular matrix they synthesize should reflect these differences. Alterations of vascular proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan is verified in disorders such as hypertension and diabetes, and when occurring during pregnancy, they bring about structural changes to fetal vessels that often lead to impaired fetus growth. Yet there is little data about the extracellular matrix of an important human fetal vessel, the umbilical artery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This study involved the biochemical characterization of the extracellular matrix of normal umbilical arteries, umbilical arteries from complicated pregnancies (maternal hypertension and diabetes and intrauterine growth retardation syndrome), and, for purpose of comparison, normal adult arteries (aorta and iliac and pulmonary arteries). Although the collagen types I:III ratio was determined in some cases, emphasis was placed on analysis of glycosaminoglycans. RESULTS: Normal umbilical arteries differ from normal adult arteries in that they contain greater concentrations of hyaluronic acid and lesser concentrations of heparan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate. The umbilical artery also differs from adult arteries in the disaccharide composition of its chondroitin and heparan sulfates and in the molecular weight of this latter glycosaminoglycan. The glycosaminoglycan distribution in umbilical arteries derived from complicated pregnancies is roughly similar to that of controls. However, total glycosaminoglycan and collagen were significantly reduced, and the collagen I:III ratio was increased in the umbilical arteries from hypertension-complicated pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: The glycosaminoglycan composition of the normal umbilical artery, a fully differentiated tissue, differs in many aspects from that of normal adult arteries. Of the cases of complicated pregnancies studied, the extracellular matrix of umbilical arteries was altered only in maternal hypertension. The changes, notably a mild fibrosis, were not very pronounced and should not impair hemodynamic properties of the vessel.     

Haemodynamic evaluation of the first trimester fetus with special emphasis on venous return

Knowledge of the fetal circulation is a prerequisite for understanding the physiological behaviour of the developing fetus. In this overview dealing with Colour and Power Doppler ultrasound findings in the first trimester of pregnancy and its pathophysiological background, we aim to report on the methodological aspects, normal blood flow waveform patterns, normal reference values for haemodynamic parameters and potential clinical applications for both arterial and venous flow information (umbilical artery, descending aorta, middle cerebral artery, umbilical vein, inferior vena cava, ductus venosus) and atrioventricular valves. Particular emphasis is devoted to the venous return to the heart. Alterations in venous waveforms, particularly in the ductus venosus, are correlated with the pathophysiology of some fetal diseases and are suggested as a promising tool for the screening of cardiac impairment and as an alternative method for fetal biophysical surveillance.     

彩超在高血压患者肾动脉血流动力学检测中的应用分析

目的 探讨彩超在原发性高血压患者肾动脉血流动力学检测中的应用价值及临床意义。方法 从我院2014年3月~2016年9月就诊的原发性高血压肾病患者,随机抽取120例为观察组,再随机抽取100例健康人作为对照组,两组均给予肾血管超声检测,根据检测结果数据,分析高血压对肾动脉血流动力学的影响。结果 观察组肾脏的长度、宽度以及肾脏皮质厚度均显著高于对照组;观察组肾脏血流速度（包括峰值流速和最低流速）均低于健康人的对照组观察组;观察组肾动脉阻力指数高于对照组,差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 彩色多普勒超声可以检测高血压病肾动脉血流动力学各项参数,可反映继发性肾灌注的改变,不仅能为肾损伤的早期诊断提供重要依据,还能对患者的预后进行评估,值得临床关注。     

Effects of magnesium sulfate on supraceliac aortic unclamping in experimental dogs

Intravascular administration of magnesium (Mg) causes vasodilation and increases renal blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate the renal effect of Mg following unclamping of the supraceliac aorta. Mongrels were divided into two groups, control (group C, n=7) and Mg group (group Mg, n=7). In group Mg, 30 mg/kg MgSO4 was injected as a bolus immediately prior to unclamping the supraceliac aorta and thereafter as an infusion (10 mg/kg/hr). The group C received an equivalent volume of saline solution. Systemic hemodynamics, renal artery blood flow, renal cortical blood flow (RCBF), renal vascular resistance, and renal function were compared. Following the aortic unclamping, cardiac output and RCBF were less attenuated, and the systemic and renal vascular resistance was elevated to a lesser degree in the group Mg compared to the group C. There was no significant difference in the plasma renin activity, serum creatinine and Cystatin-C between the two groups. The present study shows that Mg infusion improves systemic hemodynamics and RCBF after aortic unclamping. However, we did not observe any improvement in renal function when Mg was administered after supraceliac aortic unclamping.