不同大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量差异研究

大豆根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量是衡量大豆固氮能力的重要指标,也是合理施用氮肥的依据.试验采用框栽方法,应用15N示踪技术,研究了不同大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性与固氮量差异.结果表明:4个供试大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性、根瘤干重及根瘤固氮潜力都呈现先升后降的变化趋势,但品种间有显著差异;生育期短的大豆品种根瘤固氮酶活性高于生育期长的品种,根瘤干重则相反,生育期越长,根瘤干重越大;根瘤固氮潜力随大豆品种生育期的延长而增加.大豆植株氮素构成品种间存在明显的差异性,随着品种生育期的延长,根瘤固氮所占的比例提高;在大豆品种黑河41氮素构成中,土壤氮和根瘤固氮所占比例相同,其他品种均以根瘤固氮为主,其次是土壤氮,肥料氮所占的比例很低.     

马桑根瘤的固氮活性与呼吸强度

马桑根瘤固氮与呼吸作用具有一定的依赖关系。根瘤的二氧化碳呼出量与乙烯生成量之日平均比值为６．２６３±１．２０２。此值在一定程度上反映了固氮对能量的需求，但受土壤温度和湿度的影响而变化甚大。     

固氮微生物进入小麦类根瘤的特性探索

在小麦上用豆科植物根浸液并接种相庆根瘤菌进行了诱瘤试验，使用ＥＬＩＳＡ技术检测了根瘤菌时入类根瘤的比例，表明了有深入研究的必要性。电镜切片观察到进入小麦细胞间隙。测定了小麦的接种ＯＲＳ５７１后乙炔还原活性随时间的变化情况。     

铵态氮肥对三叶草根瘤固氮能力的影响

研究了铵态氮肥对三叶草根瘤菌株(三42及中733)的影响。结果表明,铵态氮肥用量较多时,三叶草的根瘤数量减少,瘤小而轻,固氮酶活性下降。作者自选的三叶草根瘤菌菌株(三42),无论在高氮及低氮的环境下,三叶草的根瘤数量、小大及固氮活性等均优于引进的菌株。表明三42菌株系耐铵态氮肥的菌株。     

铁营养对花生根瘤生长发育和功能的影响

通过营养液培养试验研究了铁对花生根瘤生长发育和功能的影响。结果表明,铁营养能够明显地提高花生地上部含氮量和总吸氮量。与对照相比,介质中供铁浓度为80mol/L时地上部含氮量和总吸氮量分别提高了2.0%和11.7%,表明铁直接参与了固氮过程;当铁浓度在0～80mol/L范围时,铁对根瘤起始点数量没有影响,而对可见根瘤数、根瘤重量和固氮酶活性影响较大。与对照相比,铁浓度为80mol/L时可见根瘤数和根瘤重量分别提高了194%和87%,都达到极显著水平。单株花生固氮酶活性和单位根瘤固氮酶活性分别提高了126%和10%。这表明铁营养主要是影响花生根瘤的生长发育,进而影响其根瘤的固氮功能。     

沙棘根瘤共生固氮的研究

研究了生长季节、坡向、植株年龄、植株性别诸因子对沙棘根瘤共生固氮作用的影响,结果证明:季节变化是造成固氮酶活性变化的主要因子;阴坡沙棘根瘤的共生固氮作用与株龄密切相关,而阳坡则不明显;坡向、树龄和沙棘性别均未构成对沙棘根瘤固氮酶活性的显著差异.     

不同产量水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢特征的研究

大田栽培条件下, 研究了不同产量水平下花生功能叶片中氮代谢关键酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量的变化, 重点阐述超高产水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢变化规律。研究结果表明: 自花生初花期, 不同产量水平的功能叶片中, 硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均呈逐渐下降的变化趋势, 超高产与高产花生相比无明显差异, 但明显高于一般产量花生; 不同产量水平功能叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性变化呈单峰曲线, 峰值出现在结荚期, 超高产花生功能叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且在生育中后期活性下降速度慢; 功能叶片中谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性未表现出规律性变化, 但超高产花生明显高于高产和一般产量的花生; 超高产花生功能叶片中可溶性蛋白质及游离氨基酸含量均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生。研究认为, 超高产花生叶片氨的同化能力、蛋白质和氨基酸的合成能力均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且衰老缓慢, 功能期维持时间长。     

利用15N标记研究氮素水平对大豆根瘤生长的影响

为了明确氮肥对大豆根瘤生长的影响,以东农47为试验材料,采用15N 标记和砂培的方法,进行了氮素营养水平对大豆根瘤生长及与根瘤固氮相关性的研究。结果表明,随外源氮水平增加,根瘤干重呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,当营养液氮浓度为50 mg/L时,有利于根瘤的生长;根瘤生长需要一定量启动氮,启动氮的作用维持到第3片复叶完全展开时（V3）对大豆根瘤的生长最有利;在盛荚期 （R4）和鼓粒始期 （R5）补充外源氮的供给抑制根瘤的生长。根瘤干重与植株中根瘤氮积累量、根瘤氮比例呈极显著正相关,根瘤干重与植株中氮积累量呈显著正相关。     

Relationship between chlorophyll meter readings and nitrogen in poinsettia leaves

Chlorophyll meters are used for non-destructive estimation of leaf nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to evaluate the readings with several chlorophyll meters (SPAD-502, atLEAF, and CCM-300), different sampling sites on leaves, number of leaves used for sampling, and different types of leaf N sampling on estimation of N in leaves of potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) “Prestige Red.” Results showed that all meters gave readings that were correlated for N determination and also were correlated with each other. SPAD and atLEAF showed interaction between different N treatments and different sampling sites on the leaves, while CCM readings were affected by different sampling sites on the leaf. atLEAF readings showed interaction between number of leaves sampled and different N treatments. Thus, during sensor-based leaf N estimation, sampling site on leaf, number of leaves sampled, and stage of plant development should be considered to minimize error.     

不同氮水平下小麦植株的碳氮代谢及碳代谢与赤霉病的关系

为明确不同施氮量下小麦植株的碳氮代谢特性及碳代谢与小麦赤霉病的关系,本文采用田间小区试验,以小麦多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’和大穗型品种‘周麦16’为供试材料,在0 kg(N)·hm-2 、120 kg(N)·hm-2 、180 kg(N)·hm-2 、240 kg(N)·hm-2 、360 kg(N)·hm-2 5个氮肥水平下,探讨了不同施氮水平对小麦植株可溶性糖含量、C/N以及小麦赤霉病发病率和病情指数的影响。结果表明:两个品种小麦植株内的可溶性糖含量和C/N由越冬到开花期呈"V"形变化,拔节期最低,分别为80~200 mg·g-1和3~10。开花期各处理间差异达到最大,且施氮处理植株的可溶性糖含量和C/N比不施氮处理分别低15.4%~47.7%和24.5%~63.1%。植株全氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,各处理在小麦拔节期和开花期差异最大。两个品种小麦植株的可溶性糖和氮素的累积吸收量在小麦生育期内均呈增加趋势。相关分析表明,植株全氮含量与小麦的可溶性糖含量在小麦拔节期和开花期显著负相关;小麦拔节期和开花期的可溶性糖含量、C/N与小麦赤霉病的发病率和病情指数呈线性关系。说明小麦拔节期到开花期的碳氮代谢对赤霉病的发生影响较大。     

Relationship between nitrogen fixation and numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in fifteen Azolla strains

The relationship between nitrogen fixation and the numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in the mature leaves of fifteen Azolla strains from five species was examined. The nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity per leaf and the numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in the mature region varied depending on the Azolla strains. The numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts, particularly the number of heterocysts, were closely correlated with the nitrogenase activity per leaf. However, the nitrogenase activity per leaf was not correlated with the nitrogenase activity per heterocyst. The results indicate that the variation in the nitrogenase activity of the leaves among Azolla strains mainly resulted from the variation in the number of heterocysts and not from the variation in the nitrogenase activity per heterocyst.     

Relationship between carbon and nitrogen availability and extracellular enzyme activities in soil

Microorganisms rely on extracellular enzymes to break down insoluble organic polymers such as cellulose, protein, and chitin into smaller units for uptake. Our objective was to investigate the factors affecting the relationship between soil extracellular enzyme activities and C and N turnover. Several aerobic incubations were carried out with ammonium (NH₄⁺) and proteins as N sources and cellulose as the main C source. Cellulase (exocellulase and β-glucosidase) activity was positively correlated with the amount of cellulose added, as well as with the availability of N. A decrease in the C to N ratio of the amendments from 40 to 10 resulted in an increase in exocellulase and β-glucosidase activity of 18% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of protease initially depended on the amount and kind of protein added; later, however, an increase in carbon availability resulted in an elevated protease activity. Initially, protease and cellulase activity were induced by their corresponding substrates and an increase in activity of both enzymes resulted in a proportional increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution. Over time, however, the level of enzyme activity became increasingly determined by factors other than substrate availability. In addition, N turnover, while initially determined by the amount and kind of N source added, became increasingly dominated by the C to N ratio of the substrates added. Our study showed that even though enzyme activities alone may not be sufficient to describe the decomposition process, they can yield valuable information about the availability of specific organic compounds and their degradation over time.     

玉米—花生混作体系中不同施氮水平对花生铁营养及固氮的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,不同氮水平条件下玉米—花生混作可明显改善花生铁营养。与单作相比,混作花生新叶叶绿素SPAD值明显提高,新叶活性铁浓度提高12.4%～27.1%,同时花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性显著增加。在本试验种植密度下,施氮水平和种植方式对单株花生生物量无显著影响,而施氮对玉米根际土壤活性铁浓度的提高有一定的促进作用,并且花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性受施氮水平影响较大。说明石灰性土壤上玉米—花生混作对花生铁营养改善及提高花生的固氮能力具有重要作用;施氮水平对花生铁营养影响不大,但随施氮量增加对花生共生固氮有抑制作用。     

玉米—花生混作对改善花生铁营养及固氮的影响

盆栽试验模拟研究结果表明,当花生单作时,花生新叶出现严重的缺铁黄化症状,而与玉米混作时,铁营养明显地改善。与单作相比,花生新叶叶绿素含量明显提高,总吸铁量增加１９．４％,根瘤吸铁量提高３２．７２％,根瘤干重增加２５．８９％,单株固氮酶活性和单位根瘤固氮酶活性分别增加４４７．０６％和４０８．６９％,这说明,在石灰性土壤上,玉米—花生混作对花生铁营养的改善及对花生根瘤固氮起了重要的作用。     

玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作对作物氮素吸收及结瘤固氮的影响

禾本科与豆科作物间作具有显著的增氮作用。为探明玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作模式的氮素吸收、氮营养竞争能力及豆科结瘤特性的变化,解释玉米与豆科间作体系的增氮效应,通过田间试验,设置玉米单作（MM）、大豆单作（SS）、玉米/大豆间作（MS）、花生单作（PP）、玉米/花生间作（MP）等5种种植模式,研究不同种植模式对作物氮素积累、氮营养竞争强弱及豆科结瘤固氮特性的调控作用。结果表明,与单作相比,间作显著降低玉米和大豆的氮素积累量,对花生的氮素积累量影响不显著。5种模式系统氮素积累总量表现为MS > SS > MP,PP和MM处理最低且差异不显著,MS处理比MP处理显著高21.8%。与MM处理相比,MS和MP处理的玉米氮素积累量分别降低20.5%和11.7%,其中MP处理籽粒、叶片和茎秆氮素积累量比MS处理高8.9%、21.2%和14.3%。与SS处理相比,MS处理的大豆氮素积累量降低28.5%,其中,中行、边行分别降低10.1%、15.4%。玉米相对大豆氮营养竞争比率表现为强（CR_ms>1）,相对花生则表现为弱（CR_mp<1）。与SS处理相比,五叶期MS处理的大豆根瘤数量显著增加,根瘤鲜重无显著差异,盛花期后根瘤数量和鲜重均显著降低;MS处理的大豆根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且中行降低幅度更大。与PP处理相比,开花期MP处理的花生根瘤数量和鲜重均显著增加,下针期后均显著降低;MP处理的花生根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且边行降低幅度更大。各间作模式作物的氮素积累量虽然降低,但间作模式的系统氮素积累量却显著高于各单作模式,两种间作模式中MS处理的氮素积累总量最高。     

Nitrogen fixation of Sesbania rostrata: Contribution of stem nodules to nitrogen acquisition

Abstract

Nitrogen contents, nodule numbers, and nodule dry weights of 6-week-oId Sesbania rostrata plants grown in sand culture with only root nodules, only stem nodules or with both were compared and the root nodules were found to contribute to nitrogen acquisition more significantly than the stem nodules. Similar findings were obtained in ¹⁵N₂-fixing experiments. An 8-week-old plant with both stem and root nodules fixed 1.50 mg nitrogen in a 12 h light period, while the fixation decreased to 1.15 mg nitrogen after the removal of the stem nodules, suggesting that root nodules played major role in nitrogen fixation. However, acetylene-reducing activities per nodule dry weight were higher in the stem nodules. Under flooding conditions, the aerenchyma tissues contributed to about 40% of N₂ transport to root nodules, and 60% was supplied through stem.     

控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响

以夏玉米杂交种豫单998为材料,研究3种控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在等养分量条件下,与常规施肥技术相比,3种控释肥均能有效协调吐丝期至成熟期植株体碳、氮代谢,叶片可溶性蛋白的含量增加2.20%1~0.39%,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性提高3.22%3~2.10%,植株叶片和茎鞘可溶性总糖分别增加6.78%4~6.71%和1.26%3~5.99%,全氮含量分别增加0.50%1~0.69%和1.09%4~1.92%;而可溶性总糖和氮素转运率均小于常规施肥。说明控释肥能较好满足夏玉米在吐丝期至成熟期生长需要,协调其碳、氮代谢,其中以硫加树脂包膜控释肥效果较好。