低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明：坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

推移质翻越低坝输移特性的试验研究

对于山区河流低坝而言,平时淤积在坝前的推移质粗沙可能会在洪水期集中翻越坝顶,形成高强度输沙。本文开展水槽试验,研究推移质粗沙自上游起动、推进、再翻越坝顶后向下游输移的过程,分析了输沙参数的变化特性及数理规律,描述了翻坝输沙模式及运动特征,揭示了输沙规律与河床形态之间的自然联系。取得如下认识:①输沙量随时间大致以幂函数规律增长。②低坝附近区域河床形态终将趋于稳定,上游和下游均形成相对稳定的曲面斜坡淤积体。③在不同的水流强度下推移质翻坝输移模式存在差异。对于一般水流强度工况,上游淤积体曲面斜坡表面泥沙颗粒以滚动或滑动模式起动,推移至接近坝顶位置时再跃移翻坝,后向下游输移;对于更高水流强度工况,后期的翻坝输沙模式可能发生显著转变,周期性边壁漩涡成为翻坝输沙的主要动力来源。     

推移质翻越低坝输移特性的试验研究

对于山区河流低坝而言，平时淤积在坝前的推移质粗沙可能会在洪水期集中翻越坝顶，形成高强度输沙。本文开展水槽试验，研究推移质粗沙自上游起动、推进、再翻越坝顶后向下游输移的过程，分析了输沙参数的变化特性及数理规律，描述了翻坝输沙模式及运动特征，揭示了输沙规律与河床形态之间的自然联系。取得如下认识：①输沙量随时间大致以幂函数规律增长。②低坝附近区域河床形态终将趋于稳定，上游和下游均形成相对稳定的曲面斜坡淤积体。③在不同的水流强度下推移质翻坝输移模式存在差异。对于一般水流强度工况，上游淤积体曲面斜坡表面泥沙颗粒以滚动或滑动模式起动，推移至接近坝顶位置时再跃移翻坝，后向下游输移；对于更高水流强度工况，后期的翻坝输沙模式可能发生显著转变，周期性边壁漩涡成为翻坝输沙的主要动力来源。     

90°支流入汇区域时均流速分布特征试验研究

通过多组次水槽试验,应用声速多普勒测速仪研究入汇角为90°时,不同汇流比水流条件下支流入汇区域及其附近的水面比降变化和时均流速分布特征。试验表明,入汇口上游的干支流水面坡降取决于干支流相互顶托影响,而入汇口处及其下游合流掺混区水面坡降随干流流量增大而增大,随汇流比增大而有所减小。不同位置垂线时均流速分布主要受主支汇流比和水流流态的双重影响,随着汇流比的增大,入汇口上游断面时均流速逐渐减小,而入汇口下游断面产生了明显的高、低流速带,形成回流分离区。     

淹没刚性植被明渠紊流沿程流动特性差异

淹没刚性植被通过改变水流结构,造成时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等水力参数垂线分布不均匀和沿程差异化。采用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量3种淹没度(3.0、4.0、5.0)下的流速,结合统计学方法,系统分析植被段内及其上、下游过渡段流速和紊动特性差异。结果表明：植被显著增强了水流紊动,且紊动特性取值与淹没度正相关;植被段内流速差异在低淹没度下的植被层内和高淹没度下的自由流动层内更加显著,而紊动特性沿程增强,且垂线分布具有相似性,最大值点位于冠层顶部附近;当淹没度满足KH涡的形成和发展条件时,随淹没度的增大,植被段内紊动特性垂线分布出现转折点(临近此点梯度急剧减小并趋于0)的断面数量增多,经验证,在充分发展的紊流区此点可作为KH涡的上边界点。     

明渠收缩过渡段流速分布及紊动特性试验

受地形、地质等条件影响,明渠收缩过渡段在输水工程中十分常见,过渡段长度过短,会导致水面波动,水体紊动加剧。为研究明渠不同长度过渡段内纵向时均流速及紊动强度的分布规律,通过室内模型试验,利用二维电磁流速仪ACM2-RS测量了渠道内沿程中垂线不同深度处瞬时流速。试验结果表明:收缩段内,纵向时均流速沿程增加,紊动强度沿程降低,遵循涡旋的拉伸机制和线性扭曲理论;受二次流影响,最大流速位于水面以下,且最大流速的位置随二次流作用的增强而降低;不同长度过渡段对下游纵向流速分布和紊动强度影响不同,过渡段越短,下游水流紊动越强,但非渠底附近紊动强度沿垂向先减后增的规律不变。     

非等长淹没丁坝群局部水头损失的计算

根据水槽中淹没丁坝群的水流流态,将下坝附近的水流进行分区,导出淹没丁坝下游主槽流速沿程变化公式,并且结合由淹没单丁坝时得出的水头损失计算公式,可以对不同坝长、坝高和丁坝间距、淹没丁坝群的局部水头损失进行计算.     

沙波迎流面流速分布公式

为进一步揭示沙波水流运动特性及提高沙波迎流面流速计算精度,采用两种概化模型,通过小水深沙波水槽试验,运用声学多普勒流速仪,对沙波沿程及垂线流速分布进行了测量。基于乐培九次生流理论公式,结合沙波水流特性,假定次生流在沙波迎流面上处于一个不断发展演变的过程,提出了发展函数和修正函数,得到了适用于沙波迎流面的流速垂线分布公式。研究结果表明:相对水深越小,沙波地形对迎流面水流作用越显著,使得上部流速减小、近底流速增大,且越靠近波峰这种现象越明显;建立的沙波流速公式与实测值吻合较好,能够准确地反映出迎流面流速变化规律。     

三峡水库蓄水初期近坝区淤积形态成因初步分析

三峡水库蓄水运用后,库区泥沙淤积将显著增加.基于三维水沙数值模型及实测资料分析,对水库蓄水初期近坝区泥沙淤积形态的成因进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明坝前淤积形态的成因既与坝前水流流态的三维特性有关,又与水库蓄水初期坝前淤积物颗粒特性有关.水库蓄水初期沉积在近坝区的泥沙颗粒较细,初始干容重较低,使得淤积物表现出一定的浮泥特性.坝前淤积总量较大主要是宽谷河段水流特性造成的;而基底深槽处淤积物厚度较大、淤积面呈水平状的主要原因则是浮泥状淤积物在重力作用下向河底运动、并沿深泓线在基底深槽中汇集.     

弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

精细地形下的尾矿坝稳定性及溃坝模拟分析

目前在尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟分析方面,对溃口位置及水砂的流动状态难以做出准确判断。将尾矿坝稳定性和溃坝模拟有机结合,采用FLAC3D计算正常水位、洪水位、漫顶水位三种工况下尾矿坝稳定性,并利用Rhino与Fluent建立尾矿库及下游精细地形,开展尾矿库溃坝水砂在不同时刻及不同地形下的流动状态研究分析。结果表明:（1）浸润线的埋深随尾矿库水位的升高而变小,由正常水位升高至洪水位时浸润线埋深下降5～8 m,漫顶水位时坝顶浸润线沿坡面向下运移约8 m;（2）库水位对剪切带及尾矿坝稳定性有显著影响,从正常水位到洪水位时,剪切带纵向上不断向坝体内部延伸,横向上不断向坝脚延伸,剪切应变率增大为5.78×10?5,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.80下降至1.32;（3）达到坝顶时剪切带急剧缩短,而剪切应变率进一步增大为3.32×10?4,尾矿坝稳定系数由1.32下降到1.18。溃坝水砂的流动状态受地形影响明显,在山谷中表现为范围减小、流速增大的汇聚流动,在平坦农田处表现为范围增大、流速减小的发散流动特点。     

不同沟床坡度堰塞坝溃口展宽历程试验研究

为了解堰塞坝在不同沟床坡度地段的溃口展宽历程,进行了沟床坡度为7°~13°,间隔为1°的7组水槽试验。对比分析7组试验观测数据,评价不同沟床坡度对堰塞坝溃口展宽历程的影响。得到如下结果及结论:(1)漫顶破坏的堰塞坝在不同沟床坡度地段的溃口展宽历程是十分相似的,根据其溃决特征,可将其展宽历程划分为溃口贯通、突变和稳定边坡形成等3个阶段。(2)在突变阶段溃口边坡沿x轴方向会发生多次失稳,溃口顶部形态在背水坡呈“S”型,在坝顶呈“U”型,在迎水坡呈“弧”型。(3)不同沟床坡度条件会影响突变阶段的溃决特征,随沟床坡度的增加突变阶段溃口边坡单次失稳规模表现出先增大后减小的特征,溃口边坡失稳次数呈现出先减少后增加的特征。(4)溃口边坡的稳定性主要取决于溃口的侧蚀宽度和下蚀深度,其与溃口顶、底部侧蚀宽度之差呈负相关关系,与溃口下蚀深度呈正相关关系。(5)不同沟床坡度堰塞坝的溃决流量随溃决时间的延长具有相同的变化趋势,但不同沟床坡度堰塞坝的溃决峰值流量和峰值流量到达时间却不尽相同,随沟床坡度的增加峰值流量逐渐减小,峰值流量到达时间先提前后推迟。     

Mean flow and turbulence structure over fixed, two-dimensional dunes: implications for sediment transport and bedform stability

Detailed measurements of flow velocity and its turbulent fluctuation were obtained over fixed, two-dimensional dunes in a laboratory channel. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure the downstream and vertical components of velocity at more than 1800 points over one dune wavelength. The density of the sampling grid allowed construction of a unique set of contour maps for all mean flow and turbulence parameters, which are assessed using higher moment measures and quadrant analysis. These flow field maps illustrate that: (1) the time-averaged downstream and vertical velocities agree well with previous studies of quasi-equilibrium flow over fixed and mobile bedforms and show a remarkable symmetry from crest to crest; (2) the maximum root-mean-square (RMS) of the downstream velocity values occur at and just downstream of flow reattachment and within the flow separation cell; (3) the maximum vertical RMS values occur within and above the zone of flow separation along the shear layer and this zone advects and diffuses downstream, extending almost to the next crest; (4) positive downstream skewness values occur within the separation cell, whereas positive vertical skewness values are restricted to the shear layer; (5) the highest Reynolds stresses are located within the zone of flow separation and along the shear layer; (6) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-2 events (‘ejections’) are concentrated along the shear layer (Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities) and dominate the contribution to the local Reynolds stress; and (7) high-magnitude, high-frequency quadrant-4 events occur bounding the separation zone, near reattachment and close to the dune crest, and are significant contributors to the local Reynolds stress at each location. These data demonstrate that the turbulence structure associated with dunes is controlled intrinsically by the formation, magnitude and downstream extent of the flow separation zone and resultant shear layer. Furthermore, the origin of dune-related macroturbulence lies in the dynamics of the shear layer rather than classical turbulent boundary layer bursting. The fluid dynamic distinction between dunes and ripples is reasoned to be linked to the velocity differential across the shear layer and hence the magnitude of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, which are both greater for dunes than ripples. These instabilities control the local flow and turbulence structure and dictate the modes of sediment entrainment and their transport rates.     

Experimental investigation into rockfill dam failure initiation by overtopping

Rockfill is the most abundant building material. It is often used for water retention under different contexts, such as dams, embankments or drainage systems. Climate change may cause water levels to rise in reservoirs. As rockfill structures are not able to resist strong overtopping flow, rising water levels will constitute a danger for rockfill dam stability as well as for people living nearby. This work is aimed at the development of an empirical formula that enables calculation of the critical water level of overflow at the crest from the geometrical and physical parameters of a dam. To achieve these objectives, several experimental tests on a rockfill dam model with two different impervious cores, moraine with a sand filter and an empty wooden formwork, were conducted in a hydraulic channel at the hydro-environmental laboratory at École Polytechnique de Montréal. The purpose of these tests was to study the initiation of a riprap failure under the influence of different variables, such as rock size, riprap bank, downstream side slope and bed slope. Results showed linear trends between the critical water level and both the downstream side slope and bed slope. Also, a power trend was observed between the critical level and riprap grain size. A formula that gives the critical overtopping water level was developed from these results.     

Numerical simulation of landslide dam breaching due to overtopping

The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.