材料力学参量对焊后超声冲击处理应力应变影响的有限元模拟

为了探究材料力学性能对超声冲击处理焊后应力应变的影响,采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了不同力学性能参数的超声冲击模型.分别讨论了弹性模量、泊松比以及静态屈服强度对超声冲击处理后材料应力应变的影响,旨在探讨超声冲击处理对不同力学性能材料的应力应变强化程度.结果表明,材料的弹性模量、泊松比以及静态屈服强度都会影响超声冲击处理的应力应变;且冲击处x方向应力随着材料的弹性模量、泊松比以及静态屈服强度的增加而增大;而等效塑性应变会随着弹性模量和静态屈服强度的增加而变小,随着泊松比的增加而增大;泊松比对等效塑性应变影响大于x方向应力的影响.     

纯铝等径角挤扭新工艺变形

等径角挤扭(ECAPT)是结合等径角挤压(ECAP)和挤扭(TE)两种典型的大塑性变形(SPD)工艺而产生的一种新型细晶材料制备技术。利用刚塑性有限元技术对纯铝1100ECAPT工艺变形特征进行模拟研究,获得了等效应变和等效应力的大小及分布规律,分析了挤压载荷随变形时间的变化规律及其对试样变形的影响。结果显示,在模具拐角和螺旋通道处,等效应变得到有效积累,最终呈层状分布,且相对较为均匀,应变分布均匀性也得到一定改善,等效应力在上述两处区域达到最大。采用纯铝进行室温3道次ECAPT实验,测量试样显微组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性;晶粒得到了明显细化,屈服强度、抗拉强度与显微硬度等力学性能得到明显提高,但试样塑性略有降低。     

不同应变速率下BGA焊球剪切断裂试验与模拟分析

研究了BGA封装Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊球经115℃时效后,焊球/铜界面IMC的形貌和组织变化,同时对BGA焊球在两种不同应变速率条件下的抗剪强度进行了分析,并运用ANSYS12.0软件对其过程进行2-D非线性有限元模拟.试验结果表明,随着时效时间的延长,界面形貌由时效前的树枝状变成连续平坦的层状、界面IMC不断增厚,且焊球的抗剪强度随着时效时间的增加而不断降低;应变速率越高,抗剪强度越高.模拟结果表明,应变速率越高,焊球经受的抗剪强度越大,Von Mises应力越大,等效塑性应变越小,塑性应变能密度越大.     

膜致应力对应力腐蚀裂尖力学特性的影响

氧化膜破裂理论是目前定量预测核电高温水环境中镍基合金应力腐蚀开裂速率应用最为广泛的理论模型之一,其中应力强度因子是衡量应力腐蚀开裂速率的重要参量。为进一步了解氧化膜破裂机理及裂纹扩展驱动力特性,提出了膜致应力强度因子。为了深入了解膜致应力强度因子在 EAC 裂纹扩展过程中裂尖的力学状况,在不考虑外载的情况下,从理论和数值模拟两方面分析研究了EAC 裂尖基体金属区域的应力应变分布状态,得出了膜致应力强度因子对裂尖Mises应力、等效塑性应变、拉伸应力、拉伸应变及拉伸应变梯度的影响规律,为提高定量预测高温高压水环境中镍基合金及不锈钢 EAC 扩展速率精度奠定基础,进而完善了氧化膜破裂机理。     

异步轧制AZ31镁合金板带的研究

通过DEFORM有限元软件模拟和实验,研究了对称轧制、同径异速与异径同速三种轧制工艺对AZ31镁合金轧制的影响,并对AZ31镁合金的边裂、等效应力、等效应变和等效应变速率进行了分析。结果表明:两种异步轧制工艺均有利于降低AZ31镁合金的轧制力和边裂;同步轧制时板材的等效应力、等效应变和等效应变速率在厚度方向上呈对称分布,而异步轧制则为不对称分布;两种异步轧制工艺对板材的等效应力、等效应变和等效应变速率也有较为明显的影响。     

锐角模具通道等径角挤压有限元分析

采用有限元模拟研究了1100Al锐角模具通道(φ=60°)等径角挤压时的坯料流动、等效应变、挤压应力以及速度分布.与φ=90°模具等径角挤压坯料相比,锐角模具通道等径角挤压可以在坯料内产生更大的等效应变,有助于提高挤压的效率;但挤压过程中在两通道相交外侧尖角处出现死区,由于死区的影响,坯料横截面上等效应变分布不均匀,挤出坯料下表面区域等效应变明显高于其他区域,同时,由于挤压应力明显上升,对挤压设备以及工模具提出更高的要求.因此,锐角模具通道等径角挤压比较适合于塑性较好、强度较低的材料.     

单作用叶片泵叶片-定子运动副承载机制及强度分析

单作用叶片泵中叶片定子运动副运动形式复杂,受周期性载荷作用,易因强度不够而产生叶片折断或定子表面擦伤,是制约叶片泵性能提升的关键因素。根据单作用叶片泵叶片定子运动副工作特点,分析该运动副在整个转动周期中的力学承载机制;运用ANSYS软件开展有限元接触力学强度分析,计算叶片及定子接触应力及应变分布。强度分析表明:定子环和叶片内部等效应力均存在一定程度的波动,定子环上最大等效应力发生在两端面上,叶片最大应力集中在叶片顶部和与转子接触部位,但叶片应力明显低于定子上应力。因此在设计时可增大叶顶弧度,减小应力集中。研究工作为高性能叶片泵分析与设计提供一定的理论基础。     

T形接头承载角焊缝根部裂纹扩展角度

针对Q355B低合金钢T形接头承载角焊缝根部疲劳失效的扩展路径问题,提出了一种基于受力分析计算的等效应力强度因子法(KEQ法)预测根部裂纹的扩展角度. 经有限元模拟验证,其求解应力强度因子的最大误差小于5%. 与基于有限元分析计算的最大周向应力法(MCS法)和有效结构应力法(ETS法)相比较,并结合3种不同应力水平下弯曲疲劳试验结果发现,基于等效应力强度因子法、最大周向应力法与有效结构应力法求解的裂纹扩展角度分别为25.6°,25.9°和32.2°,相较于实际疲劳试验的根部裂纹扩展角度24°,误差分别为6.67%,7.92%和34.17%. 结果表明,基于KEQ法求解裂纹扩展角度准确度最高,更适于预测承受弯曲疲劳载荷下T形接头角焊缝根部裂纹的扩展角度.     

玻璃/铝七层静电键合接头残余应力应变数值模拟

利用有限元分析软件MARC,对冷却后的七层玻璃/铝静电键合试件进行数值模拟分析,获得了七层静电键舍冷却试件内残余应力应变分布.模拟结果表明,玻璃/铝键合试件冷却后,由于试件各处的冷却收缩量不同,试件冷却后内部存在残余应力应变,试件发生翘曲.等效应力分布规律表明,过渡层内的等效应力最大,铝层两侧过渡层和玻璃层内的等效应力分布关于铝层呈对称分布;铝层内的等效应力值达到了屈服强度,表明铝层发生了塑性变形,所以,铝层内的等效应变最大.     

基于Simufact变薄拉伸锡青铜滑动轴承的应力应变分析

在相同减薄率下,基于Simufact软件对QSn7-0.2锡青铜滑动轴承(同一毛坯)分别进行1次变薄拉伸成形与3次连续变薄拉伸成形的数值模拟,以变薄拉伸后滑动轴承成形件沿壁厚方向的等效塑性应变与等效应力为评价指标,选取最佳成形工艺。结果发现,3次连续变薄拉伸的等效塑性应变与等效应力皆大于1次变薄拉伸;且1次变薄拉伸在壁厚方向上的应力、应变变化较小;沿壁厚方向由外至内,变薄拉伸的等效塑性应变呈逐渐减小的趋势,等效应力则是先减小后增大。     

Springback prediction of TWIP automotive sheets

In an effort to reduce the weight of vehicles, automotive companies are replacing conventional steel parts with light weight alloys and/or with advanced high strength steels (AHSS) such as dual-phase (DP), twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. The main objective of this work is to experimentally and numerically evaluate the macro-performance of the automotive TWIP sheet in conjunction with springback. In order to characterize the mechanical properties, simple tension and tension-compression tests were performed to determine anisotropic properties, as well as the Bauschinger, transient, and permanent softening behaviors during reverse loading. For numerical simulations, the anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2d was utilized along with the combined isotropic-kinematic hardening law based on the modified Chaboche model. Springback verification was performed for the unconstrained cylindrical bending and 2D draw bending tests.     

Flow stress evaluation of zinc copper and carbon steel tubes by hydraulic bulge tests considering their anisotropy

The object of this paper is to evaluate the stress–strain characteristics of annealed C26800 zinc copper tubes and AISI 1215 carbon steel tubes considering their anisotropic effects by hydraulic bulge tests and tensile tests. In this analytical model, Hill's orthogonal anisotropic theory was adopted for deriving the effective stresses and effective strains under a biaxial stress state. The tube thickness at the pole, bulge height and the internal forming pressure were measured simultaneously during the bulge tests. The effective stress–effective strain relations could be determined by those measured values and this analytical model. The flow stress curves of C26800 copper and AISI 1215 carbon steel tubes obtained by this approach were compared with those obtained by the tensile test with consideration of material's anisotropy. The finite element method was also adopted to conduct the simulations of hydraulic bulge forming with the flow stress curves obtained by the bulge tests and tensile tests. The analytical forming pressures versus bulge heights were compared with the experimental results to validate the flow stress modeling proposed in this paper.     

Failure Analysis of Warm Stamping of Magnesium Alloy Sheet Based on an Anisotropic Damage Model

Based on the frame work of continuum damage mechanics, a research work of anisotropic damage evolution in warm stamping process of magnesium alloy sheets has been carried out by means of a combined experimental-numerical method. The aim was to predict formability of warm stamping of AZ31 Mg alloy sheets by taking the thermal and damage effects into account. In the presented work, a temperature-dependent anisotropic yield function suitable for cold rolling sheet metals together with an anisotropic damage model was implemented into the a VUMAT subroutine for ABAQUS/EXPLICIT. The evolution of internal damage in the form of void growth and coalescence in AZ31 Mg alloy sheet was observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, a coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of the stamping process was performed using the implemented code at different temperatures. The parameters employed in the simulation were determined by the standard tensile tests and algebraic manipulation. The overall anisotropic damage process from crack initiation to final propagation in local area of blank was simulated. Numerical results show that the prediction of the site of crack initiation and the orientation of crack propagation are consistent with the data observed in warm stamping experiments.     

Effect of anisotropic yield functions on the accuracy of hole expansion simulations

The deformation behavior of 780 MPa grade dual-phase steel sheet subjected to hole expansion is investigated both experimentally and analytically to clarify the effect of the material model (anisotropic yield function) on the predictive accuracy of finite element analysis of hole expansion. Biaxial tensile tests of the material were conducted; contours of plastic work and the directions of plastic strain rates are precisely measured and are in good agreement with those predicted from the Yld2000-2d yield function with an exponent of 4 ( [Barlat et al., 2003] and [Yoon et al., 2004]). Finite element and experimental analyses on the hole expansion of the material were conducted. The Yld2000-2d yield function with an exponent of 4 provides closer agreement with the experimental results than other yield functions. Consequently, the anisotropic yield functions significantly affect the predictive accuracy of the deformation behavior of the steel sheet subjected to hole expansion, and the biaxial tensile test is effective for identification of the appropriate anisotropic yield function to be used for hole expansion simulation.     

Anisotropic Deformation Behavior and Forming Limit of Hot-Rolled Al/Mg/Al Three-Layered Composite Sheets

JOM - The anisotropic deformation behavior and forming limit of hot-rolled Al/Mg/Al three-layered composite sheets have been investigated in detail. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on...     

Investigation of a model HTSC transformer with amorphous alloy cores

There are presented the main principles of development of HTSC transformer intended for the individual tests and for investigation within the electrodynamic model of a power network and within the independent electric power installation. The model single-phase transformer incorporates two concentric HTSC windings and circular cores of amorphous alloy and anisotropic steel tapes. It was tested in LN₂ medium and permits to evaluate the developed technological processes. Experimental investigations showed amorphous alloys display relatively low level of losses in the magnetic core as compared to anisotropic steel. The combination of epoxy impregnated fiber glass tapes and liquid nitrogen showed acceptable electrical properties of electrical insulation of HTSC windings. The critical current of the windings was close to the critical current of short samples of Bi-2223 tape.     

Ti－6Al－4V及Ti－10V－2Fe－3Al合金超塑性变形中各向异性研究

对Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ挤压管材和厚板以及Ｔｉ－１０Ｖ－２Ｆｅ－３Ａｌ合金板材进行了拉伸和压缩实验，以考察其超塑性变形中的各向异性。这些钛合金超塑变形中的各向异性主要体现在以下几个方面：（１）超塑拉伸或压缩中圆试样横截面变为椭圆形状；（２）由材料不同方向截取的试样在超塑拉伸或压缩中应力一应变速率关系不同；（３）横向试样超塑拉伸中试样表面凹凸不平并逐渐发展为多颈缩。这些各向异性表现，主要与材料原始显微组织及其在变形中的演变相关。本文并对已有的描述各向异性超塑变形的本构方程进行了修正。     

Ti－6Al－4V及Ti－10V－2Fe－3Al合金超塑性变形中各向异性研究

对Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ挤压管材和厚板以及Ｔｉ－１０Ｖ－２Ｆｅ－３Ａｌ合金板材进行了拉伸和压缩实验，以考察其超塑性变形中的各向异性。这些钛合金超塑变形中的各向异性主要体现在以下几个方面：（１）超塑拉伸或压缩中圆试样横截面变为椭圆形状；（２）由材料不同方向截取的试样在超塑拉伸或压缩中应力一应变速率关系不同；（３）横向试样超塑拉伸中试样表面凹凸不平并逐渐发展为多颈缩。这些各向异性表现，主要与材料原始显微组织及其在变形中的演变相关。本文并对已有的描述各向异性超塑变形的本构方程进行了修正。     

Anisotropic plasticity model coupled with strain dependent plastic strain and stress ratios

It is necessary to describe properly anisotropic material behavior for realistic numerical analyses of sheet metal forming processes. The implementation of many yield criteria in finite element analysis is very complicated. Various material tests are also required to determine yield function coefficients. Stress ratios and anisotropy coefficients are not constant during forming processes due to deformation induced anisotropy. This paper introduces a yield function using strain dependent plastic strain ratios and stress ratios. The main advantage is to fully utilize the data of uniaxial tensile tests. The described material behavior shows a significantly improved agreement with experimental data.     

An anisotropic stress based criterion to predict the formability and the fracture mechanism of textured zinc sheets

The Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) of a textured zinc sheet has been identified via tensile and bulge tests. The strong anisotropy of the sheet is reflected in the tensile tests, and even more strikingly in the formability measured from the bulge tests. The dependence of the FLD on the orientation of the sheet is unusual, and is shown to be well captured by an anisotropic stress based criterion. The criterion is also able to predict the observed cracks orientations.