氰化物泄漏事故分类及救援措施

依据化学灾害事故的分类原则,根据氰化物泄漏事故特点,对此类事故进行了分类,并结合详细的案例分析,对各类氰化物泄漏事故的救援和处置措施进行了探讨。同时对于氰化物的理化性质和洗消剂的选择、用量也进行了概述。     

北京森根比亚生物工程技术有限公司产品介绍

正1比亚酶危险化学品洗消剂(消防专用)1.1概述比亚酶危险化学品洗消剂(有机磷降解酶)见图1,主要用于对被有机磷、有机氯和硫化物污染的人员、服装、装备以及土壤、水源进行洗消降毒,尤其适用于农药泄漏事故现场的洗消。洗消剂本身无毒、无腐蚀、无刺激,降解后产物无毒害,无二次污染。是一种高效、无毒、环保的酶基洗消剂。该产品是建标152-2011《城市消防站建设标准》、GA 622-2013《消防特勤队(站)装备标准》指定配备的高科技新型生化洗消药剂;已列入公安部消防局编制的《危险化学品事故处置研究指南》。     

北京森根比亚生物工程技术有限公司产品介绍

1比亚酶~ 危险化学品洗消剂(消防专用)1.1概述比亚酶危险化学品洗消剂(又称有机磷降解酶,见图1)主要用于对被有机磷、有机氯和硫化物污染的人员、服装、装备以及土壤、水源进行洗消降毒,尤其适用于农药泄漏事故现场的洗消。洗消剂本身无毒、无腐蚀、无刺激,降解后产物无毒害,无二次污染。是一种高效、无毒、环保的酶基洗消剂。     

一种新型氨气洗消剂的研究

采用含有有机酸、沉淀剂及表面活性剂的复合型氨气洗消剂对氨气泄漏进行模拟洗消试验,并探讨洗消剂的浓度和洗消时间等对其洗消效率的影响。经研究发现,该洗消液具有良好的洗消效果,中和剂与沉淀剂之间存在着协同洗消作用。该洗消剂可有效洗消空气中的氨气。少量表面活性剂的加入,可以降低洗消剂的表面张力,改善细水雾的流动特性。相对于传统的自来水,该复合型洗消剂配制工艺简单,洗消效率高,洗消彻底,洗消产物无毒无害,是一种高效的环保型洗消剂。     

公安消防部队在化学事故处置中的应急洗消

文章综述了化学事故应急洗消的基本方法、原理，分析了化学事故应急洗消的目的、任务和基本洗消方式。提出了公安消防部队在化学事故应急洗消工作中应坚持的原则，探讨了洗消剂的选择原则和不同染毒对象的洗消实施方法。     

液氨泄漏事故的预防及处置对策

阐述了液氨的理化性质及其泄漏事故的危害性和特点,提出了液氨泄漏事故预防的具体措施和处置的具体战法。     

液氯泄漏事故处置对策研究

阐述了液氯的化学性质以及危险性、泄漏的危害性,分析了泄漏事故发生的主要原因和处置难点,根据液氯的理化性质和事故特点,提出了处置此类事故的具体措施和应该注意的事项。     

燃气中压管网泄漏抢修方法

探讨了城市燃气中压管网泄漏事故的性质判断和泄漏点的查找方法、险情的控制、泄漏点的开挖及修复方法,介绍了快速堵漏管卡抢修方法。     

局部染毒皮肤洗消的实验研究

介绍化学事故洗消的程序和方法,综述了洗消剂种类及选择原则。用苯和甲苯两种化学毒物直接沾染皮肤,分别以水、吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭作为洗消剂进行洗消,同时用AreaRAE RDK快速部署系统进行实时检测,分析洗消前后皮肤表面毒物浓度变化情况,测定各类洗消剂对化学毒物的洗消效果,在此基础上确定最适合的洗消剂以及洗消剂的用量和洗消时间。实验结果表明,只要水对苯和甲苯的洗消时间足够长,就能够将皮肤表面的染毒物质彻底消除。吸附颗粒、吸液颗粒、活性炭三种固体洗消剂都能够有效地消除皮肤表面的沾染物。对苯的洗消,活性炭效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和吸附颗粒。对甲苯的洗消,则是吸附颗粒效果最好,其次是吸液颗粒和活性炭。     

氯气洗消剂小尺寸实验研究

结合细水雾的特性,采用苹果酸钠、谷氨酸钠和甘氨酸钠作为洗消剂,通过设计小尺寸氯气泄漏的洗消模拟实验,研究不同洗消剂的洗消效率。甘氨酸钠的洗消效果最好,其洗消最有效时间基本就是喷淋后的200 s内,10 min后甘氨酸钠的洗消效率在氯气浓度较高的情况下达到了80%,而在氯气低浓度时效果更好,均达到了90%以上。     

Estimating retrospective exposure of household humidifier disinfectants

We conducted a comprehensive humidifier disinfectant exposure characterization for 374 subjects with lung disease who presumed their disease was related to humidifier disinfectant use (patient group) and for 303 of their family members (family group) for an ongoing epidemiological study. We visited the homes of the registered patients to investigate disinfectant use characteristics. Probability of exposure to disinfectants was determined from the questionnaire and supporting evidence from photographs demonstrating the use of humidifier disinfectant, disinfectant purchase receipts, any residual disinfectant, and the consistency of their statements. Exposure duration was estimated as cumulative disinfectant use hours from the questionnaire. Airborne disinfectant exposure intensity (μg/m³) was estimated based on the disinfectant volume (ml) and frequency added to the humidifier per day, disinfectant bulk level (μg/ml), the volume of the room (m³) with humidifier disinfectant, and the degree of ventilation. Overall, the distribution patterns of the intensity, duration, and cumulative exposure to humidifier disinfectants for the patient group were higher than those of the family group, especially for pregnant women and patients ≤6 years old. Further study is underway to evaluate the association between the disinfectant exposures estimated here with clinically diagnosed lung disease.     

Investigating synergism during sequential inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores with several disinfectants

The sequential application of ozone, chlorine dioxide, or UV followed by free chlorine was performed to investigate the synergistic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores. The greatest synergism was observed when chlorine dioxide was used as a primary disinfectant followed by secondary disinfection with free chlorine. A lesser synergistic effect was observed when ozone was used as the primary disinfectant, but no synergism was observed when UV was used as the primary disinfectant. When free chlorine was used as the primary disinfectant (i.e., sequential application in the reverse order), the synergistic effect was shown only when chlorine dioxide was applied as the secondary disinfectant. The synergistic effect observed could be related to damage to the spore coat during primary disinfection, suggested by the loss of proteins from spores during disinfectant treatment. The greatest synergism observed by the chlorine dioxide/free chlorine pair suggested that common reaction sites might exist for these disinfectants. The concept of percent synergistic effect was introduced to quantitatively compare the extent of synergistic effects in the sequential disinfection processes.     

应用次氯酸钠发生器对医疗污水的消毒处理

介绍了利用次氯酸钠发生器现场制备次氯酸钠消毒剂的工作原理 ,详细分析了其处理工艺 ,经监测 ,定量投加次氯酸钠消毒剂的污水 ,经过反应 ,出水可达到污水综合排放标准     

Optimal scheduling of booster disinfection in water distribution networks

Booster disinfection stations are the solution alternative to maintain required disinfectant residual concentration in water distribution networks. In the present study, an optimisation problem to determine the optimum injection rates is solved. The minimisation of the total injected mass is considered as the objective function which is subjected to bound constraints on chlorine concentration. Two formulations are used for the linear optimisation problem, with and without considering the initial concentrations as unknowns. Determination of variable network hydraulics and chlorine concentrations is achieved by EPANET. A C++ code was developed to interface with EPANET by means of the EPANET Programmer's Toolkit for optimisation of the disinfectant mass applied to the network. Finally, a cross check is achieved in EPANET software for both disinfectant residual concentrations and linear superposition principle.     

Determination of nutrients limiting biofilm formation and the subsequent impact on disinfectant decay.

Understanding the contribution of both organic and inorganic nutrients to biofilm development and the subsequent impact of developed biofilms on disinfectant decay are important requirements for distribution system management strategies. Nutrient limitation may be one way to control biofilm development without increasing disinfectant dosing. Little is known, however, of the nutrient requirements of biofilms in distribution systems. Indeed, the effects on biofilm development due to the addition of nutrients to distribution systems and what impact biofilm development may have on disinfectant decay is still poorly understood. This study used annular reactors to determine the nutrients limiting for biofilm development in drinking water from two different Sydney sources and the subsequent effects of biofilm development on disinfectant decay. It was found that biofilm development in Sydney water was limited by organic carbon and that biofilm development promoted chloramine decay. Moreover, biofilm development occurred in the presence of chloramine. The ability of biofilms to respond to increases in disinfectant concentrations was dependent on the biomass of the biofilms. In a comparative study using chlorinated drinking water containing very low levels of organic carbon, biofilm development was not detected. Removal of organic carbon resulted in greater persistence of chlorine, which led to greater biofilm control. It was also shown that biofilms could contribute cells to the aqueous phase. The results of the study indicate that treatment and system management strategies should incorporate organic carbon removal to limit biofilm development through a combination of retarding bacterial growth and enhancing disinfectant persistence.     

给水厂常规消毒工艺的优化技术与应用

针对笔架山水厂示范工程提出的降低消毒剂消耗和消毒副产物生成量的目标,采取了改进药剂投加方式和对清水池结构进行优化的措施。结果表明,改变消毒剂投加方式后能节约氯耗约20%,节约能耗约15%;改进清水池结构后,使消毒剂与水的实际接触时间延长,在达到相同消毒效果的前提下降低了消毒剂的浓度,3个清水池的t10/T值分别提高了42%、21%和29%,清水池的流态也明显改善。     

二氧化氯对污水厂出水的消毒及综合影响研究

介绍了以二氧化氯作为大型城市污水处理厂出水消毒剂的生产性应用情况,系统地研究了二氧化氯在取得良好消毒效果的同时,对出水中BOD5、COD、NH_3-N、SS、TP的影响.评估了二氧化氯作为污水处理厂出水消毒剂的优势,以及对出水水质的改善效果,从而为其在大型城市污水厂的推广奠定了基础.     

Dynamic simulation of multicomponent reaction transport in water distribution systems

Given the presence of nutrients, regrowth of bacteria within a distribution system is possible. The bacterial growth phenomena, which can be studied by developing a multicomponent (substrate, biomass and disinfectant) reaction transport model, is governed by its relationship with the substrate (organic carbon) and disinfectant (chlorine). The multicomponent reaction transport model developed in the present study utilizes the simplified expressions for the basic processes (in bulk flow and at pipe wall) such as bacterial growth and decay, attachment to and detachment from the surface, substrate utilization and disinfectant action involved in the model. The usefulness of the model is further enhanced by the incorporation of an expression for bulk reaction parameter relating it with the organic carbon. The model is validated and applied to study the sensitive behavior of the components using a hypothetical network. The developed model is able to simulate the biodegradable organic carbon threshold in accordance with the values reported in the literature. The spread of contaminant intruded into the system at any location can also be simulated by the model. The multicomponent model developed is useful for water supply authorities in identifying the locations with high substrate concentrations, bacterial growth and lower chlorine residuals.     

Development of a Ct equation taking into consideration the effect of lot variability on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are prevalent in surface water and ground water under the influence of surface water, and are difficult to inactivate using free chlorine, the most common disinfectant currently used for treating drinking water. In contrast, it has been shown that ozone is a more effective disinfectant than chlorine. US EPA is currently evaluating a treatment rule, which addresses the control of C. parvum oocysts in drinking water. The use of Ct (average disinfectant concentration multiplied by characteristic contact time) values is being considered as one of the options for demonstrating adequate control of this microbial contaminant. The purpose of this study is to incorporate the variability in inactivation kinetics among different lots of oocysts and to develop a statistical model for Ct based on first-order delayed Chick--Watson inactivation kinetics. A Bayesian approach is used to estimate the delayed Chick--Watson kinetic parameters. A log-linear regression analysis is then used to represent the effect of temperature on the resulting kinetic parameters. The overall model developed in this study provides an approach for water utilities and regulatory agencies to decide on the level of safety needed when developing treatment requirements for the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts with ozone as part of broader risk assessment considerations.     

By-products formation during drinking water disinfection: a tool to assess disinfection efficiency?

In drinking water treatment, the inactivation of microorganisms increases with increasing disinfectant exposure (product of concentration and contact time, CT). Also, the formation of undesired (toxic) disinfection by-products increases with CT. The present study proposes a new concept that uses this undesired side effect of chemical water disinfection for a fast and reliable test of treatment efficiency. In laboratory systems, bromate formation during ozonation and the formation of trihalomethanes during chlorination were used to calculate the disinfectant exposure, which is a measure for the achieved degree of disinfection.