嗅觉在母性行为中的作用

母性攻击行为和识别行为是构成母性行为的重要组成部分 ,嗅觉在其中起主要作用 .主要嗅觉系统和梨鼻系统在母性攻击行为、识别行为中的作用不同 ,其它感觉模式在这两种行为中起辅助作用 ,而且动物的后天经验会影响母性行为 .     

嗅觉：让生活的味道更浓郁

作为第一个进化出来的感觉器官，嗅觉应该在人类进化历史中占据重要的位置，但是，这个未得到正确评价的高性能器官却在我们有意识的感觉中只占了如此小的一部分。触觉、视觉和听觉都是得到了更多关注的感觉——我们更是有意识地知道这些过程，但是对于嗅觉却并非如此。[编者按]     

昆虫嗅觉受体最新研究进展

昆虫可作为疾病的传播者,既为农作物的帮手,也被称为害虫,在全球的公共健康方面扮演重要角色。嗅觉是行为感觉的一种重要信号输入来源,因此,深入理解嗅觉系统的分子基础是很有价值的。而昆虫的嗅觉受体的讨论和其它的有效作用靶标的讨论,为发展高选择性的昆虫驱避剂,破坏由嗅觉介导的昆虫疾病传播途径提供了技术平台。1999年在果蝇中首先确定的气味受体（DOR）,为之后的快速发展铺平了道路。揭示了嗅觉信号转导和处理是如何发生等问题。这篇综述主要概括了同源性较低的传统气味受体（OR）,该类受体同源性较低;和在不同昆虫间较为保守的家族受体的最新研究进展,并探讨了在一些领域指出在不久将来在一些领域很可能实现的进展。     

触觉信息处理及其脑机制

 触觉不仅包含对物理特征的感知,还包括对情感性信息的识别,其信息的整合是人类认识环境的基础。本文阐述了编码不同特征触觉信息的皮肤感受器是触觉信息感知的结构基础;讨论了触觉信息在外周和中枢神经系统的加工机制。其中脊髓背角是触觉信息在皮层下水平加工的初级枢纽,躯体感觉皮层是加工触觉信息的主要脑区,且针对不同特征的触觉信息加工,存在相对独立的脑网络连接。本文还探讨了触觉与跨模态感觉的交互作用,揭示了多模态感觉信息整合的神经机制及其广泛的应用价值。     

NADPH-黄递酶组织化学技术及对昆虫神经系统的NO定位

一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)作为一种重要的信息分子,参与调节昆虫嗅觉、视觉、机械感觉以及学习等行为.昆虫神经系统中的一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)与NADPH-黄递酶(NADPH-diaphorase,NADPH-d)是同一种酶,NADPH-d组织化学被广泛的应用于一氧化氮的标记.介绍了NADPH-d技术的研究进展以及利用此技术对昆虫神经系统的研究情况.     

提高英语教师信息素养，促进信息技术与大学英语课程整合

随着信息技术的发展,国家大力推进教育信息化的进程,信息技术与英语课程相整合势在必行,大学英语教师的信息素养及其参与信息技术与课程整合的意识与态度对课程整合的成败起着尤为重要的作用。本文对大学英语教师信息素养的内涵,信息技术与大学英语课程整合的内涵,教师信息素养对英语课程整合的必要性以及如何提高英语教师的信息素养进行了探讨。     

一套用于秀丽隐杆线虫多感觉信息整合机制研究的行为学系统（英文）

动物通过感知不同的感觉信息来介导自己的行为.神经系统如何进行多感觉信息整合仍然是神经科学领域一个悬而未决的问题.本文对秀丽隐杆线虫如何整合温度和盐刺激这两种对其生存至关重要的刺激进行研究.我们设计了一套行为学系统,可以在正交方向同时产生稳定的线性温度和盐浓度梯度.通过将本文中的行为学系统与一套追踪系统和钙成像系统结合,我们对秀丽隐杆线虫趋向行为的行为策略以及参与这一行为的两个主要感觉神经元AFD和ASER的功能进行分析.我们的工作开启了一个全新的视野,在精巧的神经系统结构中进行多感觉信息整合的研究.     

味觉与温度

咖啡凉了,苦味加重,菜汤凉了,咸味愈浓。热腾腾的饭菜,分外芳香,冷饭冷菜则索然无味,这是何故呢? 原来人之所以能够感受到食物的各种滋味,是由于味觉和嗅觉共同作用的结果。味觉是能溶于水或唾液中的化学物质作用于舌面和口腔粘膜上的味蕾所引起的感觉。味觉的敏感度往往受食物温度刺激的影响。一般说来,正常健康人对温度30℃左右的食物,味觉敏感度最高。嗅觉是由食物散发在空气中的物质颗粒作用于鼻腔上的感受细胞而引起的。嗅觉的刺激必须是气体物质,而气体物质分子的挥发性在很大程度上取决于接受温度的高低。所以,温度的不同,人进食食物时味道的感觉就不一样。     

汉日味觉形容词通感式隐喻现象的对比研究

味觉作为人类与生俱来的生理感觉,伴随着每个人的日常生活。中日两国表示生理感觉的味觉词汇,随着地域文化信息的不断注入,逐渐突破了其原有的味觉使用范围,扩散到其它感官领域。这一现象在修辞学界被称为"通感式隐喻"。本文主要围绕视觉、听觉、嗅觉三方面来考察汉日味觉形容词通感式隐喻现象的异同。     

整合图书馆的资源优势,促进高校信息素养教育

本文对高校开展信息素养教育的重要性及图书馆具有的资源优势进行了阐述,认为需要对图书馆的资源优势进行有效地整合,在高校信息素养教育方面发挥重要的作用。     

The development of taste transduction and taste chip technology

Taste is one of important sensations. The primary taste sensations commonly are categorized as sweet, acid, bitter, salty and umami, of which various tastes are composed. The sensation of taste is initiated by the interaction of tas- tants with receptors and ion channels in the apical micro- villi of taste receptor cells (TRCs) when some sapid molecules (tastants) dissolve in saliva. Subsequently, through a cellular signaling pathway (TRC depolarization and Ca2+ release) gustatory signals a…     

Comparative chemosensation from receptors to ecology

Odour perception is initiated by specific interactions between odorants and a large repertoire of receptors in olfactory neurons. During the past few years, considerable progress has been made in tracing olfactory perception from the odorant receptor protein to the activity of olfactory neurons to higher processing centres and, ultimately, to behaviour. The most complete picture is emerging for the simplest olfactory system studied--that of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of rodent, insect and nematode olfaction reveals surprising differences and unexpected similarities among chemosensory systems.     

The Ras-MAPK pathway is important for olfaction in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway is well known to control cellular proliferation and differentiation in response to extracellular signals, but its other functions are less understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans this pathway regulates several developmental events, such as vulval induction and progression of meiosis, but its function in the nervous system is unknown. Here we report that the Ras-MAPK pathway is involved in olfaction in this organism. Mutational inactivation and hyperactivation of this pathway impairs efficiency of chemotaxis to a set of odorants. Experiments in which let-60 ras was expressed using a heat-shock promoter and a cell-specific promoter show that a normal activity of LET-60 Ras is required in mature olfactory neurons. Application of the odorant isoamylalcohol to wild-type animals leads to the activation of MAP kinase in olfactory neurons within 10 seconds. This induction is dependent on the function of the nucleotide-gated channel TAX-2/TAX-4 and the voltage-activated calcium channel subunit UNC-2. These results suggest a dynamic regulatory role for the Ras-MAPK pathway in perception and transmission of sensory signals in olfactory neurons.     

Cloning,expression and binding specificity analysis of odorant binding protein 3 of the lucerne plant bug, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Adelphocoris lineolatus</Emphasis> (Goeze)

Credible evidence shows that odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are required for insect olfaction perception and play a key role in transporting hydrophobic odorants across the sensillum lymph to the olfactory receptors (ORs). In the present study, a novel OBP (AlinOBP3) gene from the lucerne plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus, was cloned and expressed. The expression pattern of AlinOBP3 was evaluated by qPCR, which indicated that AlinOBP3 was dominantly expressed in antennae. The binding properties of AlinOBP3 with 9 cotton volatiles and 5 sex pheromone analogs were measured by fluorescence competitive binding assays with the fluorescence probe 1-NPN. The results revealed that of 9 cotton volatiles, Myrcene, β-Ocimene and α-Phellandrene can bind with AlinOBP3. α-Phellandrene especially bound to AlinOBP3 with a high binding affinity, with a dissociation constant of 56.68 μmol/L. Of the 5 sex pheromone analogs, Hexyl butyrate had the strongest binding affinity with AlinOBP3, with a dissociation constant as 59.53 μmol/L. Butyl butyrate, trans-2-Hexenyl butyrate and Ethyl butyrate had medium binding affinities with AlinOBP3, with dissociation constants of 227.39, 108.77 and 143.47 μmol/L, respectively. The results suggest that AlinOBP3 might be a pheromone binding protein (PBP) with a dual-function for the perception of sex pheromones and plant volatiles.     

Progress in bionic information processing techniques for an electronic nose based on olfactory models

As a novel bionic analytical technique, an electronic nose, inspired by the mechanism of the biological olfactory system and integrated with modern sensing technology, electronic technology and pattern recognition technology, has been widely used in many areas. Moreover, recent basic research findings in biological olfaction combined with computational neuroscience promote its development both in methodology and application. In this review, the basic information processing principle of biological olfaction and artificial olfaction are summarized and compared, and four olfactory models and their applications to electronic noses are presented. Finally, a chaotic olfactory neural network is detailed and the utilization of several biologically oriented learning rules and its spatiotemporal dynamic propties for electronic noses are discussed. The integration of various phenomena and their mechanisms for biological olfaction into an electronic nose context for information processing will not only make them more bionic, but also perform better than conventional methods. However, many problems still remain, which should be solved by further cooperation between theorists and engineers. Supported by the National Creative Research Groups Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60421002) and National Basic Research Programme of China (Grant No. 2004CB720302)     

Olfaction: underwater 'sniffing' by semi-aquatic mammals

Terrestrial species that forage underwater face challenges because their body parts and senses are adapted for land--for example, it is widely held that mammals cannot use olfaction underwater because it is impossible for them to inspire air (sniff) to convey odorants to the olfactory epithelium. Here I describe a mechanism for underwater sniffing used by the semi-aquatic star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) and water shrew (Sorex palustris). While underwater, both species exhale air bubbles onto objects or scent trails and then re-inspire the bubbles to carry the smell back through the nose. This newly described behaviour provides a mechanism for mammalian olfaction underwater.     

Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex.

Anatomical and physiological investigations in monkeys indicate that olfaction is subserved by several cortical regions. But the areas implicated in the human olfactory system have not been definitively identified by functional criteria. Behavioural evidence has suggested that laterally specialized mechanisms for odour processing may exist, but the neuroanatomical substrate remains unknown. We used positron emission tomography to study the cortical representation of human olfactory processing by comparing cerebral blood flow changes evoked during olfactory stimulation with those of a control task. We report here significant cerebral blood flow increases at the junction of the inferior frontal and temporal lobes bilaterally, corresponding to the piriform cortex, and unilaterally, in the right orbitofrontal cortex. The results complement and extend previous data implicating these regions in olfactory processing, and indicate that a functional asymmetry exists in the human brain favouring the right orbitofrontal area in olfaction.     

基于主动嗅觉的室内时变污染源定位方法

为了预防和控制因室内空间中时变污染源突然泄漏引发的中毒、火灾和爆炸等灾害,针对室内时变污染源的定位建立了室内时变污染源泄漏的计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,并采用粒子群智能搜索策略,基于移动机器人的主动嗅觉提出了不依赖初值、计算效率高的室内时变污染源定位方法。通过对室内二维通风房间内泄漏速率呈衰减特征的时变污染源的泄漏模拟与源定位分析,展示了室内时变污染源定位方法的可操作性和可行性。研究结果表明:基于移动机器人主动嗅觉的室内时变污染源定位方法能在污染源泄漏一定时间后成功确定污染源位置,并且随着移动机器人数量的增加,室内时变污染源定位的成功率也相应增加;因移动机器人个数的增加会导致收敛速度变慢,源定位时间呈先减少后增加的变化趋势。     

Olfactory dysfunction in humans with deficient guanine nucleotide-binding protein

The guanine nucleotide-binding stimulatory protein (Gs) couples hormone-receptor interaction to the activation of adenylate cyclase and the generation of cyclic AMP. Studies using frog neuroepithelium indicate that the sense of smell is mediated by a Gs-adenylate cyclase system, and this prompted us to test olfaction in the only known model of Gs deficiency in the animal kingdom, Gs-deficient (type 1a) pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), which occurs in humans. Such patients are resistant to the cAMP-mediated actions of several hormones. (Although Henkin has reported disturbances in the sense of smell in six patients with PHP, currently available biochemical measurements such as the cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and determination of Gs activity were not reported and olfactory testing was limited.) In the present study, we found that all Gs-deficient patients had impaired olfaction when compared with PHP patients who had normal Gs activity (type 1b PHP, in which patients are resistant only to the action of PTH in the kidney). This is the first evidence of human olfactory impairment which can be related to Gs deficiency and suggests that Gs-deficient PHP patients may be resistant to cAMP-mediated actions in other non-endocrine systems.