论场地土壤和地下水污染调查与风险评价的程序和内容

通过分析、对比发达国家场地污染调查与风险评价技术流程的大量信息,结合工作实践,充分考虑我国的实际情况,视土壤和地下水为相互联系的一个整体,提出了我国现阶段场地尺度土壤和地下水污染调查与风险评价的技术程序和工作内容。     

选择典型污染场地 研究最佳取样方法——《典型污染场地土壤与地下水调查技术与评价研究》项目进展情况

按照《典型污染场地土壤与地下水调查技术与评价研究》项目2006年工作任务要求，方法所项目组在时间紧、任务重、经费下达晚的情况下，科学安排，积极运作，争取年底全面完成2006年工作任务。项目组在污染场地的选址上，经深入调查，前期论证，根据污染现状，结合本项目研究目的，选定了典型污染场地。     

微生物修复石油污染地下水的实验研究

为修复陕北黄土区石油污染地下水,采用优化土著微生物菌群的生物技术,进行了地下水中石油的降解与修复实验研究。在实验装置内加入了1.5%的优化菌群制剂,优化出的菌群初步鉴定主要有:假单胞菌属、微球菌属、放线菌属、真菌类的青霉属和曲霉属等。实验结果显示,在实验装置中人为添加石油含量为182.5 mg/l、862.5 mg/l、1695.0 mg/l时,经过28~37 d的微生物修复,地下水中石油的降解率为27.47%~92.46%,而无菌对照中的石油含量变化在5%以内,说明在无菌条件下地下水中石油降解缓慢。该实验过程验证了微生物修复技术在地下水石油污染修复中的有效性,探索了应用的可行性。     

污染场地地下水调查布点及样品采集技术研究

地下水监测井布点和采样,是地下水污染调查的重要部分。由于污染场地的规模较小和其特殊性,很多区域地下水污染普查的方法并不完全适用于污染场地。本文结合地下水的分布及运动特征,从全面性、系统性、代表性、可行性、经济性五方面,阐述污染场地地下水调查布点应遵循的基本原则。同时,通过探讨国内外地下水采样的规范和要求,总结出适用于我国污染场地的地下水采样技术。     

当地下水邂逅DNA:石油类有机污染及其生物降解

地下水科学与工程研究发展到今日,已经成为一门涉及多个领域的综合性学科。地下水污染的控制和修复研究更需要跨学科的技术和知识支持,而生物修复作为一种高效低耗修复的技术成为环境领域的研究热点。微生物因其自身特性及其对污染的降解主导特征对确定有机物污染场地的永续修复具有重要意义。简要地综述了地下水有机污染及其原位修复、有机污染物和地下环境微生物的交互作用,进一步聚焦生物降解机制、生物修复和细菌研究。在此基础上以某石油污染场地地下水为例,进行了地下水中分离微生物菌株及其降解特征的实验研究。结果表明:放线菌降解效果最好,细菌和真菌次之;两两组合降解效果好于单菌,表明存在协同作用;不同菌株混合降解率较低,表明具有拮抗作用。通过动力学实验得出对TPH的降解符合一级反应动力学方程及其降解速度和降解半衰期。就微生物对有机组分降解而言,烷烃和总石油烃降解规律相似;难降解组分降解率低,后期因烷烃转化使其浓度升高;苯浓度变化不大。微生物活性实验表明:活菌总数和脱氢酶活性与降解率呈正相关变化。运用生理生化及分子生物学方法鉴定得出了具体的菌种。     

中原油田石油污染地下水现状分析

根据油田开发过程中石油散落的途径,分析了石油对地表水和浅层地下水污染方式,通过化验采油区水样样品,确实了石油类物质如甲苯、p-二甲苯／m-二甲苯、1,3-二氯苯等的检出量。呼吁有关管理部们重视地下水石油对生态环境污染问题。     

某油田地下水污染特征及其机理分析

在对某油田石油类污染物分布特征研究的基础上,对其进入地下水的途径进行分析。研究表明,除石油类外,CODMn、Cl-、NO3-N和TDS具异常变化,这些异常变化已成为石油类污染的参考指标。含水层污染程度主要以严重污染和中度污染为主,下段含水层中的石油类污染物的浓度明显高于上段含水层。地下水遭受污染的途径类型分为地表渗透型和优势通道渗漏型,但地表渗透型污染对研究区地下水的威胁性相对来说较小。由构造活动、地下水开采引发的地裂缝形成的优势通道渗漏型污染是地下水污染的主要途径。     

西北某油田受石油污染现状分析

根据油田开发过程中石油散落的途径,分析了石油对包气带、浅层地下水的污染方式,通过对污染区土样、水样的化验,确定了石油类物质、硫化物、挥发酚、氰化物、浑浊度、化学耗氧量的检出量,最终得出该油田污染物的受污染程度。呼吁相关管理部们重视石油对生态环境污染问题。     

地下水污染场地污染的控制与修复

我国存在大量的地下水污染场地,给地下水资源的使用带来了严重威胁。将地下水污染场地划分为4大类,15个亚类,为制定不同地下水污染场地的管理、控制和修复规定提供了依据;对地下水污染防治规划的内容和方法技术进行了论述。提出了建立地下水污染的预警系统,为污染的预防奠定基础;介绍了地下水污染的控制与修复技术,并对地下水污染防控和治理的基本原则进行了探讨。     

地下水土石油类污染修复技术途径

石油工业在开采、加工、运输、储备过程中石油及其初加工产品泄漏,进入环境造成污染。本文根据国内外现有异位修复技术和原位修复技术研究成果,提出“加强场地调查,有效控制污染源,阻断污染途径,同时开展受污染地下水土修复,优化组合多种修复技术方法”路线,表明可修复地下水土石油类有机污染。     

Hydrogeological investigation of a groundwater contamination site in southern Taiwan

 Groundwater samples taken from wells adjacent to a food machinery manufacturing plant in southern Taiwan indicate that there is a serious phenolic contamination. To understand the hydrogeological properties, and to prepare for remedial action, a series of hydrogeological investigations were conducted. Investigative work included collecting background information, analyzing existing data, measuring the groundwater, and conducting a slug test, pumping and recovery test, aerial photography analysis and electrical resistivity survey. Results from these investigations show that the local groundwater aquifer may be classified as an unconfined or confined formation, depending on the thickness of the interbedded clay layer. The direction of local groundwater flow is from southwest to northeast, with high transmissivity. The contaminant moves much more slowly than the average groundwater velocity, and it is limited to an area centered around the plant. The local geology of the contaminated area exhibits significant heterogeneity; it is not likely to have been formed by natural sedimentation. Data from the field aerial photography analysis and electrical resistivity survey also suggest that this shallow formation may result from artificial back-filling. Received: 1 September 1994 · Accepted: 28 December 1995     

浅析某油田地下水石油类污染途径

研究区处于东北某油田区,该油田已有近50年的开发历史。随着对石油需求的不断增加,大量的石油被开采了出来。但是在开采过程中由于对落地原油及开采过程中油田废水的处置不当,致使地下水遭受了污染。因此保护地下水免受进一步污染对当地居民的身体健康和人身安全都是非常必要的。笔者基于研究区水样测试的结果石油类污染物浓度等值线图,发现地下水中石油类污染小范围内呈面状分布外,主要呈点状分布于研究区。通过结合对研究区地质环境、构造背景、地表水流和污染源的大量调查研究,分析得出石油类污染物主要是通过由过量开采地下水引起的地裂缝和新构造断裂引发的地裂缝以及事故性污染到达地下水的。研究区的ZK6号井附近由于长期的超量开采地下水从而改变了地下水流向,在地表则形成了地面沉降并引发了此处的地裂缝,致使此地下水油类的污染非常严重。另外,新构造断裂在北西向、北北东向及东西向3组壳断裂带的基础上继承性运动,致使下伏含油层油气沿裂缝上窜污染上覆含水层,同时在油田地表发育大量的地沟、地裂缝,地表洒落的原油及其他污染物通过这些地裂缝污染含水层。     

Effect of oil pollution on fresh groundwater in Kuwait

Massive oil fires in Kuwait were the aftermath of the Gulf War. This resulted in the pollution of air, water, and soil, the magnitude of which is unparalleled in the history of mankind. Oil fires damaged several oil well heads, resulting in the flow of oil, forming large oil lakes. Products of combustion from oil well fires deposited over large areas. Infiltrating rainwater, leaching out contaminants from oil lakes and products of combustion at ground surface, can reach the water table and contaminate the groundwater. Field investigations, supported by laboratory studies and mathematical models, show that infiltration of oil from oil lakes will be limited to a depth of about 2 m from ground surface. Preliminary mathematical models showed that contaminated rainwater can infiltrate and reach the water table within a period of three to four days, particularly at the Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish regions. These are the only regions in Kuwait where fresh groundwater exists. After reaching the water table, the lateral movement of contaminants is expected to be very slow under prevailing hydraulic gradients. Groundwater monitoring at the above regions during 1992 showed minor levels of vanadium, nickel, and total hydrocarbons at certain wells. Since average annual rainfall in the region is only 120 mm/yr, groundwater contamination due to the infiltration of contaminated rainwater is expected to be a long-term one.     

Pesticide transport and transformation modeling in soil column and groundwater contamination prediction

Pesticide transport and transformation were modeled in soil column from the soil surface to groundwater zone. A one dimensional dynamic mathematical and computer model is formulated to simulate two types of pesticides namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1,2-dibromo 3-chloro propane in soil column. This model predicts the behavior and persistence of these pesticides in soil column and groundwater. The model is based on mass balance equation, including convective transport, dispersive transport and chemical adsorption in the phases such as solid, liquid and gas. The mathematical solution is obtained by finite difference implicit method. The model was verified with experimental measurements and also with analytical solution. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. The major findings of this research are the development of the model which can calculate and predict the concentration of pesticides in soil profiles, as well as groundwater after 4, 12, 31 days of pesticide application under steady state and unsteady water flow condition. With the results of this study, the distribution of various types of pesticides in soil column to groundwater table can be predicted.     

Protection of groundwater from oil pollution in the vicinity of airports

Airports are potential, and quite frequently also actual, sources of serious groundwater pollution. This is due to the large amounts of liquid fuel being handled all the time, to the physicochemical properties of oil hydrocarbons, and often to technical errors in the transport and storage of fuels. The environment is further affected by liquid and gaseous emissions escaping during the take-off and landing of aircraft Snow in the vicinity of runways has been found to contain oil hydrocarbons in concentrations of tenths to units of milligrams per liter Moreover, soil tends to accumulate carcinogenous benzopyrenes. In rock formations, oil hydrocarbons spread as a separate layer as well as in solution in porous permeable formations, pollution by a free product affects areas on the order of tens of meters, while hydrocarbons in solution penetrate to distances of hundreds of meters or even kilometers. More complex conditions for the spreading of oil-based substances arise in fissured rocks. Aviation kerosene as a separate phase was found to migrate over 700 meters within 5 months through fissure systems in sandstones Prevention is the most efficient way of protecting groundwater from oil pollution. Preventive surveys are based on the drilling of observation wells at suitable points of the potentially endangered areas. Monitoring of these wells provides timely detection of possible leaks of oil products into the aquifer In the case of an emergency, it is necessary to remove, as soon as possible, the oil substances from the surface or to remove the contaminated soil. When the contaminant has penetrated into the aquifer, the reparatory measures are usually based on hydraulic protection which consists of a system of boreholes. The respective hydrocarbon product is removed from the formation by pumping, the process being speeded up by the change in groundwater flow caused by the creation of depression cones The example of Prague Airport is suitable for describing a successful, although complex and expensive, purification of a Chalk aquiter polluted among other things by a leak amounting to 300 m³ of aviation kerosene. Vapex filters have proven very satisfactory for purifying the contaminated water Preventive protection of groundwater and mineral waters using monitoring devices is being carried out at Karlovy Vary Airport No groundwater pollution has so far been observed in this instance. However, a seasonal variation in the content of hydrocarbons dissolved in groundwater has been established. The highest content occurs in the spring months. Observation wells situated in the tectonic zone can also be utilized for reparative pumping     

The effects of aquifer heterogeneity on the 3D numerical simulation of soil and groundwater contamination at a chlor-alkali site in China

The simulation of groundwater flow and solute transport at contaminated sites often neglects the important influence that aquifer heterogeneity can have on the sub-surface distribution of contaminants. In this paper, the method of transition probability for geological statistics (T-PROGS) included in the Groundwater Model System (GMS) was applied to a chlor-alkali-contaminated site that was sampled with 68 soil borings and 15 groundwater monitoring wells. A 3-D groundwater numerical model and solute transport model was developed that was constrained by soil and groundwater data from the site. The spatial distribution of chloroethylene concentrations was simulated for a number of times using the levels measured in the field as a baseline. The results of these simulations showed that shapes and distribution of contaminant plumes are irregular both vertically and horizontally. The solute-transport simulations indicated that much of the contamination will preferentially move in groundwater through silt and fine-sands whereas flow is largely blocked in clays. Consequently, fine sand and silts become the most seriously polluted zones at the site, whereas, areas underlain by clays are largely uncontaminated. Heterogeneous lithologies beneath a site increase the complexity of coupling simulations of soil and groundwater.