南京市某社区老年人慢性非传染性疾病患病率调查

目的研究社区老年人慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)的患病现状及防治对策。方法对南京市某社区60岁及以上的老年人进行问卷调查和健康体检。结果 2 033例老年人中有1 558例患有慢性病,总患病率为76.6%,只患有1种慢性病者占9.6%,同时患2种者占32.5%,患3种以上者占34.6%。老年人慢性病患病率随着年龄增加显著升高,有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同性别的老年人之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年人慢性病已成为当前影响居民健康的主要公共卫生问题,应根据老年人慢性病的患病特点有针对性地进行健康教育和医疗保健,以提高老年人生活质量。     

南京市养老机构老年人慢性病患病情况与生活质量研究

[目的]了解南京市养老机构老年人不同身体健康状况的生活质量情况,为改善机构内老年人的健康状况,提高其生活质量提供依据。[方法]采用WHOQOL-BREF量表和基本情况调查问卷,对21所养老机构的700名老年人进行生活质量和健康情况的问卷调查。[结果]养老机构老年人慢性病患病率较高(85.41%),患病种类较多,其中排在前两位的依次是高血压和脑血管疾病;随年龄的增加,机构内老年人的患病种数增加;患病与不患病老年人的生活质量在各个领域得分差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);患2种以上慢性病老年人生活质量低于患1种慢性病老年人(P﹤0.01)。[结论]养老机构老年人的健康状况不容乐观,生活质量处于较低水平。完善老年人的护理策略及有关事宜时,应重视养老机构内老年人群的特殊性。     

2006年高唐县城区60以上老年人慢性病现状调查

[目的]了解高唐县城区老年人慢性病的现状及其影响因素,探讨城区老年人医疗保健需求,为制定老年人保健措施提供科学依据.[方法]32006年3～6月对高唐县城区60岁以上常住老年人进行了慢性病现状及影响因素调查.[结果]共调查老年人3 843名,患病率89.85%;男性患病率为90.37%(1 709/1 891),女性患病率为89.34%(1 744/1 952).不同性别人群患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).患1种慢性病的占45.36%.同时患2种慢性病的占30.57%,患3种慢性病的占24.07%;慢性病发病占前5位的是高血压、冠心病、关节病、胃炎、白内障;存在饮食结构不合理,吸烟率、饮酒率较高,体育锻炼人数和次数较少的不良习惯和生活方式.[结论]积极开展健康教育.提高居民自我保健意识.降低慢性病的发病率.     

太原市某社区老年人慢性病患病情况的调查分析

目的了解太原市某社区老年人慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)患病现状。方法采用随机抽样的方法,于2014年9月抽取某社区60岁以上的老年人360人作为调查对象,用自填式问卷调查的方法收集资料。调查内容包括社会人口学特征、行为生活方式、慢性病患病情况等。计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本次有效调查人数为355人,慢性病患病人数156人,慢性病患病率为43.9%,其中女性患病率高于男性,有医保的老年人慢性病患病率高于无医保的老年人,经常吸烟、每周饮酒3~4次的老年人慢性病患病率也高于其他组人群,对比差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。被调查老年人患病率排在前5位的慢性病依次为:高血压、糖尿病、脑血管病、类风湿性关节炎、心脏病。结论高血压和糖尿病是影响该社区老年人健康的主要疾病,不良行为生活方式与慢性病的发病密切相关。     

广州市白云区居民慢性病患病情况及主要影响因素

目的了解广州市白云区15岁及以上居民主要慢性病的患病状况及其相关影响因素,为该地区的慢性病防治工作提供科学依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法对2 578位15岁及以上居民的慢性病患病情况及相关影响因素进行现况调查。结果慢性病的总患病率为19.2%(482/2508),男、女慢性病总患病率分别为8.69%、10.51%。前五位慢性病患病率分别为高血压(10.6%),胃肠疾病(3.7%)、糖尿病(2.5%)、慢性阻塞性肺病(1.2%)、冠心病(0.8%)。不同年龄组、不同教育程度的慢性病患病率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);慢病组人群与非慢病组人群之间饮酒情况、高盐饮食、高脂饮食、体育锻炼情况差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论慢性病尤其高血压已成为影响广州市白云区居民尤其老年人健康的重要因素,相关部门应加强以老年人为重点干预对象的慢性病防治工作。     

北京市顺义区糖尿病患病情况及其危险因素

目的了解北京市顺义区糖尿病患病情况及其危险因素流行状况,为顺义区糖尿病防治提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法调查顺义区18岁以上826名常住居民,调查内容包括问卷、人体测量和实验室检查。结果顺义区糖尿病患病率9.93%(标化率9.92%),随年龄的增加而上升;有糖尿病家族史人群占调查总人数的16.95%,其糖尿病患病率为20.00%,无家族史的患病率7.87%(P0.05);超重肥胖人群占调查总人数的72.52%,其糖尿病患病率为12.02%,体重正常人群患病率为4.41%(P0.05);有高血压症状人群占调查总人数的33.54%,其糖尿病患病率16.61%,未患高血压人群的患病率为6.56%(P0.05);血脂异常人群占调查总人数的43.70%,其糖尿病患病率为15.24%,血脂正常人群患病率为6.16%(P0.05)。结论顺义区糖尿病患病情况严重,危险因素流行广泛,已成为重要公共卫生问题,应积极落实适宜的干预措施,降低危险因素流行强度。     

柳州市柳北区特殊人群健康状况调查分析

目的:调查柳州市柳北区特殊人群健康状况。方法:抽取调查居民3024人中的1268名特殊人群,对其进行健康问卷调查,数据库的建立和双人录入采用Epidata3.1,数据汇总与分析应用Excel,用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。结果:60岁及以上老年人文化程度低,独居率为9.38%,一种及以上慢性病患病率为49.72%;50岁以下已婚妇女的妇科疾病患病率为40.00%,患阴道炎的占比最大且随着年龄的变化而变化(P0.05)且在30到40岁之间容易患病。结论:政府和社区应加强对高龄老人的慢性病管理和老年护理工作。     

武陵山区农村妇女慢性病患病状况及与生命质量的关系

目的:了解武陵山区农村妇女慢性病患病状况及与生命质量关系,为武陵山区农村妇女慢性病的防治提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,使用自制调查表和WHOQOL-BREF量表对武陵山区1 521名农村妇女进行调查。结果:患慢性病者537例,占调查总人数的35.3%;患病比例最高的是骨关节病,占23.1%;慢性病的患病与年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、参加体育锻炼程度、睡眠状况及是否定期体检有关(P<0.01);患慢性病的农村妇女生命质量各领域得分均低于未患慢性病者(P<0.001);患病数量越多,生命质量各领域得分越低(P<0.001);不同类型慢性病患者生命质量各领域得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:1武陵山区农村妇女慢性病患病率高;慢性病降低了妇女生命质量;糖尿病、高血压和脑血管疾病对生命质量的影响最大。2加强慢性病的防治是改善武陵山区农村妇女生命质量的重要途径。     

临洮县150名空巢老人慢性病患病情况及影响因素分析

目的了解甘肃省临洮县空巢老人慢性病患病情况及影响因素,为开展空巢老人社区护理工作提供参考。方法2012年1—2月选择临洮县空巢老人150名,使用自行设计的调查问卷进行入户调查,现场发放问卷,填写后现场收回。计数资料采用χ2检验,多因素相关性采用Logistic多元回归分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 150名空巢老人慢性病的总患病率为76.7%,其中城镇空巢老人慢性病患病率为80.0%,以高血压居首位,占36.9%;农村空巢老人慢性病患病率为74.1%,以腰椎疾病居首位,占20.0%。其中,患1种疾病的占调查总人数的48.7%,患2种以上疾病的占28.0%。Logistic多元回归分析结果显示:空巢老人慢性病患病率与年龄、吸烟、饮酒、睡眠、锻炼和体重状况均有相关性(均P<0.05)。结论临洮县空巢老人慢性病患病率较高,需要引起社会高度重视。     

福州市老年人慢性病现状调查

目的了解福州市社区老年人的慢性病患病情况及其相关因素为开展社区老年人的预防保健工作提供依据.方法制定专门调查表于2002年4月～5月对福州市1767老年人慢性病患病现状进行问卷调查.结果老年人的总患病率为89.41%,其中患1种慢性病的占55.16%,同时患2种慢性病的占23.57%,患3种及以上慢性病的占21.27%.患病率随着年龄的增加而升高(P＜0.05).其中慢性支气管炎、脑血管意外男性明显高于女性,骨关节病女性明显高于男性(P＜0.05).结论福州市老年人慢性病患病率与年龄组呈线性上升趋势,其中主要以心血管疾病和肌肉骨骼系统性疾病为主,积极开展社区医疗保健服务及以高血压为主的老年人慢性病的综合防治是当务之急.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.