单色光对产蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

试验采用红(660nm)、绿(560nm)、蓝(480nm)3种发光二极管(处理组)和白炽灯(400～700nm)(对照组),对180羽海兰褐蛋鸡进行人工光照,研究了单色光对蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋长径、短径和蛋壳质量的影响。试验期为19～52周,光强度均为15lx,光照时间为16h。结果表明:在整个试验期,白光组蛋重最高(61.1g),红光组最低(59.2g),二者之间差异显著(P<0.05);38～52周龄,蓝光组蛋长径显著小于其他组,而其短径显著(P<0.05)小于白光组,另外,红光组蛋短径极显著(P<0.01)小于其他组;19～37周龄,绿光组蛋形指数(1.303)显著大于其他组,而38～52周龄,红光组蛋形指数(1.343)极显著(P<0.01)大于其他组;21～45周龄,绿光组蛋壳强度(3.54kg/cm2)极显著(P<0.01)高于白光和蓝光组而绿光组蛋壳厚度(0.368mm)显著(P<0.05)大于其他组;蓝光组蛋壳颜色值(31.6)显著(P<0.05)小于白光组(33.1)。结果提示:蓝光使蛋长、径变短而红光使蛋短径变短,从而使蓝光和红光组蛋重随产蛋周龄而增长的趋势小于白光和绿光组。单色光可影响蛋壳质量,其中绿光组的蛋壳质量最好。     

单色光对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

本试验分别采用红(660 nm)、绿(560 nm)、蓝(480 nm)3种发光二级管(处理组)和白炽灯(400~770 nm)(对照组),对180羽海兰褐蛋鸡进行人工照明,每组45羽,光强度均为15 lx,光照时间为16 h,试验期为19~52周龄。结果表明:19~36周龄,蓝光组产蛋率(86.8±0.5)%显著高于其它光照组(P<0.05),其日产蛋量最高(47.7±0.34)g,料蛋比(2.75±0.07)最低,后两者与红光和绿光组比较差异显著(P<0.05)。37~52周龄,红光组产蛋率显著高于蓝光和绿光组(P<0.05),白光组日产蛋量(59.0±0.74)g显著高于其它组(P<0.05),其料蛋比(2.1±0.04)最低。19~36周龄,各组破蛋率之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但白光组软蛋率(1.3±0.3)%显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。在37~52周龄,各组破蛋率和软蛋率之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:在15 lx光强度下,试验前期(19~36周龄)选用蓝光照明,后期(37~52周龄)改为白炽灯,可以显著提高产蛋量和饲料转换率。     

单色光对产蛋期蛋鸡脾脏组织结构及脾细胞增殖的影响

应用组织学和免疫组织化学方法研究了单色光对产蛋期蛋鸡脾脏组织结构及脾细胞增殖的影响.结果显示:在白光条件下饲养的蛋鸡,各周龄脾小体直径间差异不显著(P>0.05),37周龄脾动脉周围淋巴鞘面积比29周龄减小13.34%(P<0.05).29周龄和37周龄蓝光组脾小体直径比白光组分别极显著增加20.94%和20.27%(P<0.01),29周龄和37周龄蓝光组脾动脉周围淋巴鞘面积比红光组分别极显著增加42.01%和36.46%(P<0.01).蓝光组29周龄和37周龄脾小体直径均极显著高于20周龄和52周龄脾小体直径(P<0.01);蓝光组29周龄脾动脉周围淋巴鞘面积极显著高于其他周龄(P<0.01).红光组脾小体直径在20周龄到37周龄期间随着周龄的增加而增加,37周龄到52周龄无显著变化(P>0.05);脾动脉周围淋巴鞘面积虽然在37周龄时下降,但在52周龄时有所同升.各光组蛋鸡脾增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)阳性细胞率均随着周龄的增加而极显著下降(P<0.01).在蛋鸡29周龄和37周龄时,蓝光组脾细胞增殖程度比白光组分别显著增加11.47%和11.55%(P<0.05).试验结果表明:在白光条件下饲养的蛋鸡,其产蛋期脾细胞免疫功能及脾细胞增殖都随着周龄的增加而下降.蓝光在产蛋高峰期(29～35周龄)显著提高了蛋鸡脾细胞免疫功能和脾细胞增殖,而红光在产蛋后期可提高蛋鸡脾细胞免疫功能.     

蛋鸡日粮添加绞股蓝粉对蛋品质的影响研究

试验选取健康、体重相近的京粉2号雏鸡300只,随机分为3组,每组100只。从1周龄开始,两个试验组日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%绞股蓝粉,对照组为空白对照,日粮不添加绞股蓝粉。饲喂至29周龄(产蛋高峰期)时进行蛋品质测定。结果显示:绞股蓝粉添加量为1.0%时,哈氏单位显著提高(P0.05),蛋黄胆固醇浓度显著降低(P0.05),蛋黄颜色(a)测定值极显著增加(P0.01);绞股蓝粉添加量为0.5%时,蛋重显著增加(P0.05);蛋黄颜色(b、L)测定值、蛋形指数、蛋黄比率和蛋壳厚度等指标在添加组与对照组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明,在蛋鸡日粮中添加绞股蓝粉可以显著提高鸡蛋哈氏单位、加深蛋黄颜色、降低蛋黄胆固醇浓度、增加蛋重。     

分散饲养与集约化笼养对鸡蛋品质及主要营养成分的影响

本试验旨在研究分散饲养与集约化笼养对鸡蛋品质及主要营养成分的影响。选取200只24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为2组,每组100只,分别进行常规笼养和室外分散饲养。试验期为100 d,饲养至36周龄进行蛋品质和主要营养成分测定。结果表明:252日龄分散饲养组鸡蛋的蛋形指数、哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色和蛋黄颜色显著高于集约化笼养组的鸡蛋(P<0.05)。蛋比重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度方面,分散饲养的鸡蛋与集约化笼养的鸡蛋差异不显著(P>0.05)。分散饲养的鲜蛋的蛋清中水分和蛋白质极显著高于集约化笼养的鲜蛋的蛋清(P<0.01);分散饲养的鲜蛋的蛋清中灰分显著高于集约化笼养的鲜蛋的蛋清(P<0.05)。集约化笼养的鲜蛋的蛋黄中水分、蛋白质、脂肪和灰分极显著高于分散饲养的鲜蛋的蛋黄(P<0.01),两组鲜蛋中钙、磷差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

贵州黄鸡蛋品质测定和相关性分析

为研究贵州黄鸡的蛋品质及各指标之间的相关性,随机抽取44周龄贵州黄鸡新鲜种蛋60枚,按照国家规定的方法,在24 h内测定相关指标。结果:贵州黄鸡平均蛋重为(52.74±5.33) g,蛋形指数1.36±0.10,蛋壳厚度(0.35±0.05) mm,蛋黄重(17.55±1.66) g,蛋黄颜色9.26±0.73,蛋白高度(4.72±1.13) mm,哈氏单位平均68.43±4.29。相关性分析表明:蛋壳强度与哈氏单位、蛋壳厚度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);蛋黄重与蛋重呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与蛋黄比例和蛋壳厚度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);蛋重与蛋黄比例呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与蛋白高度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);蛋白高度与哈氏单位呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);其他性状间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。     

不同周龄母鸡鸡蛋及不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋的蛋品质比较

本文比较了同一品种不同周龄(26、40周龄和64周龄)母鸡所产蛋的蛋壳品质和蛋品质,包括蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位、蛋清pH值。之后,还比较了该鸡种不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋(正常蛋和砂壳蛋)之间上述指标的差异。结果表明:在不同周龄母鸡所产蛋之间,蛋重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位等均存在显著差异(p<0.05),而蛋壳厚度之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。此外,蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比率随着母鸡周龄的增加呈上升趋势,而蛋壳强度、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位、蛋黄指数、蛋清pH值呈下降趋势。最后,蛋壳质地不同的鸡蛋(正常蛋与砂壳蛋)之间,蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳强度、蛋清pH值之间存在极显著差异(p<0.01),而其他参数之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

80周龄蛋鸡产蛋数与蛋品质性状的相关性分析

为了给蛋鸡产蛋数和蛋品质性状选育改良提供依据,根据80周龄产蛋数量将668只褐壳纯系蛋鸡分为4组,分析了80周龄产蛋数量与36周龄、72周龄和80周龄蛋品质性状间的相关性以及不同组之间蛋品质性状的差异。结果表明:80周龄产蛋数量与72周龄、80周龄蛋壳厚度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与72周龄哈氏单位呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与其余周龄蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度和哈氏单位相关性均不显著(P0.05);个别组间72周龄和80周龄蛋壳厚度差异显著(P0.05),但是4组蛋鸡各周龄蛋壳强度、蛋壳颜色和哈氏单位均差异不显著(P0.05)。说明蛋鸡的产蛋数量与蛋品质相关性较低,对蛋鸡进行提高产蛋数量的持续选育不会影响鸡蛋品质。     

不同品种鸡蛋品质的比较研究

随机抽取40周龄尼克粉鸡、仿草鸡、苏禽黄鸡、青壳蛋鸡的蛋各100个,进行蛋品质测定。结果表明不同品种鸡蛋的蛋品质存在着差异,除蛋形指数差异不显著外,4种鸡蛋的蛋壳颜色和蛋黄颜色相互间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);尼克粉鸡蛋、苏禽黄鸡蛋与仿草鸡蛋及青壳蛋鸡蛋的蛋重相互间存在极显著差异;尼克粉鸡蛋、青壳蛋鸡蛋与仿草鸡蛋、苏禽黄鸡蛋的蛋黄比率存在极显著差异;尼克粉鸡蛋与仿草鸡蛋、苏禽黄鸡蛋、青壳蛋鸡蛋的蛋壳厚度存在极显著差异;4种鸡蛋的哈氏单位相互间表现出显著(P<0.05)或极显著的差异;蛋壳强度只在尼克粉鸡与仿草鸡之间有显著差异。     

桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。选取163只412日龄的罗曼粉蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组12个重复,每个重复3～4只。分别饲以桑叶粉添加量为0、5%、8%和11%的试验日粮。试验期为40 d。试验结果表明:(1)桑叶粉添加组的产蛋率显著低于对照组(不添加组)(P<0.01);5%桑叶粉组的料蛋比显著高于对照组(P<0.05),8%、11%桑叶粉组的料蛋比与对照组的差异不显著(P>0.05);各组间平均日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)桑叶粉添加组的蛋黄颜色显著深于对照组(P<0.01),且随着桑叶粉添加量的增加,蛋黄颜色加深;除蛋黄颜色外,各组间其他的鸡蛋物理指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)各组的蛋黄粗脂肪、粗蛋白质及胆固醇含量差异不显著(P>0.05);各桑叶粉添加组的蛋黄多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、ω-6系脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),8%、11%桑叶粉组的蛋黄ω-3系脂肪酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.01),而各组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,从开发饲料资源、提高蛋黄色泽和蛋黄中PUFA、ω-6...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.