肝细胞癌中PTEN、p73蛋白表达及临床意义

[目的]研究肝细胞癌中PTEN、p73蛋白的表达及相互关系,探讨它们在肝细胞癌的发生发展中的生物学意义.[方法]应用Elivision免疫组化方法检测53例肝细胞癌及癌旁肝组织中PTEN、p73蛋白表达.[结果]53例肝细胞癌组织中PTEN蛋白表达的阳性率(56.6%)明显低于癌旁肝组织(96.2%)(x2=20.94,P＜0.01),p73蛋白表达的阳性率(54.7%)高于癌旁肝组织(5.7%)(x2=26.33,P＜0.01).PTEN蛋白表达与肿瘤大小、TNM分期、伴肝硬化无相关性(P＞0.05),与组织分化程度、有无侵袭性显著相关(P＜0.01).p73蛋白表达与肿瘤大小、组织分化程度、TNM分期、伴肝硬化无相关性(P＞0.05),与肝细胞癌有无侵袭性显著相关(P＜0.05).PTEN蛋白表达与p73蛋白表达无相关性.[结论]PTEN、p73蛋白在肝细胞癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用.联合检测PTEN、p73蛋白对判断肝细胞癌预后有参考价值.     

β-Catenin，cyclinD1及c—myc的表达在肝细胞癌中的表达

目的 探讨β-Catenin、cyclinD1及c—myc蛋白的表达与肝癌临床病理参数的关系。方法 采用EnVisions^TMplus免疫组织化学方法研究β-Catenin、cyclinD1及c—myc蛋白在52例HCC及癌旁肝组织中的表达情况。结果 52例HCC中β-Catenin、cyclinD1及c-myc蛋白染色阳性率分别为55．8％、48．1％及53．8％，癌旁肝组织的阳性率为36．5％、25．0％及32．7％，β-Catenin、cyclinD1及c-myc在HCC及癌旁肝组织两者间有显着性差异（P（0．05）。在HCC中β-Catenin的阳性表达与cyclinD1、c-myc的阳性表达密切相关（P=0．0108，r=0．3920；P=0．0295，r=0．3406）且呈正相关；β-Catenin、cyclinD1及cmyc在人肝癌组织中的检出率与肝外转移、术后复发及肿瘤分化程度明显有关（P〈0．05），cyclinD1的检出率与门静脉癌栓也明显有关（P〈0．05），β-Catenin的检出率与临床分期和门静脉癌栓也有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论 β-Catenin、cyclin D1及c-myc蛋白的过表达可促使肝癌细胞增殖，使肝癌细胞具有更强的侵袭力，与肝癌的发生发展关系密切。     

p^27Kip1和细胞周期蛋白D1在胃癌中的表达及其预后意义

目的：研究p^27Kip1、细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclinD1)在胃癌组织中的表达水平以及与生物学行为的关系和对预后评价的意义。方法：以免疫组化方法检测92例胃癌组织中p^27Kip1、 cyclinD1蛋白的表达水平。结果：本组92例胃癌中,p^27Kip1蛋白阳性39例,占42．4％;cyclinD1蛋白表达阳性44例,占47．8％;胃癌组织中,p^27Kip1蛋白水平与胃壁浸润深度、TNM分期、病理组织学分级、区域淋巴结转移均相关（P＜0．05）;cyclinD1蛋白表达与病理组织学分级负相关（P＜0．05）;p^27Kipl与cyclinD1蛋白阳性表达显著相关（P＜0．05）;单变量生存分析结果,p^27Kip1高表达组三年、五年生存率分别为77．1％、57．8％,明显高于低表达组的33．7％、26．3％（P＝0．007）,多变量分析显示,p^27Kip1是一个独立的预后指标（P＝0．0003）。结论：p^27Kip1可作为反映肿瘤恶性表型的指标,对胃癌预后具有一定的价值;cyclin1 D1是胃癌发生、发展过程中早期的分子事件;p^27Kip1在胃癌进展中起着比cyclin D1更重要的作用。     

p27~(Kip1)和细胞周期蛋白D1在胃癌中的表达及其预后意义

目的 :研究p2 7Kip1、细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)在胃癌组织中的表达水平以及与生物学行为的关系和对预后评价的意义。方法 :以免疫组化方法检测 92例胃癌组织中p2 7Kip1、cyclinD1蛋白的表达水平。结果 :本组 92例胃癌中 ,p2 7Kip1蛋白阳性 39例 ,占 42 .4% ;cyclinD1蛋白表达阳性 44例 ,占 47.8% ;胃癌组织中 ,p2 7Kip1蛋白水平与胃壁浸润深度、TNM分期、病理组织学分级、区域淋巴结转移均相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;cyclinD1蛋白表达与病理组织学分级负相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;p2 7Kip1与cyclinD1蛋白阳性表达显著相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;单变量生存分析结果 ,p2 7Kip1高表达组三年、五年生存率分别为 77.1%、5 7.8% ,明显高于低表达组的 33.7%、2 6 .3 % (P =0 .0 0 7) ,多变量分析显示p2 7Kip1是一个独立的预后指标 (P =0 .0 0 0 3)。结论 :p2 7Kip1可作为反映肿瘤恶性表型的指标 ,对胃癌预后具有一定的价值 ;cyclinD1是胃癌发生、发展过程中早期的分子事件 ;p2 7Kip1在胃癌进展中起着比cyclinD1更重要的作用。     

肝细胞癌中Hep Par 1、p53、HBsAg表达差异与细胞形态计量学变化的关系

目的 探讨原发性肝癌组织、癌旁组织和正常肝组织中肝细胞抗原（Hep Par1)，p53，乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg)的表达差异及与细胞形态学变化的相关性。方法 用免疫组织化学方法（两步法－EnVision System-HRP)检测10对肝癌和癌旁组织，3例正常肝组织中Hep Par1,p53,HBsAg等蛋白的表达差异；用HPIAS－1000图像分析系统测量实质细胞的总面积（以细胞直径代替）和核质比。结果 1）Hep Par 1:正常肝组织中肝细胞中度表达，癌旁肝组织中肝细胞为弥漫性高表达，肝癌细胞中阳性率为24．53％（13／53）；2）p53：正常肝组织和癌旁肝组织中均呈阴性；肝癌组织，在被检的10例样品中肝癌细胞均为阳性；3）HBsAg:正常肝组织中肝细胞呈阴性，癌旁肝组织中肝细胞为片状弥漫性或散在性高表达，肝癌组织，在被检的10例样品中肝癌细胞仅有1例呈阳性；4）各种组织中实质细胞的平均直径为癌旁肝细胞＞正常肝细胞＞肝细胞癌细胞；5）正常肝细胞和癌旁肝细胞的核质比无差别（P＞0．05），但均明显＜肝细胞癌细胞（P＜0．01和P＜0．01）。结论 肝细胞抗原（Hep Par 1)在分化较高的肝细胞癌细胞中有不同程度的表达，可作为鉴别原发性肝细胞癌细胞来源的标志；原发性肝细胞癌细胞核质比明显＞正常肝细胞和癌旁肝细胞（P＜0.01和P＜0.01)。     

石蜡包埋的肝细胞癌组织中ASPP家族的表达

目的：研究肝细胞癌中p53凋亡刺激蛋白（ASPP）家族的表达以及临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学SP方法检测73例甲醛固定和石蜡包埋的肝细胞癌组织切片和相应癌旁正常组织中ASPP蛋白家族的表达情况。结果：在癌旁正常组织中,ASPP1和ASPP2的表达阳性率高于肝细胞癌组织（P=0．000,0．000）,但是肝细胞癌组织中iASPP的表达阳性率高于相应癌旁正常组织（P=0．000）。在肝细胞癌组织中,ASPP1的表达与患者性别、年龄、临床分期以及淋巴结转移均无相关性（P〉0．05）,但与病理分级有关（P=0．001）;ASPP2的表达与病理分级和临床分期有关（P=0．000,0．000）,与胜别、年龄以及淋巴结转移无关（P〉0．05）。iASPP的表达与淋巴结转移有关（P=0．004）,但是与性别、年龄、病理分级和临床分期无关（P〉0．05）。结论：ASPP蛋白家族异常表达可能与肝细胞癌的发生机制相关,ASPP1和ASPP2表达水平下调并与肝细胞癌病理分级相关,而iASPP的表达水平上调与癌的淋巴转移相关,iASPP可能是基因治疗肝细胞癌的一个靶点。     

HIF-1α和VEGF 的表达与肝细胞癌侵袭转移的关系

 目的 探讨HIF-1α、VEGF的蛋白表达与肝细胞癌血管新生及侵袭转移特性之间的关系。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测肝细胞癌、癌旁肝组织和正常肝组织中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达，并计数MVD值。结果 HIF-1α在肝细胞癌中的阳性表达率为50．0％，显著高于癌旁（16．1％）和正常肝组织的（8．3％）（P=0．001）；VEGF在肝细胞癌中的阳性表达率为81）％，显著高于癌旁（59．4％）和正常肝组织（41．7％）（P=0．044）；肝细胞癌组织中MVD值显著高于癌旁和正常肝组织（P=0．001）。HIF-1α蛋白表达与有无门静脉或胆管癌栓及肿瘤分化程度有关（P〈0．05）；VEGF蛋白的表达与有无肝内或淋巴结转移及有无门静脉或胆管癌栓有关（P〈0．05）。HF-1α与VEGF表达有关（P=0．005）；HF-1α与VEGF共同表达阳性组的MVD值显著高于共同表达阴性组MVD值（P=0．001）。结论 HF-1α可能通过调节VEGF的表达促进肝细胞癌血管新生，从而促使肝细胞癌侵袭转移。     

Spy1和p27Kip1在宫颈癌中表达的相关性及其临床意义

目的:探讨细胞周期样蛋白Spy1与细胞周期调节蛋白p27Kip1在宫颈癌组织中表达的相关性及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法检测50例宫颈鳞癌及50例同期宫颈癌旁组织中Spy1和p27Kip1蛋白表达,分析二者表达的相关性及其与宫颈癌病理分级、临床分期及预后的关系。结果:细胞周期样蛋白Spy1在宫颈癌组织中的阳性率显著高于癌旁组织,而细胞周期调节蛋白p27Kip1在宫颈癌组织中的阳性率低于癌旁组织（P<0.01）。Spy1和p27Kip1在宫颈癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达呈显著负相关（P<0.01)。Spy1在中低分化鳞癌、伴有淋巴结转移以及FIGO III+IV期中表达升高（P<0.05）,而p27Kip1的表达显著降低（P<0.05）。二者的阳性表达均与患者的年龄及肿瘤大小无关（P>0.05）。结论:Spy1在宫颈癌组织中的表达增加,与p27Kip1的表达呈负相关,并且与肿瘤的发生、发展、浸润和转移密切相关。Spy1高表达和p27Kip1低表达是宫颈癌细胞重要的恶性生物学特征,联合检测Spy1和p27Kip1表达情况可能作为判断肿瘤恶性程度、侵袭及预后的重要指标。     

肝细胞癌组织PTEN和Cyclin D1及C-myc表达的临床病理意义

目的:研究PTEN、Cyclin D1及C-myc蛋白在肝癌组织中的表达及其临床病理意义.方法:采用EnVisionTM plus免疫组织化学方法研究PTEN、Cyclin D1及C-myc蛋白在52例原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)及癌旁肝组织中的表达情况.结果: 52例HCC中PTEN、Cyclin D1和C-myc 蛋白染色阳性率分别为42.31%、48.08%和53.84%,癌旁肝组织的阳性率分别为92.31%、25.00%和32.69%,Cyclin D1及C-myc在HCC中的表达明显高于癌旁肝组织(χ2=5.971,P=0.015;χ2=4.740,P=0.029),而PTEN在HCC中的表达明显低于癌旁组织(χ2=29.539, P=0.000). 在HCC中PTEN的阳性表达与Cyclin D1、C-myc的阳性表达呈负相关(r=-0.363 1,P=0.019 7;r=-0.369 7,P=0.017 2);PTEN、Cyclin D1和C-myc在人肝癌组织中的检出率与肝外转移、术后复发及肿瘤分化程度明显有关(P<0.05),Cyclin D1、PTEN的检出率与门静脉癌栓也明显有关(P<0.05).结论:PTEN蛋白低表达、Cyclin D1及C-myc 蛋白的过表达可促使肝癌细胞增殖,使肝癌细胞具有更强的侵袭力,与肝癌的发生发展密切相关.     

胃癌组织中p53基因突变及p53和mdm2蛋白表达的研究

目的：探讨mdm2和p53基因异常在胃癌发生发展中的作用以及两者相关性。方法：应用免疫组化技术检测58例胃癌组织以及相应癌旁组织中mdm2和p53蛋白的表达；PCR-SSCP银染技术检测p53基因exon5～8突变情况。结果：胃癌组p53和mdm2蛋白阳性率分别为86．21％（50／58）和29．31％（17／58），癌旁组织组p53和mdm2蛋白均为阴性，胃癌组p53和mdm2蛋白阳性率明显高于癌旁组织组，两两间差异有统计学意义，P=0．0000、P=0．0001。胃癌组织中p53和mdm2蛋白表达率与肿瘤大小、组织学类型、分化程度、淋巴结转移以及患者年龄等无显著相关性，P〉0．05。mdm2蛋白阳性表达与p53蛋白过表达呈显著正相关,X^2=11．1839，P=0．0008，r=0．4391。2例胃癌组织检测到p53基因突变，突变均位于exon5，58例相应癌旁组织均禾检测到p53基因突变。结论：mdm2和p53蛋白异常表达与胃癌发生有关，p53基因突变可能并非胃癌组织中p53蛋白异常累积的主要原因，mdm2蛋白在胃癌发生发展中的作用可能与p53蛋白密切相关。     

Inactivation of PTEN is associated with a low p27Kip1 protein expression in breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND: It was previously demonstrated that PTEN protein expression is reduced in 67 of 236 (28%) breast carcinomas. Recent experimental studies suggested that the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 (p27) is a downstream mediator through which PTEN negatively regulates cell cycle progression. METHODS: The immunohistochemic expression of p27 and PTEN protein expression was evaluated in a series of 228 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. RESULTS: PTEN protein expression was found to have decreased in 65 of 228 (29%) cases, while the nuclear accumulation of p27 protein was low in 99 of 228 (43%) cases. A reduced PTEN protein expression correlated significantly (P = 0.0214) with a low p27 protein expression. Univariate analysis indicated that the patients demonstrating a combined decrease in PTEN and p27 protein expression have a significantly (P = 0.0044) worse disease-free survival (DFS) than those with other combinations of these two protein expression patterns, while multivariate analysis indicated that the lymph node status, MIB-1 counts, and the combination of PTEN/p27 protein expression (P = 0.0452) are independently significant prognostic factors for DFS. CONCLUSIONS: A reduced PTEN protein expression correlated significantly with a low p27 protein expression in breast carcinoma. The finding that the patients with a combined decrease in both protein expressions had a poor prognosis thus suggests that a combined loss of PTEN and p27 function is associated with an aggressive phenotype in breast carcinoma.     

乳腺癌组织中PTEN和p27kip1蛋白的表达及其相互关系

目的:探讨PTEN和p27kip1在乳腺癌组织中的表达规律及其相互关系。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测64例乳腺癌组织中PTEN和p27kip1蛋白的表达。结果:乳腺癌组织PTEN(34/64)和p27kip1(33/64)蛋白表达显著低于正常乳腺组织(15/15),P值分别为0·0082和0·0078。有腋淋巴结转移、远处转移及ER阴性组PTEN表达分别为13/33、3/11和16/38,明显低于无腋淋巴结转移(21/31)、无远处转移(31/53)和ER阳性组(18/26),P值分别为0·0240、0·0063和0·03475。p27kip1在乳腺癌有腋淋巴结转移、远处转移及ER阴性组的表达分别为7/33、2/11和8/38,明显低于无腋淋巴结转移(15/31)、无远处转移(20/53)和ER阳性组(14/26),P值分别为0·0230、0·0440和0·0071。两者表达均与肿瘤大小无关。两种蛋白表达水平具有显著的相关性,P=0·0041。结论:PTEN、p27kip1表达异常与乳腺癌转移及恶性程度密切相关,两种基因蛋白表达强度一致,显示其在乳腺癌演进中具有协同作用。     

Expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 proteins is inversely correlated and is associated with poor clinical outcome in human gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: p27Kip1 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and is speculated to be a potential prognostic indicator in numerous human cancers. We investigated expression of p27Kip1 along with cyclin D1 in gastric cancer to estimate the clinical utility of p27Kip1. METHODS: Immunohistochemical assay for p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 proteins was performed in 64 patients with primary gastric cancer. Correlation between p27Kip1 expression and clinical-biological parameters including patient survival was analyzed. RESULTS: p27Kip1 expression was suppressed in 40 (62.5%) of 64 gastric cancer patients and cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 22 (34.4%) out of 64. Expression of p27Kip1 was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated cancers (82.1%, 23/28; P = 0.015) and was also reduced in the tumors with high S-phase fraction (86.7%, 26/30) compared with tumors showing low S-phase fraction (41.2%, 14/34; P = 0.0002). Expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 was inversely correlated (P = 0.021). In univariate analysis, extent of the disease (P < 0.001), expression of cyclin D1 (P = 0.0001), and reduced expression of p27Kip1 (P = 0. 0006), were statistically significant to predict patient's outcome, but depth of invasion (P = 0.008) and pathologic stage (P = 0.009) emerged as significant prognostic indicators in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Expression of p27Kip1 is closely linked with cell proliferation and differentiation of human gastric cancer. p27Kip1 seems to have potential as a prognostic marker in the management of gastric cancer patients.     

Expression of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN is not altered in the progression of ovarian carcinomas and does not correlate with p27Kip1 expression

This study was designed to investigate the role of PTEN in the progression of ovarian cancer. We performed mutation analysis and determined PTEN gene expression in tissue from both primary and relapsed cancers and in the corresponding occult metastases. Furthermore, p27Kip1 staining was conducted in order to explore a putative functional link. The study group comprised 112 tumor tissue specimens from 37 ovarian cancer patients. Expression of both PTEN and p27Kip1 was determined by immunohistochemistry. The PTEN mutational spectrum was determined by PCR-based sequence analysis. Fifty-six per cent of the tumors were positive for PTEN expression and 75% were p27Kip1 positive. For both markers, tumor cells ranged from 0 to 90% positivity. In 55% (20/37) of the cases, PTEN expression in the primary tumor was consistent and in the corresponding advanced cancer tissues, whereas the remainder showed considerable variation. p27Kip1 was consistently expressed in 16 out of 37 cases (43%). No mutations were observed in the coding region of the PTEN gene. No correlation was observed between PTEN and p27Kip1 expression. Our data indicate that expression of PTEN, but not p27Kip1 (one of the major mediators of PTEN function) is unchanged during the progression of ovarian cancer. This study suggests that in ovarian cancer PTEN does not play a major role in disease progression and is not involved in the alteration of p27Kip1 expression.     

Elevated S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 protein expression in acute myelogenous leukemia: its association with constitutive phosphorylation of phosphatase and tensin homologue protein and poor prognosis.

PURPOSE: The F-box protein S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) positively regulates the G(1)-S phase transition by controlling the stability of several G(1) regulators, such as p27Kip1. However, the clinical significance of Skp2 in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the clinical and biological significance of Skp2 expression in AML and evaluated the relationship between Skp2 and p27Kip1 expression and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) phosphorylation. RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that high Skp2 expression was observed in 57 (57.6%) cases and significantly correlated with unfavorable cytogenetics (P = 0.035) but not with age, white blood cell count, serum lactic dehydrogenase level, and the French-American-British subtype. An inverse correlation was not observed between Skp2 and p27Kip1 expression. However, p27Kip1 protein was preferentially localized to cytoplasm in the high-Skp2-expression group. The cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio of p27Kip1 expression was significantly correlated with the levels of Skp2 expression (P < 0.001). The frequency of PTEN phosphorylation was significantly higher in the high-Skp2-expression group compared with the low- Skp2-expression group (P = 0.035). The Skp2 overexpression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival (P = 0.0386 and P = 0.0369, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that Skp2 expression was an independent prognostic factor both in the disease-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that Skp2 expression is an independent marker for a poor prognosis in AML. The presence of a positive correlation between Skp2 and phosphorylated PTEN suggests that an aberration in the PTEN/Skp2 signaling pathway might be operating in AML.     

Skp2、p27Kip1在胆囊癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨Skp2、p27Kip1在胆囊癌及癌旁组织中的表达情况及与其临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学PV6000二步法,检测Skp2、p27Kip1在78例胆囊癌及癌旁组织中的表达情况,并应用SPSS13.0统计软件分析2种生物指标与胆囊癌临床参数的关系。结果 Skp2与p27Kip1在胆囊癌中的阳性表达率分别为59.0%和39.7%,在癌旁组织中为25.0%和70.0%,胆囊癌中Skp2、p27Kip1阳性表达率均高于胆囊癌旁组织(P均<0.05)。Skp2表达与Nevin分期、分化程度及坏死情况相关,Nevin分期高、分化程度低及伴有坏死的患者Skp2表达高(P均<0.05)。p27Kip1阳性表达与患者Nevin分期、神经侵犯及坏死情况呈负相关性,Nevin分期早、无神经侵犯或不伴坏死患者p27Kip1表达水平高(P均<0.05)。相关性检验显示Skp2与p27Kip1两者间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 Skp2、p27Kip1均与胆囊癌的发生发展有一定关系,可能成为胆囊癌新的临床诊断和监测预后的指标.     

NRP-1在肝细胞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 明确神经纤毛蛋白质1(NRP-1)在肝细胞癌(HCC)组织中的表达情况及其临床意义.方法 收集151例HCC组织和89例正常肝组织标本,应用免疫组织化学染色法检测其中NRP-1蛋白的表达情况.单因素及多因素统计分析NRP-1表达与HCC患者临床病理指标的关系,并以生存分析比较不同NRP-1表达水平患者的生存情况.结果 失访或随访期间因非HCC疾病死亡的病例共11例,最终进入研究的有效病例为140例.NRP-1在HCC组织和正常肝组织中的阳性表达率分别为65.00％、35.96％,差异有统计学意义(x2=18.843,P＜0.001).按照NRP-1的表达水平,将140例HCC患者分为阴性表达组49例,阳性表达组91例.单因素分析结果显示,NRP-1在HCC中的表达与肿瘤数目(x22=8.025,P=0.005)、TNM分期(x2=26.467,P ＜0.001)、分化程度(x2=15.296,P ＜0.001)、门脉侵袭(x2=9.054,P=0.003)以及肝静脉侵袭(x2=5.928,P=0.015)有关.多因素分析结果显示,TNM分期(OR=1.392,95％ CI为1.121 ～1.730,x2=8.950,P=0.003)、分化程度(OR=1.469,95％ CI为1.102 ～1.958,x2 =6.862,P =0.009)、门脉侵袭(OR=1.829,95％ CI为1.157 ～ 2.893,x2=6.665,P=0.010)及肝静脉侵袭(OR =2.161,95％ CI为1.172 ～3.987,x2=6.084,P=0.014)是NRP-1表达的影响因素.NRP-1阴性组HCC患者的中位生存时间显著长于阳性组患者(44个月∶23个月),差异有统计学意义(x2=21.922,P＜0.001).结论 NRP-1在HCC组织中呈过表达趋势,与HCC的恶性程度密切相关,其表达增高提示患者预后不良.     

Evidence for PTEN-independent Akt activation and Akt-independent p27(Kip1) expression in advanced bladder cancer

In the treatment of advanced bladder cancer (BC), attention has recently focused on small molecule therapy concerning EGFR and the downstream Akt signalling pathway. Cellular deregulation processes are poorly understood, and biological determinants for the selection of therapy and monitoring are currently not available. The proteins PTEN, p-Akt and p27(Kip1) are suggested to be potentially significant biomarkers of Akt signalling. In this study, we investigated the expression of these proteins in advanced BC. PTEN, p-Akt and p27(Kip1) expression was determined immunohistochemically in 86 T2-4 BC specimens using a tissue microarray technique. Staining was documented with regard to intensity, cellular frequency and a multiplied staining score. Staining characteristics of the three proteins were correlated by regression analysis with the parameters of tumour stage and grade. A positive correlation was observed in the expression scores of PTEN and p-Akt, p-Akt and p27(Kip1) as well as PTEN and p27(Kip1) (p<0.02 for all combinations). The positive correlation between PTEN and p-Akt resulted mainly due to the strong correlation of PTEN intensity with p-Akt (p=0.0003 and p=0.0006 to p-Akt frequency and intensity, respectively). A positive correlation between p-Akt and p27(Kip1) was noted for p-Akt frequency as well as intensity (p<0.05 for all combinations). The positive correlation between PTEN and p27(Kip1) resulted due to the correlation of PTEN intensity alone with p27(Kip1) (p<0.03 for p27(Kip1) frequency and intensity), whereas no significance was noted for PTEN frequency. No correlation was found between T or G and expression of the proteins. However, activation of Akt in BC is known to occur independently of PTEN protein loss and appears not to cause a decrease of p27(Kip1). However, a direct regulatory impact of PTEN on p27(Kip1) was found. PTEN intensity, rather than frequency, appears to be a superior biomarker. These results may provide information to support research into protein profiling-predicted targeted therapy for BC. Correlations to benign urothelium, superficial BC specimens and follow-up data remain to be investigated.     

p27(Kip1) loss does not predict survival in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: p27(Kip1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor whose loss is associated with disease progression and an unfavorable outcome in several malignancies. The authors studied its expression in a consecutive series of resected gastric carcinomas. METHODS: Expression of p27(Kip1) in 71 advanced gastric carcinomas and 10 lymph nodes containing metastases was determined using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The relations between p27(Kip1) expression and pathologic features, patient characteristics, and survival were analyzed. RESULTS: p27(Kip1) levels in gastric carcinomas ranged from 0.63-82.97% (median, 23. 10%; mean, 27.99%). There was no association found between p27(Kip1) expression and patient gender (P = 0.21), patient age (P = 0.13), tumor stage (P = 0.17), tumor grade (P = 0.22), or histologic type (P = 0.72). Univariate analysis showed that long term survival was related to stage (P < 0.0001) and grade (P = 0.03). However, tumors with p27(Kip1) levels above and below the median value were associated with a similar outcome, regardless of whether all cases (P = 0.19) or those without metastatic disease (P = 0.50) or those with residual or metastatic disease (P = 0.92) were included. When entered into a multivariate analysis, stage (P < 0.0001) and grade (P = 0.05), but not p27(Kip1) levels (P = 0.16), were found to be related to patient outcome. In lymph node metastases, p27(Kip1) expression (median, 16.5%) was similar to that found in the corresponding primary lesion (median, 30.9%). CONCLUSIONS: p27(Kip1) may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma, but its expression is unlikely to be useful as a prognostic indicator, at least in European patients with advanced disease.     

人类肝癌发生过程中cyclinD1和CDK4及p16蛋白的表达

目的研究肝细胞癌(HCC)发生过程中细胞周期调控因子cyclinD1、CDK4和p16蛋白表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组织化学SP染色法检测正常肝组织、慢性肝炎、肝硬化、癌周肝硬化和肝癌组织中cyclinD1、CDK4和p16蛋白表达。对免疫组化结果进行计算机图象定量分析。结果cyclinD1、CDK4和p16蛋白的阳性单位(positive unit,PU)和面数密度(area number density,NA)从慢性肝炎(PU分别为39.4、41.0和33.3;NA分别为236.7、272.7和237.4)、肝硬化(PU分别为40.8、45.2和43.6;NA分别为313.8、354.6和322.9)、癌周肝硬化(PU分别为55.5、59.4和54.4;NA分别为481.9、488.9和432.6)到肝癌(PU分别为59.6、63.7和58.1;NA分别为549.2、587.7和451.3)表达逐渐增强。癌周肝硬化和肝癌组织中cyclinD1、CDK4、p16的表达明显高于慢性肝炎和肝硬化(P值分别为0.034、0.020、0.030、0.007、0.003和0.005),但癌周肝硬化和肝癌组织之间差异无统计学意义,P值分别为0.433、0.535和0.447。慢性肝炎和肝硬化中cy-clinD1、CDK4、p16阳性信号主要定位于胞核,而癌周肝硬化和HCC中主要定位于胞质。p16与HCC的分化程度有关,但未发现cyclinD1、CDK4与肿瘤分化程度之间有相关性。结论cyclin-细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)-细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子(CKIs)调控网络中,相关调控因子的异常可能参与了HCC的发生、发展。cyclinD1、CDK4的过度表达可能是肝癌发生过程中的早期事件。在HCC的发生过程中p16高表达可能是细胞周期正反馈调控的结果,在HCC的发生中可能属于早期事件,而p16表达下降或缺失可能是肝癌发生过程中的晚期事件。