猪场废水的生物处理技术及其效果

规模化养猪场所产生的废水污染,已成我国农村面临污染的重要来源.针对这种污染,近年来出现了多种养猪场废水处理法,其中研究和应用最广的是生物处理法.本文通过对目前国内猪场废水生物处理法的现状分析后认为用生物处理法处理猪场废水是今后猪场废水处理的发展方向;而生物处理法自身的发展方向是混合处理法;计算机和生物工程技术将进一步与生物处理法相结合运用于猪场废水处理.     

规模化养猪废水处理问题及对策

规模化猪场的迅速发展导致养猪废水成为农业污染的重要源头之一,文章介绍了规模化养猪废水的处理现状,分析了养猪废水处理的突出问题,并针对问题,提出引入高效脱氮菌和抗生素预处理能使生物处理模式不断优化,生物自动化控制技术是规模化养猪废水处理的发展方向。     

集约化养猪场废水处理技术及应用

养猪场废水是养殖业废弃物中最典型的一类污染物,主要包括猪尿、部分猪粪和猪舍冲洗水,属高浓度有机废水。由于养猪业属传统产业,用于废水处理的资金有限,所以养猪场废水处理各项指标要完全达标难度很大。迄今为止,国内外对养猪场废水处理已进行了大量研究和工程应用实践。文章分析总结了近3年来集约化养猪场废水处理的工艺研究和工程应用等方面的情况,现报道如下。1猪场废水处理工艺目前,养猪场废水处理研究的工艺方法有物化处理、自然生态处理、好氧处理、厌氧处理等,实际工程应用中常常是这些处理技术的组合工艺。猪场废水悬浮物质浓度很…     

猪场废水处理技术研究进展

目前国内猪场排放的大量废水大多没有经过有效的回收利用或处理即直接排放,对环境产生了严重污染。此文介绍了猪场废水的特征及危害,结合目前国内外猪场废水处理研究动态,系统地分析了猪场废水处理技术。控制猪场废水污染最有效的方法应以厌氧 好氧生物处理为主,辅助物化法、自然处理方法。     

猪场废水生物处理技术研究进展

通过对目前国内外猪场废水生物处理法的现状分析后认为:生物处理法是去除猪场废水中有机物最经济有效的方法,是猪场废水处理的核心技术;复合处理工艺可以结合各种生物处理方法的优点,能够实现废水的多级处理,是猪场废水生物处理中较合理经济的方法。     

猪场废水生物处理技术研究进展

通过对目前国内外猪场废水生物处理法的现状分析后认为：生物处理法是去除猪场废水中有机物最经济有效的方法,是猪场废水处理的核心技术;复合处理工艺可以结合各种生物处理方法的优点,能够实现废水的多级处理,是猪场废水生物处理中较合理经济的方法。     

规模化养猪废水处理问题及对策

<正>前言:随着规模化猪场的迅速发展导致养猪废水成为农业污染的重要源头之一。文章介绍了规模化养猪废水的处理现状,分析了养猪废水处理的突出问题,并针对问题。提出引入高效脱氮菌和抗生素预处理能使生物处理模式不断优化。生物自动化控制技术是规模化养猪废水处理的发展方向。随着我国农业改革进程的加快,养猪业的经营模式趋于规模化,在带动了经济发展的同时,规模化猪场带来了巨大的环境风险。养猪废水主要是饲养过程中生猪排放的尿液和清洗猪圈产生的高浓度有机废水,含有     

江西省规模化猪场粪污治理现状与问题分析

通过对江西省规模猪场产出和粪污治理现状等进行调查,结果表明:截止2014年,江西省规模猪场有12 201家,配备有固体粪便贮存设施和污水贮存处理设施的分别占76.03%和54.46%;在抽样核查的325个规模猪场中,基本实现达标排放的约占20%,对环境造成轻度污染的约占50%,对水体和土壤产生了比较严重污染的约占30%;并指出规模猪场废水处理存在部分规模养猪场污染较重、规模养殖污染治理成本高、畜禽养殖污染治理设施不足、因地制宜的猪场粪污处理技术普及不够等4个问题。在此基础上,也指出了猪场存在的问题,并就江西省规模化养猪场废水治理工艺现状进行归纳分析,分类提出了小、中、大型养猪场废水处理对应的可行性技术。     

固碳技术在猪场废水低碳化处理中的应用进展

固定废水中的碳,降低处理出水中的碳含量是实现猪场废水处理低碳化的主要途径,常用的固碳方法有化学固碳法、物理固碳法和生物固碳法。通过对几种固碳方法进行比较试验,分析了猪场废水低碳化处理的新技术,旨在找出适合猪场废水低碳化处理的固碳方法,并分析了猪场废水低碳化处理的新技术,从而为猪场废水的低碳化处理指明方向。     

养猪场废水处理与资源化利用探讨

分析了目前养猪场废水处理现状,并总结了两点常见的废水处理方法以及再利用途径,旨在为猪场废水的科学处理和再利用提供参考意见。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.