旋转数字减影血管造影三维重建在脑血管疾病诊断 及鉴别中的应用价值

目的 分析旋转数字减影血管造影（DSA）三维重建技术在脑血管疾病患者诊断与鉴别中 的应用价值。方法 选取 2016 年 1 月至 2018 年 1 月甘肃省武威市人民医院放射介入室 80 例疑似脑血 管疾病患者,均采取常规 DSA、旋转 DSA 三维重建技术进行检查,观察两种检查方式对患者脑血管病变 显示结果与脑血管疾病检出率,比较两种检查方式显示动脉瘤颈与载瘤动脉的关系。结果 常规 DSA 检查发现 59 例颅内动脉瘤（共 59 个动脉瘤）,6 例大脑中动脉梗死,4 例动静脉畸形,11 例疑似脑血管病; 经旋转 DSA 三维重建技术检查发现 61 例颅内动脉瘤（包括 2 例多发动脉瘤,共 65 个动脉瘤,分布为：颈 内与后交通动脉 25 个,大脑中动脉 6 个,大脑前与前交通动脉 23 个,基底动脉 7 个,椎动脉 4 个）,8 例大 脑中动脉梗死,6 例动静脉畸形（包括顶叶脑动静脉畸形 3 例,枕叶脑动静脉畸形 1 例,颞叶脑动静脉畸 形1例,小脑动静脉畸形1例）,3例烟雾病（清晰显示血管异常）,海绵窦瘘（清晰显示瘘口部位与回流静脉） 2例;旋转DSA三维重建对脑血管疾病检出率为100%,明显高于常规DSA的91.25%（χ2 =5.378,P＜0.05）; 对于动脉瘤颈与载瘤动脉的关系,旋转 DSA 三维重建显示清楚率为 100%,明显高于常规 DSA 显示清楚 率 49.15%（χ2 =43.040,P＜ 0.05）。结论 旋转 DSA 三维重建技术可以直观、立体并且清晰地显示脑部 病变血管情况,为脑血管疾病鉴别及临床诊治提供更准确、有效的指导。     

56例短暂性脑缺血发作DSA分析

目的通过数字减影血管造影(DSA)研究短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attacks,TIA)与颅内-外供血动脉的关系,以探讨TIA的病因。方法对56例TIA患者行DSA全脑血管造影,观察颅内外供血动脉有无狭窄、狭窄程度及有无血管畸形等。结果 56例TIA患者中10例(17.86%)造影阴性,46例(82.14%)存在不同程度的责任血管病变,其中颅内外动脉狭窄40例(71.42%),动静脉畸形2例(3.57%),动脉瘤3例(5.36%),烟雾病1例(1.79%)。23例(41.07%)患者存在2处以上血管狭窄。结论颅内-外供血动脉狭窄是TIA的常见原因,动静脉畸形、动脉瘤、烟雾病等是TIA的少见病因,DSA对TIA患者病因检查有重要的临床价值。     

磁共振血管成像诊断脑血管疾病

本组５０例脑血管疾病患者的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ检查说明，ＭＲＡ能检出颅内动脉瘤，动静脉畸形，脑动脉塞和狭窄病变。ＭＲ检查联合应用能显著提高单项ＭＲＩ对ＣＶＤ的诊断价值。ＭＡＲ有可能成为颅内血管疾病有效，常用的诊断手段。     

64层CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床意义

目的评价64层计算机断层扫描动脉成像(64层CTA)在颅内动脉瘤(AN)诊断中的临床价值。方法 108例高度疑诊动脉瘤患者均给予64层CTA检查,后行DSA证实。结果 108例患者经64层CTA检出98个动脉瘤,均得到DSA检查证实,其中14例颈内和颅内小动脉瘤由全脑DSA检查后发现。结论64层CTA作为无创检查颅内动脉瘤的手段,在诊断前交通动脉瘤及大脑中动脉瘤可取代DSA成为颅内动脉瘤诊断的首选,但在高度怀疑有颈内动脉瘤及颅内小血管动脉瘤时尚需进行DSA检查进一步明确。     

磁共振血管成像诊断脑血管疾病

本组５０例脑血管疾病患者（ＣＶＤ）的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ检查结果说明，ＭＲＡ能检出颅内动脉瘤、动静脉畸形、脑动脉闭塞和狭窄病变。ＭＲ检查联合应用能显著提高单项ＭＲＩ对ＣＶＤ的诊断价值。ＭＲＡ有可能成为颅内血管疾病有效、常用的诊断手段。     

鞍区肿瘤术前CT血管成像检查发现颅内未破裂动脉瘤（附6例报告）

目的总结入院诊断为鞍区肿瘤病人应用CT血管成像术前发现颅内未破裂动脉瘤的治疗经验。方法术前对287例诊断为鞍区肿瘤的病人给予64排螺旋CT血管成像（CTA）检查,发现颅内动脉瘤6例,其中入院诊断为垂体瘤3例,鞍旁脑膜瘤3例,并给予血管造影检查（DSA）明确诊断。结果6例病人经CTA检查共发现颅内动脉瘤7个。经DSA检查明确诊断颅内动脉瘤6个,其中颈内动脉后交通段动脉瘤3个,颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤2个,大脑中动脉动脉瘤1例。1例病人经DSA检查排除颅内动脉瘤,诊断为左侧鞍旁海绵状血管瘤。CTA检查颅内动脉瘤确诊率85．7％。结论CTA作为一种无创检查手段可用于对颅内未破裂动脉瘤的术前筛查。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤中的应用

目的评估多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗方面的应用价值。方法对32例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者分别行MSCTA及数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,其中男性15例,女性17例;年龄46~74岁,平均58.4岁。MSCTA图像后处理包括采用表面遮盖显示(SSD)、最大密度投影(MIP)、容积显示(VR)及曲面重建(CPR)等方法进行血管显示。结果32例蛛网膜下腔出血患者共发现38个动脉瘤,其中MSCTA发现34个,DSA发现35个,准确率分别是89.5%和92.1%。两者相比,统计学上无显著性差异(配对χ2检验,P>0.05)。结论与DSA相比,MSCTA不仅可以准确地诊断颅内动脉瘤,并能精确地显示颅内动脉瘤的大小、形态、方向,以及与邻近血管和骨质的空间解剖关系,可弥补DSA检查的不足,对指导手术有重要的临床意义。     

磁共振血管成像在诊断颅内动脉瘤中的应用

目的 研究磁共振血管成像(MRA)诊断颅内动脉瘤的原理、方法及临床价值.方法 选择经DSA证实为颅内动脉瘤的患者50例,行三维MRA及MRI检查,全部病例均经手术证实.结果 MRA对颅内动脉瘤的敏感性为90%,结合MRI,敏感性达97%,较准确显示瘤径＞3 mm的动脉瘤.结论 MRA作为一种无创、安全的检查方法,能清晰显示颅内动脉瘤的瘤体及载瘤动脉,敏感性高,是颅内动脉瘤的首选诊断方法.     

三维CT血管造影在脑动静脉畸形诊治中的初步应用经验

目的 评估三维CT血管造影（3D－CTA）在脑动静脉畸形诊断及术前评估中的应用。方法 对我科收治的25例脑动静脉畸形患者采用3D－CTA检查，并同期行脑数字减影血管造影（DSA），比较两种检查的结果。结果 3D－CAT显示了24例动静脉畸形，3D－CTA在显示畸形血管闭、供血动脉和引流静脉的三维构造以及空间关系上优于DSA，并能显示三者与颅骨的关系。3D－CTA虽未能发现1例小型小脑动静脉畸形，但其显示了一个位于小脑后下动脉（PICA）远端的供血动脉动脉瘤，并确定了出血系动脉瘤而非动静脉畸形。3D－CTA可以模拟手术入路时可观察到的血管构造，有助于正确判断动静脉畸形的各种成分，提高手术的安全性。结论 3D－CTA对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及其术前评估有其独特的价值。尤其适合于大型脑动静脉畸形、动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤以及颅内巨大血肿怀疑系动静脉畸形破裂者。它与DSA可互补，但尚无法取代DSA。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)对颅内动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术或DSA证实的颅内动脉瘤40例,所有患者均行64层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像,分析颅内动脉瘤的图像资料,评价动脉瘤自身情况及合并的颅内病理状态,比较CTA与手术或DSA的符合情况。结果 40例患者44个颅内动脉瘤,CTA准确诊断44个动脉瘤,误判1个,诊断符合率与手术及DSA分别为100%和96.2%。CTA准确评价动脉瘤的位置、大小、瘤颈、瘤顶指向、载瘤动脉及其与邻近血管和骨性组织间的解剖关系及合并的颅内病理状态。结论 64层螺旋CT血管成像诊断颅内动脉瘤有较高的准确性,可作为手术或介入治疗动脉瘤的术前常规诊断方法。     

Accuracy of conventional plus transoral carotid ultrasonography in distinguishing pseudo-occlusion from total occlusion of the internal carotid artery

BACKGROUND: To investigate the accuracy of conventional carotid ultrasonography (CCU) combined with transoral carotid ultrasonography (TOCU) for distinguishing pseudo-occlusion from total occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). METHODS: This study included 95 patients who were suspected of having an occlusion of the ICA on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and underwent both CCU and conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in order to confirm the diagnosis. TOCU was also performed to observe the cervical portion of the ICA distal to the stenosis. We compared the ultrasonographic findings with the DSA findings. RESULTS: Twelve of the 95 patients were defined as having an ICA pseudo-occlusion on DSA. On B-mode images with CCU color Doppler, slight residual flow signals in the ICA lumen were shown in 20 patients. Among them, 2 patients had a pulsed Doppler waveform of the distal ICA occlusion pattern. Among the remaining 18 patients, 4 had a pulsed Doppler waveform of the to and fro flow pattern, and 14 had a weak antegrade flow pattern in the ICA lumen. The conventional ultrasonographic method showed 100% sensitivity with 93% specificity for diagnosing an ICA pseudo-occlusion. The addition of TOCU findings increased the specificity to 98%. In 2 patients, who were overdiagnosed as having an ICA pseudo-occlusion even using TOCU, DSA revealed an occlusion of the ICA distal to the ophthalmic artery with a severe stenosis of the proximal ICA. CONCLUSIONS: Using conventional and transoral carotid ultrasonography, an ICA pseudo-occlusion can be diagnosed with higher accuracy.     

连续40例出血型烟雾病的DSA影像学分析

目的探讨烟雾病患者的DSA影像学诊断特征。方法回顾性分析40例烟雾病病例的DSA影像学表现,40例患者均经CT诊断为颅内出血,均经DSA确诊。结果双颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞22例,一侧颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞8例,一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑前动脉和一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,一侧大脑中动脉及对侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞2例,均伴颅底异常血管网形成。结论DSA为诊断烟雾病的金标准,DSA检查可清楚显示烟雾病血管狭窄闭塞的部位、侧支循环情况及是否合并动脉瘤,据其表现可指导进一步治疗。     

脑白质区域非腔隙性梗死灶与颅内外血管狭窄关系的探讨

目的 探讨脑白质区域非腔隙性梗死灶与颅内外血管狭窄的关系.方法 对30例脑白质区域非腔隙性梗死患者的头颅MRI以及主动脉弓、全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查资料进行分析.结果 本组MRI示12例单侧基底节区片状异常信号中,DSA表现为一侧颈内动脉(ICA)起始部闭塞或高度狭窄9例,一侧大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段高度狭窄2例,无明确血管病变1例.6例基底节以及侧脑室旁白质区域病灶中,一侧ICA起始部闭塞或高度狭窄3例,一侧ICA C5段闭塞1例,一侧MCA M1段闭塞2例.4例侧脑室旁或半卵圆中心白质区域病灶中,一侧ICA C6段闭塞1例,一侧MCA M1段高度狭窄2例,无明确血管病变1例.8例皮质下上型或皮质下侧型分水岭脑梗死患者中,一侧ICA起始部闭塞或高度狭窄6例,双侧ICA起始部闭塞1例,一侧MCA M1段高度狭窄1例.结论 脑白质区非腔隙性梗死灶的发生与ICA系统大血管的狭窄或闭塞有密切的关系.     

数字减影血管造影对缺血性脑血管病诊断及治疗的意义

目的:探讨数字减影血管造影检查(DSA)对缺血性脑血管病血管病变诊断的意义。方法:选取有脑缺血症状的经TCD检查发现血管狭窄的21例病人,行DSA检查。结果:颈内动脉系统TIA患者3例,DSA证实为大脑中动脉狭窄2例,烟雾病1例,椎基底动脉供血不足8例中双侧椎动脉发育不全1例,一侧或双侧椎动脉狭窄5例,锁骨下动脉盗血2例。8例脑梗塞患者中已经出现一侧颈内动脉闭塞的有两例,但均已出现侧枝循环的建立,另6例均为颈内动脉或大脑中动脉的狭窄,2例脑干梗塞患者均有椎动脉的狭窄。结论:数字减影血管造影是评价头颈部血管狭窄、闭塞和选择治疗方案的金标准,它对缺血性脑血管病的进一步治疗起着重要的作用。     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环与神经功能的单因素分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的代偿作用与临床神经功能缺损程度的关系. 方法对52例连续颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞所致的脑梗死患者入院时行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分,利用数字减影脑血管造影技术(DSA)评估颅内动脉的侧支循环代偿情况.应用统计学方法探讨两者之间的关系.结果 DSA发现52例患者18例出现颈内动脉闭塞,单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄28例,6例双侧重度狭窄.52例患者中出现前交通动脉代偿18例,后交通动脉代偿8例,前后交通动脉同时代偿12例,14例患者未出现Willis环血管的代偿.无Willis环代偿组与Willis环代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为35.75和23.09,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).前交通代偿组与后交通代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为12.42和15.94,两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时可通过多种方式进行有效的代偿.NIHSS评分与血管代偿及阻塞位置显著有关.DSA对侧支循环的判定在治疗干预中显得尤为重要.     

3D—TOF法磁共振血流成像对脑血管疾病的诊断价值

报告55例脑血管疾病的3D-TOF法和MRA和常规MRI(其中21例经DSA证实)。结果3D-TOF法MRA不仅能较为清晰地显示脑血管疾病的异常血管,且能作出定性、定位诊断。提出3D-TOF法MRA对脑血管疾病的诊断价值高于MRI、SPECT、X-CT,尤其是动静脉畸形、静脉型血管畸形(静脉瘤)、瘤体直径>5mn的动脉瘤和严重狭窄和闭塞的动脉。     

急性脑梗死散在和单一弥散加权成像病损与其供血动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死弥散加权磁共振成像(DWI)上大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区散在性或单一性缺血性病损与其脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系.方法 回顾性分析73例连续积累的DWI显示一侧MCA供血区脑梗死的病例,入组病例均排除心源性栓塞性脑梗死,所有患者均在发病24 h内进行MRI和MRA等检查,7例患者并进行DSA.采用DWI急性缺血性病损分类方法 分为散在病损组和单一病损组,比较两组的病灶同侧MCA、颈内动脉(ICA)颅内段和颅外段狭窄或闭塞的发生率.结果 散在病损组42例,单一病损组31例.在病损同侧ICA颅外段和MCA闭塞或重度狭窄方面两组差异有统计学意义(28.6%与0,x2=10.6,P=0.001).在病损同侧ICA颅内段并MCA轻中度狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(31.0%与9.7%,x2=4.717,P=0.03).散在病损与MCA和(或)ICA严重或多发狭窄呈正相关(OR值为13.7,95%CI:3.6～52.5).在MRA或DSA未发现颅内外大血管狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(11.9%与32.3%,x2=4.526,P=0.033).散在病损组与无明显血管狭窄呈负相关(OR值为0.284,95%CI:0.09～0.94).结论 (1)脑梗死急性期DWI显示的MCA区散在性病损患者,MCA和ICA狭窄、甚至闭塞的可能性较大,以ICA颅外段闭塞较为常见;(2)DWI显示单一病损时提示脑供血动脉狭窄程度较轻,范围较局限,小血管病变的可能性相对较高,很少为严重的ICA颅外段狭窄或闭塞.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between scattered or single lesion of acute cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and stenosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods With exclusion of cardioembolism, 73 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction of the unilateral MCA territory on DWI were analyzed. All patients got magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) within 24 hours after onset, and 7 patients also had digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were classified into single lesion group or scattered lesions group according to the DWI findings. The incidence of stenosis or occlusion of ipsolateral MCA, intracranial and extracranial ICA were compared between the two groups. Results 42 patients had scattered lesions and 31 patients had single lesion. The scattered-lesions group had a high incidence of ipsilateral extracranial ICA or MCA occlusion or severe stenosis ( 25.6%versus 0, x2 = 10.6, P = 0.001 ) and a high incidence of ipsilateral intracranial ICA or MCA moderate or mild stenosis (31.0% versus 9.7% ,x2 =4.717, P =0.03 ). A positive correlation was found between the scattered lesions and severe or multifocal stenosis of ipsilateral ICA and MCA ( OR: 13.7, 95% CI: 3.6 to 52.5). There was a low incidence of absence of extra- and intracranial stenosis on MRA or DSA in the scattered-lesions group ( 11.9% versus 32.3%, x2= 4.526, P = 0.033 ). A negative correlation was found between the scattered lesions and absence of large-artery stenosis ( OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.94).Conclusions ( 1 ) Patients with acute cerebral infarction and scattered lesions on DWI were more likely to suffer from stenosis or occlusion of ICA or MCA, especially over the extracranial ICA. (2) Patients with single lesion were less likely to have severe or multiple stenosis of MCA and ICA, indicating the relevance of small-vessel pathogenesis.     

"Malignant" carotid artery dissection

PURPOSE: Carotid artery dissection resulting in occlusion or severe narrowing and massive intracranial embolism can result in life-threatening hemispheric ischemia. Aggressive endovascular and microsurgical measures may be necessary to salvage life and minimize stroke morbidity in this extreme situation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have treated two middle-aged women who presented within an hour of spontaneous cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection causing hemiplegia, forced head and eye deviation, and declining consciousness. The first patient had a carotid occlusion through which a catheter could not be passed, so intracranial thrombolysis was achieved through a microcatheter navigated through the posterior circulation. Surgical intimectomy and thrombectomy of the dissected ICA was then carried out using an intraoperative Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter passed up the dissected ICA, followed by endovascular stenting of the reopened cervical ICA. The second patient underwent intracranial microsurgical embolectomy and, after an unsuccessful attempt of stenting the dissected and severely narrowed cervical ICA, surgical reopening again with a Fogarty catheter. Both patients suffered basal ganglionic infarcts but most of the middle cerebral artery territories were preserved and the patients made satisfactory recoveries. CONCLUSIONS: "Malignant" carotid artery dissection causing occlusion or near occlusion with intracranial embolism is an important cause of severe and life-threatening hemispheric ischemia. Treatment should include aggressive endovascular and microsurgical interventions when the hemisphere is at risk.     

临床颈动脉系统TIA患者的脑血管造影分析

目的:以数字减影脑血管造影为手段,分析颈动脉系统TIA患者脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的分布、程度以及侧枝循环建立情况。方法:颈动脉系统TIA患者70例均行脑血管造影检查,包括主动脉弓上造影及至少双侧颈总及锁骨下动脉四根血管造影。明确有无脑供血动脉的狭窄、狭窄的位置、程度及侧枝循环情况。结果:62例患者存在脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞,共检出病变132处,轻度狭窄40处(30.3%),中度狭窄34处(25.8%),重度39处(29.5%),闭塞19处(14.4%)。可判断责任血管者58例(85.0%):单纯前循环45例,前后循环联合病变有13例。以颈内动脉狭窄80处为对象,研究颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧枝循环情况。汇总邻近可能引起同一侧枝循环通路的病变,共分析病变58处,发现合并侧枝的病变有23处,有侧支数量36处。各种侧支循环中,Willis环出现频度最高,包括前交通代偿13处和后交通代偿5处。其次为软膜血管代偿13处。结论:颈动脉系统TIA患者,颅外血管病变多于颅内血管病变。责任血管不单纯是在前循环,还可以是前后循环联合病变。颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最常见的侧枝循环是Wlliis环和软脑膜血管,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易引发侧枝循环建立。     

Is ultrasound examination sufficient in the evaluation of patients with internal carotid artery severe stenosis or occlusion?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid endarterectomy (CE) has been shown to be beneficial in patients with symptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Some authors have suggested that when ultrasound shows a stenosis 70-99%, CE can be performed without further imaging study. However, ultrasound findings that suggest an ICA occlusion, not confirmed by angiography but which instead show a near-occlusion usually benefit from CE. The objectives of this study are: (1). to evaluate how angiography-obtained information on intracranial arteries affects the treatment decision in patients with 70-99% ICA stenosis, and (2). to evaluate when a symptomatic ICA occlusion shown by ultrasound could actually be a patent artery and therefore benefit from CE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected the cerebral angiograms of 133 consecutive patients with TIA or non-disabling stroke due to large artery disease where ultrasound suggested a stenosis >or=70% or occlusion of symptomatic ICA; we calculated the frequency of intracranial vascular malformations and intracranial artery disease (IAD) located in the infraclinoid or supraclinoid portion of the ICA, and in the anterior or middle cerebral artery. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed 31 ICA occlusions and 102 ICA with 70-99% stenosis. All the patients with an ICA stenosis 70-99% on ultrasound examination had the degree of stenosis confirmed by angiography. Two out of 31 patients did not have a complete occlusion but angiography showed a near-occlusion and consequently they underwent CE. Sixty-five (62.5%) out of 104 patients with patent ICA had IAD (mild 26.9%, moderate 21.2%, and severe 14.4%). Five patients (4.8%) had intracranial vascular malformations (4 aneurysms and 1 arteriovenous malformation). One patient had disabling stroke during angiography. Seven patients (6.7%) did not undergo CE after angiography (1 patient had an aneurysm >10 mm, 1 patient had a very tight stenosis of the basilar artery, 5 patients had intracranial stenosis more severe than the extracranial stenosis). CONCLUSIONS: In patients that on the basis of ultrasound examination can benefit from CE, information on intracranial arteries is necessary. Moreover, complete occlusion cannot be detected with certainty only by ultrasound examination.