瞬时高压处理对α-淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了不同条件下瞬时高压处理时α-淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：瞬时高压作用对α-淀粉酶具有有效的钝化作用，在pH6时，25℃、35℃、45℃下分别处理1次，80-120MPa时α-淀粉酶活性下降较慢，120MPa后活性下降变快；提高进料温度，可以增强瞬时高压对α-淀粉酶的钝化效果。pH6、25℃时，在100MPa、120MPa和140MPa下分别对α-淀粉酶处理3次，在相同的作用压力下，α-淀粉酶活性随处理次数的增加呈下降趋势：α-淀粉酶活性降低幅度随处理次数的增加而变小。常压下α-淀粉酶在pH值5．0～8．0时较为稳定，pH值低于4时严重失活；120MPa下，α-淀粉酶活性较常压下低；活性下降幅度在强酸时更大，其次为强碱，pH6时最小。     

超高压对马铃薯多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的钝化研究

研究了超高压对马铃薯多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的影响。结果表明:超高压处理后的多酚氧化酶,过氧化物酶活力低于对照试样的活力,超高压对酶活有影响;保压时间30 min,100～200 MPa压力范围内,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶被激活,压力超过200 MPa时酶的活性下降;压力为400 MPa,随着时间的延长,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性都呈下降趋势;400 MPa,10 min条件下,pH在5.5～6.0之间时酶的活性最大;超高压对马铃薯多酚氧化酶钝化的最佳方案:pH 6.0,保压时间40 min,压力400 MPa,过氧化物酶钝化的最佳方案:pH 8.0,保压时间40 min,压力为400 MPa。     

高压CO2处理钝化香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶的动力学

研究影响高压CO2处理钝化香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶的因素,并应用两段模型分析了高压CO2处理对香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶的钝化动力学。结果表明:CO2压力、处理温度、处理时间和样品pH值都能显著影响高压CO2处理钝化香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶的效率;高压CO2处理对香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶的钝化过程符合两段模型;高压CO2处理能有效的钝化香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶,提高CO2压力和处理温度、延长处理时间和适当降低样品的pH值都能显著增强高压CO2处理钝化酶的速率;20MPa、55℃的高压CO2处理40min后能钝化83.5%的香蕉果肉多酚氧化酶,当温度升到60℃,20 MPa的高压CO2处理时,20min处理后仅残留有4.2%的多酚氧化酶活力。     

超高压处理对南美白对虾多酚氧化酶活性和品质的影响

以南美白对虾为研究对象,以菌落总数、多酚氧化酶活性、损失率、质构(硬度、弹性)和虾青素含量作为评价指标,研究超高压处理对其品质的影响。结果表明,随着超高压压力和保压时间的增加,超高压对于微生物和多酚氧化酶活性的钝化效果逐渐增大,超过350 MPa/10 min超高压处理能有效钝化多酚氧化酶活性,但超高压对微生物的灭活效果较差, 550 MPa/20 min超高压处理不能完全灭活微生物;超高压处理后对虾的失重率较低(3.5%);超高压处理后对虾硬度增加,弹性降低,虾青素含量增加。超高压处理后的对虾更适合冷冻保藏。     

响应面法优化超高压钝化蓝莓汁中两种酶活性工艺条件

为了得到超高压钝化蓝莓汁中酶活性的最优工艺参数,选取过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶残留活性为响应值,根据Central-Composite实验设计原理,建立了酶的残留活性与超高压处理压力、时间和温度之间的数学模型。并采用Design-Expert8.0.6进行响应面分析。实验结果表明:钝化过氧化物酶(POD)最佳处理条件为:处理压力500 MPa、时间5 min和温度40℃,处理后POD酶的残留活性降至49.13%;钝化多酚氧化酶(PPO)最佳处理条件为:处理压力500 MPa、时间15 min和温度10℃,处理后PPO酶的残留活性降至4.776%。此外,在实验条件为压力500 MPa、处理时间15 min及温度10℃时处理蓝莓汁,POD和PPO的综合钝化效果最佳。     

高压CO2处理对香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

比较了CO2压力、温度和处理时间对香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶活性的影响,并且采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化了高压CO2处理对香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶的钝化条件.结果表明,影响高压CO2处理钝化香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶活性的主次因素顺序为温度＞时间＞ CO2压力;高压CO2处理钝化香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶的最佳条件为温度60℃、CO2压力19MPa、处理时间50min,在此条件下,香蕉果肉中多酚氧化酶的残活力仅为0.9％.     

微波和热力处理对莲藕多酚氧化酶活性的影响

以莲藕多酚氧化酶为材料,研究莲藕多酚氧化酶经微波和热力处理后,其酶活力的变化。结果表明:(1)当微波的功率一定时,处理时间越长,酶活性降低得越明显。(2)当微波的功率改变时,微波处理功率越大,莲藕多酚氧化酶活性抑制效果越好。(3)当热处理温度一定时,延长作用的时间,酶活性下降趋势越显著。(4)当热处理温度变化时,温度越高,酶活性钝化所需时间越短。     

超高压处理对鲜榨桃汁多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力影响的研究

桃汁中的PPO是耐高压的酶,200～500MPa的压力处理使果汁中PPO活力逐渐降低，但降低幅度不大，400MPa的压力对PPO有激活作用。高于600MPa的压力，失活PPO的效果开始显著。VC在500MPa以下对果汁中PPO有激活作用，在600MPa以上或热处理结合高压时有钝化PPO的作用。随着保压时间的延长和温度的升高，桃汁中多酚氧化酶相对活性逐渐降低。500MPa60℃或750MPa50℃以上的处理强度可使鲜榨桃汁中的PPO失去61％以上的活力。     

超高压和UHT对草莓汁中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

研究不同超高压处理和超高温瞬时灭菌对调配草莓汁多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响。以未处理调配草莓汁为对照,研究不同压力、处理时间、协同温度、间歇次数对PPO活性的影响。结果表明,所有处理组均能显著降低PPO残余活性。处理压力越大,PPO活性越小,600MPa处理与UHT处理对PPO钝化作用相当。400MPa条件下:30℃时,较短时间超高压处理(20~40min)PPO活性变化不显著,60min处理显著降低;20min时,30~45℃协同超高压处理PPO活性基本无变化,60℃与超高压对PPO活性钝化的正协同效果更明显;间歇性处理2次10 min(20 min)与20 min(40min)1次处理相比PPO活性下降(P0.05);贮藏30d后,UHT处理酶活性恢复约14.4%(P0.05),各超高压处理组与0d贮藏相比基本无变化。     

高静压对桃汁杀菌、钝化酶活性的效果

研究在不同处理压力和时间条件下,高静压加工技术对桃汁中微生物(细菌总数、霉菌、酵母菌、大肠菌群)以及酶(多酚氧化酶、果胶甲基酯酶、脂肪氧化酶)的影响。结果表明:经400MPa、5min高静压处理即可完全杀灭桃汁中的微生物;在400MPa和500MPa条件下,桃汁中的多酚氧化酶和脂肪氧化酶的活性出现了不同程度的激活现象,但在600MPa时,随着处理时间的延长,其活性逐渐降低,经30min处理后,分别被钝化了0.7662和0.641。而果胶甲基酯酶在400、500、600MPa条件下,出现了不规律的激活或钝化现象。另外,研究表明在高静压加工前增加漂烫工艺,可以有效杀灭桃汁中的微生物及钝化酶活性。     

Polyphenoloxidase Activity and Color of Blanched and High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Banana Puree

The effects of blanching and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments on natural flora evolution, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and color of banana puree adjusted to pH 3.4 and water activity (a_w) of 0.97 were evaluated during 15 days storage at 25°C. Standard plate as well as yeast and mold counts of HHP treated purees were <10 CFU/g throughout storage. Blanching time was found to affect (P<0.05) puree color. HHP treatments retained the initial color of the banana purees. Longer browning induction times and slower browning rates were observed when a longer blanching time was combined with a 689 MPa pressure treatment. A residual PPO activity < 5% was observed in the puree when a 7 min blanch was followed by HHP treatment at 689 MPa for 10 min.     

紫甘薯多酚氧化酶性质研究

采用含有30 mmol/L Vc的0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液从紫甘薯中提取多酚氧化酶(PPO),用分光光度法对紫甘薯中多酚氧化酶的酶学特性进行了系统的研究,其中包括PPO的活力测定、热稳定性、pH稳定性以及pH、温度、抑制剂对PPO活力的影响。实验结果表明,多酚氧化酶催化反应的最佳条件为:温度25℃,pH 7.0,NaHSO3和Vc对酶活力有很强的抑制作用。     

高压二氧化碳处理对鲜切哈密瓜微生物与品质的影响

本实验以哈密瓜为原料,优化了清洗工艺,研究了高压二氧化碳（high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD） 处理对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏期间（4 ℃避光贮藏8 d）微生物（菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数）、感官指标（质量损失 率、质构、感官评价）、品质指标（可溶性固形物含量、pH值、VC含量）、酶（多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase, PPO）、过氧化物酶）活力的影响。本研究首先确定了强酸电解水清洗25 min为最佳清洗工艺,清洗后鲜切哈密 瓜的菌落总数下降了0.81（lg（CFU/g））。2.5、3.5、4.5 MPa处理8 min后的鲜切哈密瓜在贮藏期间微生物数量显 著增加,PPO活力上升,且在贮藏8 d时,质量、硬度和VC含量分别下降了16.45%～42.70%、30.38%～48.97%和 96.25%～96.73%。本研究为HPCD技术应用于鲜切哈密瓜加工提供了理论依据。     

EFFECT OF pH AND ASCORBIC ACID ON HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE-PROCESSED MANGO PUREE

Mango puree containing ascorbic acid (AA) (500 ppm) standardized at low pH (3.5) with phosphoric acid and inoculated or noninoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was treated at high pressure (207, 345, 483 and 552 MPa) for selected times. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP)‐processed (552 MPa/5 min) standardized mango puree (SMP) was stored at 3C for 1 month and periodically analyzed for color, residual polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and microbial load. The remaining PPO activity average in SMP, after HHP processing at 207, 345, 483 and 552 MPa, at all times, was 35.8 ± 6, 21.5 ± 13.2, 46.8 ± 53.2 and 61.8 ± 5.8% PPO activity units, respectively. The D₂₀₇ values of 8.5 and 7.2 min for total count and yeasts were observed, respectively, after 207 MPa of pressure. A log reduction of 1.62 and 1.35 was observed after applying 345 MPa of pressure (2 s) for total count and yeasts, respectively. However, no microbial growth (<10 cfu/g) was observed after applying 483 or 552 MPa at any time. The addition of AA and the standardization at pH 3.5 reduced the rate of browning during storage.     

超高压处理诸因素对辣根过氧化物酶活力的影响

目的:研究超高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活力的影响。方法:实验压力为0.1～500MPa,温度为20～60℃,保压时间为5～30min,酶溶液pH7.0。结果:①在常压常温条件下,在酶溶液为pH7.0时酶活力最大,为其最适酸碱度。②在处理温度为40℃、保压时间为10min和酶溶液pH7.0的条件下,压力对酶活力有显著影响;在100MPa附近的低压处理时,酶活力会反常升高;大于400MPa处理时,酶活力下降趋势缓慢。③在处理压力为500MPa、保压时间为10min、酶溶液pH7.0条件下,在40℃以下的温度范围内,酶的活力下降趋势缓慢;40℃以后,酶活力随温度升高下降迅速。④在500MPa、40℃、pH值为7.0的条件下,保压25min辣根过氧化物酶的残留活力接近最低水平,进一步延长保压时间对酶的活力影响甚微;保压时间不是影响酶活力的主要因素。结论:超高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活力影响显著;压力、温度和保压时间对酶活力均产生较大影响。     

High Pressure and Temperature Effects on Enzyme Inactivation in Strawberry and Orange Products

High hydrostatic pressure treatment (50-400 MPa) combined with heat treatment (20–60°C) effects on peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) activities of fruit-derived products were studied. Assays were carried out on fresh orange juice and strawberry puree. Pressurization/depressurization treatments caused a significant loss of strawberry PPO (60%) up to 250 MPa and POD activity (25%) up to 230 MPa, while some activation was observed for treatments carried out in 250–400 MPa range for both enzymes. Optimal inactivation of POD was using 230 Mpa and 43°C in strawberry puree. Combinations of high pressure and temperature effectively reduced POD activity in orange juice (50%) to 35°C. The effects of high pressure and temperature on PME activity in orange juice were very similar to those for POD.     

Effect of Nonthermal Treatment on the Molecular Properties of Mushroom Polyphenoloxidase

To elucidate the mechanism of inactivation of mushroom polyphenoloxidase (PPO) by nonthermal treatment, PPO solutions were irradiated up to 10 kGy or pressurized at 600 MPa and 800 MPa, respectively. PPO activities were significantly affected by γ irradiation, and treatment at 5 kGy decreased the activity by 93%. Treatment of PPO at 600 MPa decreased the activity slightly, yet 10 and 20 min treatments at 800 MPa decreased the activities by 28% and 43%, respectively. Circular dichroism study showed that nonthermal treatment altered the ellipticity values in the range of 210 and 225 nm, resulting in decrease of the ordered structure. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that nonthermal treatment quenched the emission intensity.     

超高压对脂肪酶活性及构象的影响

研究了压力、保压时间、pH值等对脂肪酶活性的影响,并且通过圆二色光谱和内源荧光光谱研究了脂肪酶的构象变化。结果表明,经过70℃、pH 7.5、压力200 MPa、保压时间15 min的处理后,脂肪酶的酶活力比常压对照提高了32%;200 MPa下,随着保压时间延长,脂肪酶活性较稳定,相对酶活性均保持在120%以上;最适pH增加了0.5个单位。光谱分析显示,高压处理后,脂肪酶二级结构中α-螺旋含量明显升高,β-折叠含量降低,内源荧光中的色氨酸特征峰的荧光强度增强10%～20%。     

Response Surface Optimization of Process Parameters and Fuzzy Analysis of Sensory Data of High Pressure–Temperature Treated Pineapple Puree

The high‐pressure processing conditions were optimized for pineapple puree within the domain of 400‐600 MPa, 40‐60 °C, and 10‐20 min using the response surface methodology (RSM). The target was to maximize the inactivation of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) along with a minimal loss in beneficial bromelain (BRM) activity, ascorbic acid (AA) content, antioxidant capacity, and color in the sample. The optimum condition was 600 MPa, 50 °C, and 13 min, having the highest desirability of 0.604, which resulted in 44% PPO and 47% BRM activities. However, 93% antioxidant activity and 85% AA were retained in optimized sample with a total color change (?E*) value less than 2.5. A 10‐fold reduction in PPO activity was obtained at 600 MPa/70 °C/20 min; however, the thermal degradation of nutrients was severe at this condition. Fuzzy mathematical approach confirmed that sensory acceptance of the optimized sample was close to the fresh sample; whereas, the thermally pasteurized sample (treated at 0.1 MPa, 95 °C for 12 min) had the least sensory score as compared to others.     

Activation and conformational changes of mushroom polyphenoloxidase by high pressure microfluidization treatment

Activation and conformational changes of mushroom polyphenoloxidase (PPO) after high pressure microfluidization treatment were observed by means of UV spectrophotometer, far-UV circular dichroism, fluorescence emission spectra, UV absorption spectra and sulphydryl groups detection. The results indicated that, treated under pressures of 90 MPa, 110 MPa, 130 MPa and 150 MPa one pass, and 150 MPa 1, 2 and 3 passes, respectively, mushroom PPO exhibited an increase in activity. The circular dichroism (CD) analysis demonstrated that some of secondary structures such as α-helix were destroyed. There were some indices that the increase of relative activity was accompanied by a decrease in α-helix content. The fluorescence emission spectra analysis indicated that Trp and Tyr residues in mushroom PPO were more or less exposed to solvent, and the result was in good agreement with that of UV absorption spectra analysis. The sulphydryl groups detection showed that the sulphydryl groups content on the surface of mushroom PPO was increased.Industrial relevanceResults of the present study show that high pressure microfluidization can not be used to inactivate mushroom PPO. However, it provides a new way for enzyme preparation, such as enzyme modification, with higher activity. High pressure microfluidization can be easily operated, with shorter treatment time and higher food safety compared with chemical methods.