济南市某高校在校医学本科生心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨医学生心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感的现状,并分析三者关系。方法采用方便抽样的方法,选取济南市某高等院校的919名本科医学生,选用青少年学生心理资本问卷、领悟社会支持量表和青少年生活满意度量表进行问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。结果医学生心理资本得分为94.73±11.82,领悟社会支持得分为66.35±11.25,主观幸福感得分为178.99±26.20。心理资本、领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间均呈正相关(r=0.568、0.699、0.604,均P0.01)。多元线性回归分析显示,医学生心理资本和领悟社会支持可以正向预测其主观幸福感水平(β=1.051、0.646,均P0.05)。结论医学生心理资本、领悟社会支持与主观幸福感存在密切关系,医学生心理资本与领悟社会支持是主观幸福感水平的影响因素。     

农村中学生领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感的关系

目的 探讨农村中学生领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法 采用问卷调查法, 对两所学校927名农村中学生施测领悟社会支持、自尊与主观幸福感量表, 分析影响主观幸福感的中介。结果 领悟社会支持和主观幸福感呈显著正相关(r=0.403);自尊与主观幸福感呈显著正相关(r=0.660)。领悟社会支持对自尊和主观幸福感的回归效应显著(R²=0.097, R²=0.163);自尊在领悟社会支持基础之上对主观幸福感的回归效应显著(R²=0.436)。结论 领悟社会支持、自尊影响主观幸福感;自尊是领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间关系的中介。     

高职学生社会支持对主观幸福感的影响:自我效能感和心理韧性的中介作用

目的探讨高职院校大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系,以及一般自我效能感和心理韧性在其中的中介作用。方法采用社会支持量表、青少年主观幸福感量表、一般自我效能感量表和心理韧性量表对278名高职院校大学生进行测量。结果社会支持与主观幸福感之间的直接作用显著(r=0.462,P0.05);自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用(x~2=127.875,df=72,GFI=0.916,RMSEA=0.062)。结论职业院校大学生自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间形成了链式中介作用。     

农村中学生领悟社会支持自我和谐与主观幸福感的关系

目的 探讨农村中学生领悟社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感之间的关系,为改善农村中学生心理健康提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查法,对分层随机抽取的河南省周口市2所农村学校927名中学生施测领悟社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感量表,分析影响主观幸福感的中介因素.结果 农村中学生的领悟社会支持、自我和谐和主观幸福感均呈正相关(r值分别为0.403,0.562,P值均＜0.01).回归分析表明,领悟社会支持对自我和谐和主观幸福感的回归效应显著(β值分别为0.422,0.403,P值均＜0.01),自我和谐在领悟社会支持基础之上对主观幸福感的回归效应显著(β=0.476,P＜0.01).结论 领悟社会支持、自我和谐影响农村中学生主观幸福感;自我和谐是领悟社会支持和主观幸福感之间关系的中介.     

初中生领悟社会支持影响积极心理资本的多重中介效应

目的 了解初中生领悟社会支持影响积极心理资本的内在作用机制。方法 采用领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表、认知重评量表、心理一致感量表、积极心理资本量表,对588名中学生进行调查,通过建立结构方程模型对中介效应进行检验。结果 (1)初中生领悟社会支持可以正向预测积极心理资本;(2)自尊、心理一致感、认知重评分别在领悟社会支持和积极心理资本间起中介作用,3个变量的并式中介作用在领悟社会支持和积极心理资本间起完全中介效应;(3)自尊、心理一致感、认知重评的特定中介效应为0.196(95%CI:0.265-0.550)、0.174(95%CI:0.250-0.584)、0.198(95%CI:0.221-0.490)分别占总间接效应的34.5%、30.6%、34.9%。结论 自尊、心理一致感、认知重评在领悟社会支持对积极心理资本影响的过程中起完全中介作用。     

大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感:社会支持的中介作用

目的探讨社会支持在大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感关系中的中介作用。方法采用领悟社会支持量表、宽恕倾向量表及主观幸福感量表对352名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果 (1)相关分析表明,宽恕与社会支持、积极情感存在显著正相关,与消极情感存在显著负相关。社会支持与生活满意度、积极情感存在显著正相关,与消极情感存在显著负相关。(2)路径分析表明,社会支持在宽恕倾向与积极情感间起起完全中介作用,而在宽恕倾向与生活满意度、消极情感间起部分中介作用。(3)多组结构方程分析发现,社会支持的中介作用并没有被性别所调节。结论社会支持是大学生宽恕倾向与主观幸福感关系的中介变量。这些结果对于大学生心理健康教育具有重要的意义。     

心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的影响。方法抽取福建和湖北地区小学四年级至高中三年级的青少年学生共1 372名,用成就动机量表(AMS)、生活满意度量表(SWLS)、积极/消极情感量表(PA/NA)以及自编的青少年心理资本量表(PCS-CA)进行调查,采用相关分析和层次回归分析考察心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感的主效应及其效应差异。结果青少年心理资本与成就动机(r总=0.42,P0.01)、主观幸福感(r总=0.66,P0.01)均呈显著正相关。高心理资本水平青少年的成就动机和主观幸福感得分均高于中度心理资本水平和低心理资本水平的青少年,其差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。层次回归分析表明,在控制了人口统计变量之后,心理资本对青少年成就动机(△R2=0.17,P0.01)和主观幸福感(△R2=0.35,P0.01)具有正向预测作用,其中人际力对成就动机的预测作用更大(β=0.31,P0.01),而个人力对主观幸福感的预测作用更大(β=0.48,P0.01)。结论心理资本对青少年成就动机和主观幸福感具有显著的预测作用,可以通过培养青少年的心理资本来提高其成就动机和主观幸福感水平。     

师范生的心理资本在自立人格和主观幸福感之间的作用

目的 了解师范生自立人格、心理资本与主观幸福感的关系。方法 2021年11月采取随机抽样的方法，随机选取宝鸡市某所师范高校387名大学生，利用青少年学生自立人格量表、积极心理资本问卷和主观幸福感量表进行调查，并对数据进行分析。结果 不同专业类型学生的心理资本得分比较，差异有统计学意义（t=0.18,P<0.05）。主观幸福感与自立人格、心理资本之间呈正相关（r=0.260、0.442，均P<0.05）。心理资本与自立人格各特质呈正相关（r=0.121～0.548，均P<0.05），与个人灵活呈负相关（r=-0.13,P<0.05）；主观幸福感与人际主动、人际独立之间相关不显著（均P>0.05），与个人灵活呈负相关（r=-0.168,P<0.05）；与其他人格特质均呈正相关（r=0.108～0.442，均P<0.05）；在师范生自立人格对其主观幸福感之间的影响机制中，心理资本起着完全中介的作用，间接效应占比47.5%；心理资本在人际灵活、个人责任、个人开放和主观幸福感之间起着完全中介的作用，心理资本在个人主动和主观幸福感之间起着部分中介的作用。结...     

大学生主观幸福感与心理社会因素

[目的]探讨影响大学生主观幸福感的心理社会因素.[方法]采用"总体幸福感量表"、 "一般自我价值感量表"、"自评抑郁量表"和"社会支持评定量表"对348名大学生进行了问卷调查.[结果] (1)主观幸福感 与社会支持、一般自我价值感存在显著的正相关(P<0.01),与抑郁存在显著的负相关(P<0.01); (2)3者对主观幸 福感的影响作用不同.[结论]抑郁对主观幸福感有直接影响;社会支持一方面作为一般自我价值感影响主观幸福感的中介直接影响主观幸福感,另一方面通过抑郁问接地影响主观幸福感;一般自我价值感只能通过抑郁和社会支持间接地影响主观幸福感.     

大学生人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性及主观幸福感的关系:心理资本的调节作用

目的 探讨大学生心理资本在人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性、主观幸福感之间的调节作用,为全面心理干预提供参考。方法 采用人际关系综合诊断量表(IRIDS)、心理资本问卷、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、自我同一性地位量表及幸福感指数量表(WBIS),对江西省340名大学生进行调查。结果 (1)大学生心理资本总分与人际压力、抑郁、自我同一性及主观幸福感均显著相关(均P<0.01);(2)人际压力与心理资本对抑郁、自我同一性的交互作用显著(均P<0.05),对主观幸福感的交互作用无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 大学生心理资本在人际压力与抑郁、自我同一性之间存在负向调节效应。高校应加强心理资本干预和教学,帮助大学生积极应对压力事件及由此造成的心理问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.