绝经后妇女前臂骨骨量丢失的相关危险因素研究

目的 探讨绝经后妇女前臂骨骨量丢失的相关危险因素.方法 采用美国NORLAND-Stratec 周围型双能X线骨矿测量仪(pDXA)测量了183例绝经1年以上的女性健康志愿者非优势侧前臂远端桡+尺骨(distal radius+ulna)、近端桡+尺骨(proximal radius+ulna)以及近端桡骨(proximal radius)的BMD值,以问卷调查方法收集研究对象的一般情况,并测定了尿吡啶酚、血清雌二醇、甲状旁腺激素、骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶等指标.结果 绝经后妇女前臂骨不同测量部位的BMD值均随年龄增长和绝经年限的延长呈加速下降,尤其是绝经后头十年内下降速度明显,此后逐步趋向缓和,其趋势与中轴骨测量结果一致.绝经早、绝经年限长、怀孕次数多和哺乳时间长等因素是绝经后女性骨丢失和骨质疏松症发生的重要危险因素.此外,与非OP的绝经后健康妇女相比,绝经后患OP妇女的雌激素水平明显下降、血钙水平较低,血PTH和尿Pyd/Cr等明显升高,表现为高骨转换型.使用雌激素替代治疗可减缓绝经后早期骨量丢失,但使用人数比例仅为9.3%.结论 妇女绝经后前臂骨骨量丢失规律同中轴骨改变,可采用周围型双能X线骨矿测量仪测量前臂骨BMD用于社区高危人群筛查.绝经年限、生育状况和雌激素使用情况等是影响绝经后妇女骨量值的重要因素.     

肥胖对绝经后妇女骨量的双向影响

目的　深入探讨肥胖对绝经后妇女骨量的影响及机理。方法　绝经年限 (YSM) 1～ 10年的妇女 85例 ,测量身高、体重 ,计算体重指数 (BMI) ;测量空腹及糖负荷后 2h胰岛素 ;空腹血甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇、瘦素 ;测定腰椎及股骨颈的骨密度。结果　多元逐步回归分析显示 ,腰椎骨密度 =1 0 85 0 0 2 2YSM ,股骨颈骨密度 = 0. 371 0. 6 33身高 0 . 0 11BMI 0 . 0 0 7YSM 0 . 0 5 3lnTG ;BMI与TG成正相关 (r=0 . 2 4 4 ,P =0. 0 2 7) ;如果把人群分为BMI<2 3kg/m2 和BMI≥ 2 3kg/m2 两组 ,则两组之间腰椎骨密度的差异无显著性 ,而股骨颈骨密度的差异有显著性 ,BMI≥ 2 3kg/m2 组大于BMI <2 3kg/m2组 (t=3 4. 96 ,P =0 . 0 0 1)。结论　肥胖对腰椎骨量无保护作用 ,对股骨颈骨量总的影响是保护作用 ,但深入分析发现其影响呈双向性 ,其保护作用与体重负荷有关 ,而损害作用与血TG水平有关。     

依降钙素对绝经后骨质疏松女性腰椎退行性疾病治疗研究的观察

目的探索依降钙素联合钙剂、维生素D对于绝经后骨质疏松的患者腰椎融合术后发生椎弓根螺钉松动、拔出现象的影响。方法观察40位年龄在55~70岁[(62.5±4.5)岁]之间患中度以上骨质疏松的绝经后老年女性(T-2.5),因腰椎退行性疾病接受腰椎后路减压融合术后,植入8颗椎弓根螺钉的患者,随机平均分为两组,第1组患者术后给予口服钙尔奇D片2片/日(每片含碳酸钙1.5 g及维生素D3125iu)及肌注依降钙素20单位/周,第2组患者给予口服钙尔奇D片2片/日。随访12个月,通过数字化平片、320排螺旋CT及手术取出内固定等方法观察两组患者椎弓根螺钉松动的发生率。结果通过统计学的方法分析后表明,两组患者的椎弓根螺钉松动、拔出的概率是不同的,经过进一步的分析发现接受依降钙素及补钙和维生素D治疗组的患者椎弓根螺钉发生松动的概率小于单纯接受补钙及维生素D治疗组。结论降钙素联合补钙和维生素D治疗可以减少绝经后骨质疏松女性椎弓根螺钉松动的发生率,其效果优于单纯补钙和维生素D治疗。     

老年妇女甲状腺功能异常与骨量丢失

目的探测老年妇女甲状腺功能异常与骨量丢失的关系。方法随访48例65-79岁骨量丢失的老年妇女，以放免法测定外周血FT3、FT4、TSH；以双能X线骨密度仪测量骨密度。结果甲状腺功能异常在骨量丢失的48例老年妇女中占20．8％，以甲状腺激素水平升高者为多，为18．8％。甲状腺功能异常主要与髋部骨量丢失相关。结论甲状腺功能异常在骨量丢失的老年妇女中有一定患病率，在对老年人骨质疏松诊治中应注意检测和随访甲状腺功能。     

白藜芦醇对绝经后骨质疏松女性骨代谢和氧化代谢产物水平的影响

目的 探讨白藜芦醇对绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨代谢和氧化代谢产物水平的影响。方法 选取 2015年11月至 2017年11月在成都市第二人民医院就诊的84例绝经后骨质疏松症患者作为研究对象,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组的患者每天服用白藜芦醇,对照组的患者给予安慰剂片。3个月后,测量各组患者的血清骨代谢标志物[I型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)、骨钙素(BGP)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、I 型胶原 C 末端肽特殊序列(β-CTX)]和氧化代谢产物[蛋白羰基(PCO)、高级氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)、总抗氧化能力(TAC)、Akatsu(MDA)]水平的改变。结果 服用白藜芦醇治疗后,治疗组血清PINP 、BGP 、BALP 、β-CTX 、PCO、AOPP和MDA水平较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.05),治疗后两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组血清TAC水平较治疗前显著升高(P＜0.05),治疗后两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。然而,对照组治疗前后的PINP 、BGP 、BALP 、β-CTX 、PCO、TAC、AOPP和MDA指标,其差异并没有统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 白藜芦醇可以降低绝经后骨质疏松症女性体内氧化应激和高骨转化速度。     

长期补碘后甲状腺疾病的变迁

为探讨人工补碘后引起的甲状腺疾病发生率与构成比的改变，回顾３４年间手术切除的甲状腺标本６０００例，并对部分标本采用流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）检测细胞核ＤＮＡ含量及倍体分型。结果：甲状腺癌由３．１％升至１６．１０％，其中乳头状癌所占比例以每１０年增加５％的速度由４２．５％增至５８．６０％；女性甲状腺癌的发病年龄明显年轻化。ＦＣＭ发现：甲状腺良性疾病异倍体率高达１５％￣１８％。由此推测，在长期补碘的缺碘地区     

甲状腺影像报告及数据系统在甲状腺结节性疾病规范化诊疗中的应用

目的：探讨甲状腺影像报告及数据系统（TI-RADS）对甲状腺结节的定性诊断价值。 方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的235例患者共计432个甲状腺结节（良性299个,恶性133个）的常规超声图像资料。筛选对结节良恶性鉴别诊断有统计学意义的超声特征,根据结节的超声特征,用TI-RADS分级标准将其分为1~5级,再将分级结果与病理结果进行比较。 结果：统计学分析显示,边界不清、形态不规则、实性、边缘不平滑、低回声、微钙化、血管走形不规则、纵横比≥1、异常淋巴结为结节的恶性超声特征（均P<0.05）。以3级作为良恶性分界,TI-RADS的敏感性83.5%,特异性91.0%,准确性88.7%;去除不确定性较大的3级,只对代表良性的1~2级和代表恶性的4~5级进行统计,TI-RADS的敏感性90.1%,特异性98.9%,准确性96.2%。 结论：TI-RADS具有高度的敏感性、特异性和准确性,TI-RADS的应用有助于医生对超声诊断意见的判读,有利于制定合理的治疗方案,具有较高的临床实用价值。     

甲状腺扫描对甲状腺结节的诊断价值

通过对425例甲状腺结节患者的甲状腺扫描与术后病理结果的分析，发现热、温、凉、冷结节中发生甲状腺癌的机会分别为4．8％、11．1％、8．1％和5．9％；而扫描所显示的结节位置与手术所见的符合率为88．9％。认为，甲状腺扫描对甲状腺结节的定位有帮助，但无鉴别肿瘤良、恶性的临床价值。     

围绝经期及绝经后妇女骨量变化规律的初步分析

目的了解广东省围绝经期及绝经后妇女的骨量变化规律及特点，并分析妇女骨量的有关影响因素，为妇女骨质疏松症的防治提供科学依据。方法在广东居住10年以上的妇女214例，均接受腰椎和股骨上端骨密度测定，并对测量结果进行统计分析。结果妇女腰椎和髋部的骨密度值自围绝经期即开始缓慢下降，绝经以后下降速度加快，其中绝经后前4年内下降迅速，以后则相对缓慢。同时，体重和生育次数可以影响妇女骨密度值。结论妇女各部位骨密度值从围绝经期开始即有不同程度的下降，因此早期对敏感部位进行骨密度检测，并早期治疗，有利于预防骨质疏松性骨折。     

甲状腺和甲状旁腺疾病的外科治疗

目前发达国家以及我国香港地区都有内分泌 外科。鉴于内分泌外科疾病发病初期的功能变化以 及靶器官的微小改变，与一般外科疾病的诊断治疗 方法有所区别。特别是 APUD(胺前体摄取及脱羧) 概念的引入，APUD 代表的一大组细胞，广泛分布     

围绝经期妇女血清铁蛋白水平和股骨颈骨强度相关性研究

目的探索围绝经期妇女血清铁蛋白与股骨颈强度综合指数之间的关系。方法选择2014年7月至2017年12月在我院就诊的116例围绝经期妇女纳入本研究。使用双能X射线吸收扫描仪测量髋部骨几何结构性质,包括髋轴长度(HAL)和股骨颈宽度(FNW),并将其与BMD,体重和身高结合以产生股骨颈的综合指数(CSI)、弯曲(BSI)和冲击强度指数(ISI)三种不同的失效模式下的强度。结果在对年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、生活方式因素、血清25-羟基维生素D、钙和磷摄入量、糖尿病和更年期状态进行校正后,多元回归分析显示血清铁蛋白与腰椎和股骨颈,以及股骨颈皮质厚度密切相关。重要的是,在所有的调整模型中,血清铁蛋白与三种股骨颈综合指数(如CSI、BSI和ISI)显示负相关(P0.05)。结论本研究表明高血清铁蛋白反映的全身铁储存增加可能与骨强度相对于负荷的减少有关。     

Effect of cyclical therapy with phosphorus and etidronate on axial bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women

Forty seven women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and at least one but no more than four vertebral compression fractures received sequential and cyclical therapy with phosphorus and etidronate (p/etid). During the same 2-year period of observation, three other groups of patients received either sodium fluoride (n=12), estrogen replacement therapy (n=12), or vitamin D and calcium (Ca⁺⁺) alone (n=15).Axial bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by means of dual-photon absorptiometry. Lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were taken to assess fractures. Bone mineral density increased from baseline during p/etid therapy: Mean 15.7±1.6% (SD) (P<0.001). During the same time, the patients in the sodium fluoride group showed a comparable increase in their BMD from baseline: mean 15.7±1.1% (P<0.001). During the first year of therapy, patients in the estrogen replacement group had an increase in their BMD from baseline: mean: 4.6%±1.1% (P<0.05). No change in BMD was seen in the control group that received vitamin D and Ca⁺⁺ alone.No patient who received p/etid, sodium fluoride, or estrogen replacement therapy had any new vertebral compression fractures or height loss, whereas in the control group that received vitamin D and Ca⁺⁺ alone 6 out of 15 had height loss and at least one new vertebral fracture (P<0.01).p/etid therapy increases BMD in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis comparable to sodium fluoride but without side effects or toxicity and stabilizes vertebral compression fractures.     

中药对绝经妇女股骨颈骨密度及股骨颈抗骨折能力的影响

目的 观察中药强骨胶囊（QGJN）对绝经妇女股骨颈骨密度（BMD）及股骨颈抗骨折能力（FS）的影响。方法 择自愿参加研究的绝经1年以上，年龄60岁以下的骨量减少或骨质疏松的绝经妇女150例，随机分为3组：中药＋激素组（50例）：采用中药QGJN联合雌激素戊酸雌二醇治疗；中药组（50例）：单纯用中药QGJN治疗；激素组（50例）：单纯用雌激素戊酸雌二醇周期序贯治疗；另50例符合上述条件，目前不愿接受研究用药的绝经妇女作为对照组。各组均于治疗前及治疗后24W采用DEXA骨密度仪测定股骨颈（BMD）。采用肌肉功能分析仪测定股骨颈抗骨折能力（FS）。结果 因各种原因失访18例，182例（包括对照组）完成了总疗程。中药＋激素组（46例）、中药组（48例）、激素组（42例）、股骨颈BMD及FS较治疗前均有明显升高，增幅分别为7．33％、9．04％（P〈0．01）；3．38％，5．87％（P〈0.01）；3．57％，5．91％（P〈0．01），其中中药＋激素组BMD及FS升高幅值均明显高于中药组（P〈0．01）和激素组（P〈0.01）；而激素组上述指标较中药组略高，但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；对照组（46例）的BMD及FS明显下降。下降幅值分别为3、30％、5．31％。P〈0．01）。结论 中药强骨胶囊能提高绝经妇女股骨颈骨密度及股骨颈抗骨折能力。从而对绝经妇女骨质疏松具有较好的防治作用。其效果与雌激素戊酸雌二醇相仿。两药联用效果更好。     

Effect of tibolone on postmenopausal bone loss

A 2-year non-randomized prospective study was carried out in a teaching hospital menopause clinic to assess the effect on the skeleton of tibolone (Livial, Organon) 2.5 mg daily in recently postmenopausal women. One hundred women who were between 6 and 36 months since their last menstrual period and had raised gonadotrophin levels consistent with the menopause were allocated into two groups. One group received 2.5 mg tibolone daily and the other group no medication. Bone densitometry of the spine and femur was performed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 months and biochemical markers of bone metabolism were assessed at these points. Severity of hypo-oestrogenic symptoms was assessed at baseline and at 1 and 2 years. After 2 years there was a significant increase in bone mass as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of 2.5% in the spine, and 3.5% in the neck of femur in the women who took tibolone (n=46), whereas in the control group (n=45) bone loss occurred (spine, 2.9%; femur, 3.7%). When these changes were compared they were significantly different for both sites (p<0.001). In the treatment group the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine and calcium/creatinine ratios fell from 0.014 (0.002–0.027) to 0.010 (0.000–0.111) (mol/l) (mmol/l) (p<0.01) and 0.47 (0.08–0.96) to 0.33 (0.09–1.20) (mmol/l) (mmol/l) (p<0.001) respectively, while the serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase decreased from 1.90 (0.20–4.70) to 1.00 (0.00–3.00) mmol/l (p<0.01) and 190 (92–301) to 138 (91–283) mmol/l (p<0.001) respectively. In conclusion we have found that tibolone given in the early postmenopausal years suppresses skeletal metabolism and prevents bone loss in both spine and femur. Tibolone therefore has a potentially important long-term role in the reduction of the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, particularly in view of the compliance that bleed-free therapy will encourage.     

Increased prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in osteoporotic postmenopausal women

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and correlates of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a population of osteoporotic postmenopausal women. The presence of PAD was assessed by ankle brachial index (ABI) in 345 ambulatory osteoporotic postmenopausal women, and in 360 community-based, age- and race-matched postmenopausal women with normal bone mineral density (BMD) (control group). PAD was detected in 63/345 (18.2%) osteoporotic women and in 14/360 (3.8%) control subjects (P < 0.0001). The mean ABI values were significantly lower in the osteoporosis group than in the control group (0.98 ± 0.09 vs. 1.04 ± 0.06, P < 0.0001). No difference in cardiovascular risk factors was observed between osteoporotic patients and controls, or between osteoporotic patients with and without PAD. Osteoporotic patients with PAD had lower femoral neck BMD T scores than those without PAD (−4.2 ± 0.7 vs. −2.3 ± 0.7, P < 0.0001). Only 4 PAD patients (5.1%) had intermittent claudication. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors independently associated with PAD within osteoporotic patients were lower femoral neck BMD T score (odds ratio (OR) = 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05–0.70, P = 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.00–1.03, P = 0.01). This study shows for the first time an increased prevalence of PAD among osteoporotic postmenopausal women, with a lower femoral neck BMD T score being a significant independent predictor. The findings suggest that vascular status evaluation should be done in osteoporotic postmenopausal women in order to identify candidate patients for preventive and therapeutic cardiovascular interventions.     

利塞膦酸钠干预绝经后妇女骨量的研究(附223例报告）

目的评价口服利塞膦酸钠对绝经后妇女骨量变化的干预作用。方法223名绝经后妇女随机分为两组:A组(利塞膦酸钠,5mg/d,口服)和B组(安慰剂,每天1片),所有患者每天补充钙剂500mg和维生素D200IU,治疗1年。腰椎和髋部(包括股骨颈、转子间和Ward三角)骨量双能X骨密度测量分别于治疗前、治疗6个月和12个月时进行。结果所有患者为骨量减少,治疗前患者的一般情况和骨量两组间无差异。治疗结束后,利塞膦酸钠组患者腰椎和股骨颈的骨量较安慰剂对照组明显上升(P<0.05)。结论口服利塞膦酸钠可显著提高腰椎和髋部骨量,有效防治绝经后骨质疏松。     

甲状腺结节82例再次手术分析及治疗

目的 分析甲状腺结节再次手术的原因、要点和治疗的探讨。方法 回顾分析近7年来82例甲状腺结节再次手术的临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果 本组无手术死亡，无喉返神经损伤，无需输血，术中气管痉挛4例，暂时性甲状腺功能低下13例，喉上神经损伤2例；60例随访8个月～7年，甲状腺结节治愈率100％，无甲状腺功能低下现象。结论 甲状腺结节术后复发再手术疗效确切，重视手术要点，可预防或减少副损伤发生。     

Effect of walking exercise on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with osteopenia/osteoporosis

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether moderate walking exercise in postmenopausal women with osteopenia/osteoporosis would affect bone metabolism. Fifty postmenopausal women, aged 49–75 years, with osteopenia/osteoporosis were recruited: 32 women entered the exercise program (the exercise group) and 18 served as controls (the control group). The exercise consisted of daily outdoor walking, the intensity of which was 50% of maximum oxygen consumption, with a duration of at least 1h with more than 8000 steps, at a frequency of 4 days a week, over a 12-month period. Lumbar (L2–L4) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the baseline and every 6 months with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in both groups. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and urinary cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX) levels were measured at baseline and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 by EIA and ELISA, respectively, in the exercise group, and urinary NTX level was measured at the baseline and every 6 months in the control group. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics including age, height, body weight, bone mass index, years since menopause, lumbar BMD, and urinary NTX level between the two groups. Although no significant changes were observed in lumbar BMD and the urinary NTX level in the control group, lumbar BMD in the exercise group was increased as compared with the control group, but was sustained from the baseline. In the exercise group, the urinary NTX level rapidly responded to walking exercise from month 3, and this reduction was sustained until month 12, followed by reduction in the serum BAP level. A moderately negative correlation was found between the percent change in the urinary NTX level at month 3 and that in lumbar BMD at month 12 in the exercise group. This study clearly demonstrates that the mechanism for the positive response of lumbar BMD to moderate walking exercise in postmenopausal women with osteopenia/osteoporosis appears to be the suppression of bone turnover, and that an early change in the urinary NTX level may be useful to predict the long-term response of increasing lumbar BMD to exercise, although its efficacy for lumbar BMD may be quite modest.     

坤泰胶囊辅助治疗对绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨密度、骨代谢和激素水平的影响

目的探讨坤泰胶囊辅助治疗对绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度、激素水平和骨代谢的影响。方法 150例绝经后骨质疏松症患者被随机分为治疗组、联合治疗组和对照组,每组50例。治疗组给予雷洛昔芬,联合治疗组给予雷洛昔芬加坤泰胶囊治疗,治疗12个月。检测治疗后两组患者髋部及腰椎的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)改变,同时测定血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、促卵泡剌激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、骨钙素(OC)和I型胶原交联C-末端肽(CTX-1)的水平,并记录治疗期间出现的药物不良反应。结果对照组的腰椎和髋部BMD在1年后较基线时有不同程度降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);治疗1年后,治疗组和联合治疗组髋部及腰椎BMD都有不同程度的升高,且组间比较差异有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05);同时治疗组和联合治疗组血清CTX-1水平均降低,OC水平均升高,两组比较有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05);各组血清FSH和LH水平均降低,E2水平升高,两组比较有明显的统计学意义(P0. 05)。两组患者治疗时均未发现明显药物不良反应。结论坤泰胶囊辅助治疗有助于降低骨转换率,改善性激素水平,改善绝经后女性骨质疏松患者髋部及腰部的骨密度。