土壤溶解性有机质分子特征对不同来源有机肥分解的响应

从有机肥料中提取的溶解性有机质（DOM）可为不同的商业有机肥料的潜在应用提供新的见解。选用四种不同来源有机肥（生物质炭肥,WSB;羊粪有机肥,SM;海藻有机肥,SW;虾肽有机肥,SP）与昌化矿区周边土壤为研究材料,进行为期三个月的培养试验,采用多元光谱分析研究土壤DOM分子特征对有机肥分解的响应。与对照组相比,在培养过程中添加四种有机肥均增加土壤DOM的含量,WSB处理增加量最低,SW处理增加最高。激发发射矩阵结合平行因子分析 (EEM-PARAFAC) 表明培养过程中添加WSB提高了土壤DOM中类胡敏酸组分,减少了类富里酸组分;添加SM、SW和SP在0~45 d内降低了土壤DOM中微生物转化的类胡敏酸组分的比例而提高类富里酸组分,在45~90 d内增加难降解的类胡敏酸组分的比例。二维红外相关分析 ( 2D-FTIR-COS) 表明CK和SP处理中土壤DOM的芳香性或羧酸碳优先对分解时间发生响应;而添加WSB、SW和SM处理组中土壤DOM的烯烃或多糖类碳优先对分解时间发生响应;添加WSB和SP处理土壤提取液中也出现了Si-O-Al等土壤纳米矿物类官能团响应信号。碳近边X射线吸收精细结构 (C 1s NEXAFS) 分析结果表明：培养结束后,与未添加有机肥处理相比,WSB处理提高土壤DOM中含氧脂肪族碳组分比例,而减少芳香与酚类碳比例;SW处理主要增加了芳香碳、羰基碳的比例,而减少了脂族碳和氧烷基碳含量;SM、SP处理增加了酚类碳、芳香碳以及脂族碳比例,减少了羧基碳、氧烷基碳和羰基碳比例。本研究结果可增强对不同来源有机肥分解影响土壤DOM分子特征的了解,对于评估土壤中施用商品有机肥料的生态环境效应至关重要。     

不同粒径土壤的光谱特征差异分析

通过野外采集土样,研磨后获取不同粒径(2、1、0.5、0.25、0.15和0.05 mm)土壤,在暗室内进行光谱测定。分别采用光谱数据微分变换和连续统去除的方法,研究不同粒径土壤的光谱特征差异,探索不同粒径处理对土壤光谱特征的影响。结果表明:不同粒径土壤的平均光谱反射率在全波段、可见光、红外波段都随土壤粒径的减小而增加;土壤光谱反射率与土壤粒径呈负相关关系。微分变换放大了某些在原始光谱数据中比较隐晦的信息。可见光、全波段平均反射率均在土壤粒径0.25 nm时,呈现出更明显的增长趋势,而红外波段则在土壤粒径0.15 mm时,增长趋势更为明显;土壤光谱在450和490 nm处的吸收峰值随土壤粒径的减小呈多项式分布;土壤全波段光谱反射率随着粒径的减小呈幂函数增长。     

畜禽粪便堆肥溶解态有机质三维荧光光谱特征及Cu络合

畜禽粪便中溶解态有机质（DOM）易与Cu发生络合,从而促进其向土壤溶液和地表水体中迁移。该文对比分析堆肥前后猪粪和牛粪DOM三维荧光光谱特征变化,并通过荧光猝灭滴定法研究了堆肥对猪粪和牛粪中DOM与Cu络合的影响。研究发现,未经堆腐的猪粪和牛粪DOM中均存在较强的类蛋白荧光峰,包括类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰;除了类蛋白峰,牛粪DOM中还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰。经过堆肥后,猪粪DOM中类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰强度显著减弱,并在可见光激发区域出现类腐殖质峰;与猪粪堆肥类似,牛粪堆肥后类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰也隐没不现,在紫外激发区域出现类腐殖质峰,同时可见光激发区的类腐殖质峰荧光强度减弱,位置发生红移。荧光猝灭试验结果显示,猪粪和牛粪堆肥后与Cu络合容量显著降低。因此,堆肥后改变了畜禽粪便DOM组成,生成大量胡敏酸和富里酸物质,从而降低畜禽粪便中DOM-Cu络合物的迁移性和生物可利用性。     

白洋淀沉积物中溶解有机质荧光特性及其与铜的相互作用

在实验条件下通过三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定和质子核磁共振（1HNMR）,分析了白洋淀污染水体沉积物中溶解有机质（DOM）与Cu（Ⅱ）的相互作用。结果表明：DOM的结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主且具有明显的类蛋白（峰B）和类富里酸（峰A和峰C）荧光峰,类蛋白的荧光强度较强于可见类富里酸;3类荧光基团荧光强度由于Cu（Ⅱ）猝灭,呈明显不同程度的降低;并且DOM与Cu（Ⅱ）络合常数及1HNMR分析表明DOM中荧光基因与Cu（Ⅱ）络合或螯合能力较大,配位的配位基较多。     

基于高光谱特征指数的土壤有机质含量建模

以江苏中部的水稻土和潮土为研究对象,采集178个表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品,并测定了土壤有机质含量(Soil Organic Matter,SOM).运用ASD FieldSpec 3光谱仪测量了土壤的高光谱曲线,首先对原始光谱进行倒数对数和去包络线变换,分析了不同SOM含量梯度和土壤类型的高光谱特征.其次,基于原...     

生物质炭和有机肥配施对水稻土溶解性有机质光谱学特征的影响

为探究生物质炭对水稻土壤溶解性有机质（DOM）的影响及其与有机肥配施的协同效应,通过5年连续定位试验,探讨了生物质炭施用5年后不同施肥处理：对照(CK)、生物质炭 (BC)、化肥(F)、生物质炭+化肥(F+BC)、化肥+有机肥（25%氮替代, MF）和化肥+生物质炭+有机肥（25%氮替代, MF+BC）对水稻产量和土壤pH、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机碳、易氧化有机碳（ROC）及溶解性有机碳的影响。采用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱结合平行因子分析方法对土壤中DOM的光谱特征和荧光组分进行表征,分析了DOM的紫外光吸收系数和紫外光斜率系数以及荧光指数、腐殖化指数、生物指数和富里酸、色氨酸、胡敏酸相对含量。结果表明：施用生物质炭和有机肥均能有效提高水稻产量,缓解土壤酸化,并且MF+BC处理水稻产量和土壤有效磷含量最高。水稻产量与DOM生物可利用性、芳香化程度、腐殖化程度、色氨酸组分含量和亲水性呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。提高DOM生物可利用性和腐殖化程度均表现为有机肥大于生物质炭。生物质炭显著增加DOM富里酸和色氨酸组分含量,并且促进了水稻土中ROC向难氧化有机碳转化;而有机肥有效增加DOM富里酸、色氨酸、胡敏酸和ROC含量。生物质炭和有机肥协同配施对提升水稻产量及增加ROC、DOM富里酸和色氨酸含量、芳香化程度、腐殖化程度和生物可利用性方面具有交互作用。综上所述,在本研究条件下生物质炭配施有机肥在水稻增产和水稻土有机碳及DOM组分功能多样性提升方面具有长期效应。     

澧阳平原古水稻土有机质红外光谱特征

澧阳平原杉龙岗古水稻土遗址剖面中不同耕作年限、不同环境条件、不同深埋的有机质的积累与迁移变化明显。以澧阳平原杉龙岗古水稻土遗址为研究对象,采用溴化钾压片法对剖面中古水稻土和现代耕作水稻土进行红外光谱测定,分析土壤中有机质的官能基团以及各基团的结构特征。结果表明,古水稻土官能基团的振动主要集中在卤素化合物和无机化合物,有机质对古水稻土官能团影响很大,其中,古水稻土中波数1 882 cm-1(烯烃碳)在去有机质后吸收峰弱化;古水稻土中波数为1 631~470 cm-1段,逐渐形成苯环、烯烃化合物且芳构化程度增加,卤素和无机化合物的结合力增强。由一阶导数可知,古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土相差不大,在去有机质后,波峰均被弱化且FD值峰值均小于去有机质前FD值。     

土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究

土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究是光学遥感定量化的基础性研究.研究利用VF991地物光谱测量仪对八个不同环境条件下形成的土壤样本剖面上的各个土层进行光谱测量,得到各个土层的反射率光谱曲线,并测出各个土层的有机质含量.通过研究土壤的有机质含量与土壤反射光谱间的相关性分析,发现有机质含量与土壤光谱在紫外区的376.795nm波段、可见光区的616.506nm波段和近红外区的724.0975nm波段附近有较好的负相关性     

土壤溶解有机质的含量动态及转化特征的研究进展

溶解有机质是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,由于其活性较高,可能在土壤C循环过程中发挥相较其含量所占比例更高的作用。本文根据文献资料,分析了目前关于土壤溶解有机质来源、组成、含量动态及转化特征的研究现状,提出了未来研究的重点。     

土壤有机质与水分反射光谱响应特征综合作用模拟

土壤有机质与水分均对土壤反射光谱特征有显著的影响,但其作用机理难以定量描述。通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤野外高光谱反射率的测定,研究了该区土壤的光谱反射特征;利用BP神经网络方法,以土壤有机质与水分数据作为输入层,以土壤光谱反射率一阶微分作为输出层,建立黑土有机质与水分的高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤表层0~20 cm含水量之间具有显著的相关性,相关系数为0.59;1570 nm波段处的一阶微分为输出层的模型精度最高,RMES达到0.017,平均绝对误差为0.014,平均相对误差为0.110;模型检验结果表明建立的BP神经网络模型具有良好的稳定性;土壤有机质、含水量对土壤光谱反射率的综合作用得到较准确的描述,可以用于野外土壤有机质与水分的速测。     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from rice straw at different stages of decay

Purpose  

Returning of rice straw into paddy field, which not only can increase the organic carbon content of soil but also can introduce dissolved organic matter (DOM) into soil, is a popular farm management strategy. However, chemical and structural heterogeneities of DOM derived from rice straw are not well characterized. The aim of this paper was to study the chemical and structural characteristics of DOM derived from rice straw at the different stages of decay.     

Properties of dissolved organic matter derived from silver birch and Norway spruce stands: Degradability combined with chemical characteristics

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from the humus layer under silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and mixed stands, and from senescent birch leaves and from spruce needles of the four oldest year-growth were characterized microbiologically and chemically. Samples were collected in the autumn and the solutions were obtained by centrifugation-drainage technique. The degradability of DOM, the availability of DOM to bacteria and fungi, concentrations of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates, and the distribution of carbon and nitrogen into fractions according to the chemical nature and the molecular size were studied. DOM derived from leaves and needles was clearly more labile than DOM derived from the humus layer indicating the importance of studying the DOM originating from fresh litter when assessing the turnover of DOM.DOM derived from spruce needles appeared to differ chemically greatly from all other samples. It had very high concentrations of carbohydrates, probably due to the sampling time, and phenolic compounds. The chemical composition of DOM derived from humus layer did not reflect the composition of DOM derived from needles and leaves. DOM derived from birch leaves degraded more than DOM derived from spruce needles and DOM derived from humus layer collected at the birch sites degraded more than DOM derived from humus layer collected at the spruce sites. The degradability of different compound groups of DOC and DON was studied in a short-term incubation (20 d) of DOM solutions by characterizing the solutions initially and after the incubation. Almost all compound groups appeared to degrade but weak hydrophobic acids, bases, hydrophilic neutrals, the smallest molecular size compounds, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds degraded the most.     

平菇栽培废料等有机肥对土壤活性有机质和土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究了不施有机肥(CK)、施用平菇栽培废料(T1)、施用干腐熟牛粪(T2)和烘干鸡粪(T3)在种植黄瓜01～50.d内土壤中活性有机质和4种土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:施入不同有机肥对土壤总有机质含量的影响为烘干鸡粪平菇栽培废料干腐熟牛粪对照;对活性有机质含量的影响为平菇栽培废料烘干鸡粪干腐熟牛粪对照;施用平菇栽培废料的土壤中脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性最高,施用干腐熟牛粪的土壤中过氧化氢酶活性最高。相关性分析显示,脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性与土壤活性有机质显著相关。用平菇栽培废料做有机肥能有效提高土壤活性有机质含量和土壤酶活性。     

Molecular weight-dependent electron transfer capacities of dissolved organic matter derived from sewage sludge compost

Purpose

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to be an efficient electron transfer facilitator in biogeochemical reactions due to its ability to mediate redox reactions. It has been known that various fractions of DOM differed in their chemical and biogeochemical behaviors in environment. However, there has been relatively little work directed at predicting the dependence of redox properties of DOM on its fractions.

Materials and methods

DOM was extracted from sewage sludge compost. Freeze-dried DOM was grouped into three fractions of different molecular sizes (<3,500, 3,500–14,000, and >14,000 Da) using dialysis bags (Spectra/Por 3 and 4, Spectrum Industries, California, US). Cycle voltammetry was used to investigate the redox behavior of the fractions. Chronoamperometry was employed to study their electron accepting capacities and electron donating capacities by applying fixed positive or negative potential to the working electrode in a conventional three-electrode cell. Fourier-transform infrared and three-dimensional excitation/emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopies were used to determine the functional groups in the fractions. Shewanella putrefaciens 200 (SP200) and Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 (L17) were used for all microbial iron(III) reduction experiments.

Results and discussion

Electrochemical methods show that the electron transfer capacity (ETC) of DOM depends on its molecular weight, and ETC is in the order of high-molecular weight DOM (H-DOM) > moderate-molecular weight DOM > low-molecular weight DOM. The same trend is discovered in the DOM-stimulated iron(III) oxide bioreduction where DOM fractions act as electron shuttles transferring electrons from the Fe(III)-reducing bacteria to the iron oxide. Both spectroscopic and cyclic voltammogram assays show the highest abundance of redox moieties associated to H-DOM, which is possibly responsible for its strongest electron-shuttling ability.

Conclusions

DOM has a wide molecular weight (MW) distribution due to the complexity of its chemical composition and structure. In addition to structural variations, DOM fractions with different MW have different redox properties and electron-shuttling capacities in microbial Fe(III) reduction. The results are of great significance for further studies on DOM geochemical behavior in environment.     

Factors controlling the partitioning of pyrene to dissolved organic matter extracted from different soils

The mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils can be influenced by the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). While numerous studies have determined interactions of HOCs with humic and fulvic acids, only few data exist on the partitioning of HOCs to natural, non‐fractionated DOM as it occurs in soil solutions. In this study, DOM was extracted from 17 soil samples with a broad range of chemical and physical properties, originating from different land uses. The partition coefficients of pyrene to DOM were determined in all soil extracts and for two commercial humic acids using the fluorescence quenching method. For the soil extracts, log K_DOC values ranged from 3.2 to 4.5 litres kg^?1. For the Aldrich and Fluka humic acids, log K_DOC was 4.98 and 4.96 litres kg^?1, respectively, thus indicating that they are not representative for soil DOM. After excluding these two values, the statistical analysis of the data showed a significant negative correlation between log K_DOC and pH. This was also shown for one sample where the pH was adjusted to values ranging from 3 to 9. A multiple regression analysis suggested that ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (an indicator for aromaticity) and the E4:E6 ratio (an indicator for molecular weight) had additional effects on log K_DOC. The results indicate that the partitioning of pyrene to DOM is reduced at alkaline pH, probably due to the increased polarity of the organic macromolecules resulting from the deprotonation of functional groups. Only within a narrow pH range was the K_DOC of pyrene mainly related to the aromaticity of DOM.     

有机质对土壤光谱特性的影响研究

为了探明土壤有机质的光谱特征及其影响作用,从而为有机质土壤铁氧化物的定量反演提供理论依据。利用去有机质前后土壤的光谱数据,研究了有机质对土壤反射率、土壤线参数、土壤铁氧化物定量反演的影响。研究结果表明,去除有机质后,能明显提高土壤反射率,变化最明显的为可见光橙黄光波段,即570～630 nm。相关性分析也显示橙黄光波段反射率的相对变化量或差值与有机质去除量之间的相关系数要比其他波段高,相关系数最大值在600 nm。因此,建议采用570～630 nm的光谱数据进行有机质的反演;土壤线斜率在去有机质后明显降低,截距显著增大,二者变化量与有机质去除量呈极显著相关关系,可用土壤线参数预测有机质含量。有机质对铁氧化物的反演具有明显影响,特别是有机质大于20 g kg-1的土壤,在进行反演时应考虑有机质对反演精度的影响,需采取有效地技术手段消减其影响作用,才能达到较好的效果。     

Biochemical properties and biodegradation of dissolved organic matter from soils

Various biologically mediated processes are involved in the turnover of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil; however, relatively little is known about the dynamics of either the microbial community or the individual classes of organic molecules during the decomposition of DOM. We examined the net loss of DOC, the mineralisation of C to CO₂ and the degradation of DOC from six different soils by soil microorganisms. We also quantified the changes in the concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and amino acid C during microbial biodegradation. Over a 70-day incubation period at 20°C, the mineralisation of DOC to CO₂ was described by a double exponential model with a labile pool (half-life, 3–8 days) and a stable pool (half-life, 0.4–6 years). However, in nearly all cases, the mass loss of DOC exceeded the C released as CO₂ with significant deviations from the double exponential model. Comparison of mass DOC loss, CO₂ production and microbial cell counts, determined by epifluorescence microscopy, showed that a proportion of the lost DOC mass could be accounted for by microbial assimilation. Carbohydrate and protein C concentrations fluctuated throughout the incubation with a net change of between 3 to 13 and −30 to 22.4% initial DOC, respectively. No amino acid C was detected during the incubation period (level of detection, 0.01 mg C l⁻¹).     

Differences in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter from waste material of different sources

The chemical composition of waste-material-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterized by chemolytic analyses and ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Dissolved organic matter was extracted by water from an aerobic fermented urban waste compost, a sewage sludge and a pig slurry and then fractionated using the XAD-8 method. The amount of water-extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 3% in the sewage sludge to 22% in the pig slurry. Dissolved organic matter isolated from pig slurry was equally distributed between hydrophilic and hydrophobic DOC, whereas in the sewage-sludge-derived material the hydrophobic fraction was predominant. Dissolved organic C from the urban waste compost was mainly within the hydrophilic fraction. Wet-chemical analysis and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectra showed that both DOM fractions from the urban waste compost were low in neutral, acidic and amino sugars as well as in lignin-derived compounds. In turn, the materials were rich in low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds. The chemical structure of both fractions is probably the result of the intensive transformation of urban waste compost during its fermentation. The hydrophilic fractions of DOM from sewage sludge and pig slurry contained considerable amounts of carbohydrates but were also rich in low-molecular-weight aliphatics. The respective hydrophobic fractions had the largest contents of CuO-extractable phenols which may in part derive from sources other than lignin. By contrast with the other materials, the hydrophobic fraction from the pig slurry seemed to contain polymeric rather than low-molecular-weight material. The ³¹P-NMR spectrum of the hydrophilic DOM fraction from urban waste compost did not show signals of inorganic or organic P compounds while the spectrum of the hydrophobic fraction revealed traces of monoester P, diester P, and orthophosphate. ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy suggested that both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions from pig slurry did not contain organic P. The hydrophilic DOM fraction from sewage sludge contained orthophosphate, organic monoester P and a little pyrophosphate. The hydrophobic fraction contained mainly organic diester P and smaller amounts of teichoic acids and organic monoester P. Considering that water-soluble fractions of urban waste compost contained no easily plant-available P and a low content of labile organics, we conclude that this material contains less labile nutrients and is more refractory than the soluble constituents of pig slurry and sewage sludge.     

Effects of fresh and degraded dissolved organic matter derived from maize straw on copper sorption onto farmland loess

Purpose

The nature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly influences heavy metal sorption onto soil. However, the constituents and structures of DOM change continuously as DOM is subjected to microbial decomposition and photodegradation at natural field scales. Thus, this study was designed to explore the effects of chemical changes of DOM on heavy metal sorption onto farmland soil in natural degradation.

Materials and methods

Fresh DOM (FDOM) and degraded DOM (DDOM) both were extracted from the straw of maize which was extensively planted in Loess Plateau, China. The characteristics of DOM were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra, UV-visible spectra (UV-vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular weight analysis. Farmland loess soil in Loess Plateau and heavy metal Cu(II) which can easily form a complex with DOM in soil were employed to investigate the effects of DOM dynamic changes on Cu(II) sorption onto loess through batch tests.

Results and discussion

Compared with FDOM, DDOM changed significantly in composition including oxygen content, functional group species, aromatic properties, and molecular weight distribution. Oxygen content, aromaticity, and low-molecular-weight fraction (<3 kDa) decreased while aromatic substitution and high-molecular-weight fraction (>10 kDa) increased for DDOM. For these changes, the effects of FDOM and DDOM on heavy metal Cu(II) sorption onto loess were significantly different due to DOM-Cu(II) binding ability varied with FDOM degradation. FDOM promoted Cu(II) sorption onto loess at Cu(II) concentration below 400 mg l^?1 while inhibited above 400 mg l^?1, but DDOM always showed inhibition effects on Cu(II) sorption onto loess. Moreover, both the promotion and inhibition effects depended mainly on the initial concentrations and pH values of FDOM and DDOM.

Conclusions

The results of the present study demonstrate that chemical characteristics of FDOM and DDOM are greatly diverse in components, functional group species, molecular weight distribution, etc. although they are from the same source. The apparent differences can explain their distinct effects on copper sorption onto loess soil. Hence, future researches are supposed to focus on the dynamic changes of DOMs when evaluating their influence on heavy metals environmental behaviors under actual conditions.

     

Composition and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter extracted from the sediment of Erhai Lake in China

Purpose

The content and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment directly affect nutrient cycling and material exchange in lake ecosystems. This study investigated the content and composition of DOM and its fractions in sediments, as well as the relationship between the different parameters and nitrogen (N) forms in DOM. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the compositional characteristics of DOM, hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic neutral fractions (HON), and hydrophilic matter (HIM) in sediments from Erhai Lake, China.

Materials and methods

Seven surface sediment samples with different environmental characteristics were collected. The DOM in the sediment was fractionated into HOB, HOA, HON, and HIM using XAD-8 resin based on compound hydrophobicity. The contents of DOM and its fractions were measured using a TOC analyzer. The structural characteristics of DOM and its fractions were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and UV–Vis absorbance. Correlation analyses were carried out to better understand the relationships between the parameters of the spectral characteristics and the contents of the different N forms in DOM and its fractions.

Results and discussion

The content, spatial distribution and structure of DOM and its fractions in Erhai Lake sediment were affected by water depth and aquatic plants. The DOM content in sediment ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 g kg^?1. HON accounted for 41.3 to 85.7 % of DOM, whereas HIM constituted 15.0 to 58.7 % and was significantly negatively correlated with HON (R ² ?=?0.856, P?Conclusions (1) Hydrophobic fractions are the major components of DOM in the sediments from the seven sites in Erhai Lake. (2) DOM and its fractions mainly originated from microbial sources. (3) The A ₂₅₃/A ₂₀₃ ratio is useful for evaluating the contents of N forms. The structure of DOM and its fractions are important in affecting the contents of DON. Nitrate (NO₃-N) contributes to eutrophication, and thus cannot be ignored from studies of Erhai Lake sediment.