不同水深海上风力机塔架地震动力响应研究

开发了风力机地震仿真平台SAF(Seismic Analysis Framework),以DTU 10 MW海上风力机为研究对象,建立其地震激励下的动力仿真模型,分析4种水深(20～50 m)时20组不同强度地震、额定风速湍流风与波浪流联合作用下风力机塔架动力响应。研究表明:地震作用对横向塔顶位移及横向平面内的塔基弯矩影响较大,来流方向塔顶位移及来流平面内的塔基弯矩主要受湍流风影响;在存在地震激励时,塔架不同高度处位移、剪切力及弯矩响应均大于湍流风与波浪流作用时;地震强度较弱时,不同水深处风力机塔顶位移与弯矩差距较小,但塔基弯矩随着水深的增大而增大;地震强度较大时,水深对风力机塔顶位移与塔基弯矩影响很大,相同地震强度的响应深水大于浅水。     

基于混沌理论的海上风力机锥体结构抗冰研究

为分析在风载-冰载联合作用下海上风力机塔架动力响应非线性特性,以多体动力学仿真开源软件FAST为平台,建立冰-构耦合模型,通过自编程序开发风力机海冰碰撞模块,计算NREL 5 MW风力机在安装不同锥体角度的锥体结构及未安装锥体时受海冰激励作用下的塔顶振动特性,并基于混沌理论,采用相图法及最大Lyapunov指数法从定性与定量两个角度研究了塔顶振动信号的非线性特征。结果表明:未安装锥体及70°锥体结构时,塔顶振动具有明显的混沌特征,最大Lyapunov指数大于零,表现出非周期性的非平稳特征;随着锥体角度的降低,混沌特性减弱并消失,当锥角为40°与50°时,最大Lyapunov指数小于零,混沌特性消失,该结果与塔顶位移时域分析结果相吻合,表明锥体结构能有效减弱塔顶振动,增加风力机稳定性。     

异步冰载荷作用下风力机动力学响应分析

为研究与结构接触表面不平整浮冰导致的冰激振动对风力机影响,建立风力机Kane多体动力学模型,采用异步Matlock模型模拟冰激振动,由Kaimal风速谱、指数风廓线模型和空间相干模型模拟来流风场,结合叶素动力学计算风力机非定常气动载荷,分析湍流风载荷和异步冰激振动模型作用下塔架动力学响应。研究结果表明：异步Matlock模型冰载荷峰值低于同步模型;塔顶前后位移受冰激振动影响较侧向更为显著,幅值和标准差均大幅提高;冰激振动导致塔顶前后位置破碎频率及其靠近叶片2阶挥舞频率倍频处幅值大幅提高,且异步Matlock增幅小于同步模型;异步Matlock模型对塔顶侧向位移影响较小。     

不同海况下近海超大型风力机动力学响应及结构损伤分析

以超大型DTU 10 MW单桩式近海风力机为研究对象,通过p-y曲线和非线性弹簧建立桩-土耦合模型,选取Kaimal风谱模型建立湍流风场,基于P-M谱定义不同频率波浪分布,并利用辐射/绕射理论计算波浪载荷,采用有限元方法对不同海况下单桩式风力机进行动力学响应、疲劳及屈曲分析。结果表明：不同海况波浪载荷作用下塔顶位移响应及等效应力峰值远小于风及风浪联合作用,其中风浪联合作用下风力机塔顶位移响应及等效应力略小于风载荷;波浪载荷对风载荷引起的单桩式风力机动力学响应具有一定抑制作用,此外相较于波浪载荷,风载荷为控制载荷;风载荷与风浪联合作用下风力机等效应力峰值位于塔顶与机舱连接处,波浪载荷风力机等效应力峰值位于支撑结构与桩基连接处;仅以风载荷预估风力机塔架疲劳寿命将导致预估不足;随着波浪载荷的增大,风力机失稳风险加大,波浪载荷不可忽略;不同海况下,风浪联合作用局部屈曲区域位于塔架中下端,在风力机抗风浪设计时,应重点关注此处;变桨效应可大幅降低风力机动力学响应、疲劳损伤及发生屈曲的风险。     

风电机组钢塔架与钢-混凝土组合塔架动力响应对比分析

采用FAST软件对同一风场、2 MW风电机组的纯钢塔架和钢-混凝土组合塔架进行正常运行工况和急停工况的动力响应分析。结果表明：两种工况下，纯钢塔架塔顶位移响应均大于钢混塔架；在正常运行工况下，两类塔架塔顶处加速度响应受3倍、6倍风轮转速对应的频率影响较大，且纯钢塔架受二阶振型影响明显；急停工况下，塔架振动加剧，纯钢塔架相比于钢混塔架更加敏感，两种塔架前后振动方向加速度响应主要受塔架一阶振型影响，而侧向振动方向加速度响应受塔架二阶振型影响明显。     

地震及湍流风联合作用下的大型海上风力机结构动力学响应

为研究DTU 10MW近海桩柱式风力机塔架在地震激励下的动力学响应,基于p-y曲线法建立单桩基础与土壤的耦合模型,通过有限元软件ANSYS建立风力机塔架的有限元模型,分析不同速度湍流风和不同强度地震时塔架的瞬态动力学响应。结果表明:仅风载荷作用时,额定风速作用下塔架动力学响应明显高于切出风速;地震与风联合作用时,塔顶位移动态响应剧烈,但无明显规律;塔架加速度响应最大值位置约为四分之三塔高处,塔顶剪应力响应与地震持续时间有关。     

海冰载荷作用下海上风力机TMD减振研究

为保证桩柱式海上风力机塔架结构稳定和系统运行安全,提出安装于机舱内的调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD),以减弱海冰与湍流风联合作用环境下的风力机振动。基于多体动力学开源仿真软件(FAST),通过计算并分析NREL 5 MW海上风力机风-冰联合作用下塔顶振动特性,发现TMD控制对前后向的塔顶位移及塔基剪切力影响较小,但可以有效降低侧向的塔顶位移及塔基剪切力,降低幅度分别达39%与52%。同时,塔架一阶固有频率处的响应降低64%与90%,说明TMD装置能有效减弱风力机振动,保护风力机安全。     

伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震响应影响

为研究伺服系统对10 MW单桩式近海风力机地震动力特性的影响,以DTU 10 MW风力机为原型,建立考虑伺服系统的单桩式近海风力机模型,通过p-y曲线法构建分布式弹簧土-构耦合模型,并基于中国实测地震数据和风力机实际运行环境构建湍流风-波浪-地震伺服系统多物理场计算平台,研究其在不同状态下的动力特性。结果表明：无地震载荷作用时,当平均风速大于额定风速,风力机变桨伺服系统有效缓解了塔顶振动,并减弱了气动载荷对塔基弯矩的影响;地震载荷使风力机塔顶位移明显增加,平均增加71.66%,变桨伺服系统对塔顶位移的作用效果被削弱,使发电机转速发生更剧烈波动;地震及波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响很大,风浪震作用较仅湍流风载荷作用下风力机塔基弯矩最大值平均增加131.24%,不能忽略波浪载荷对塔基弯矩的影响。     

不同海况及伺服系统作用下10 MW单桩式风力机地震易损性研究

为探究不同海况及伺服系统下单桩式近海风力机的地震易损性,以DTU 10 MW风力机为研究对象,建立风浪相关的地震-湍流风-波浪多物理场模型,研究其在变速变桨伺服系统下的动力特性,基于增量动力分析方法评估其地震易损性。结果表明：变速变桨伺服系统可有效缓解风力机高风速下无地震作用时的塔顶振动;当风轮在大推力下,较小的波浪载荷一定程度上可降低风力机塔顶振动及塔底弯矩;随地震动强度增加,风力机各临界损伤状态失效概率逐渐增加;风力机地震易损性主要由地震动强度决定,波浪载荷与湍流风载荷对风力机地震易损性影响较小。     

海冰载荷作用下风力机抗冰锥体减载研究

提出了锥体抗冰结构来降低海冰对风力机结构的影响。以NREL 5 MW近海三叶片水平轴风力机为研究对象,基于Ralston算法建立冰载荷模型,采用开源多体动力学软件FAST计算塔架结构动力学响应,研究了不同锥角抗冰结构下塔顶位移和塔架载荷特性。结果表明:锥体结构能有效地缓解由海冰造成的危害,塔架剪切力、海冰载荷及塔顶位移随锥角的降低而减小,锥角由70°降至40°,海冰载荷降低55%~98%;安装锥体前后,塔架剪切力减小28.7%~58.9%,塔顶位移最多减小46%。     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic wind estimation based control for small wind turbines

We introduce a novel scheme for small wind turbines that gives dynamic estimation of wind speed from rotor angular velocity measurements. The estimation proceeds in two different dynamic observers, one giving a valid estimate for higher Tip Speed Ratios (TSRs) and which we call the Upper Wind Estimator (UWE) and the other called the Lower Wind Estimator (LWE) valid for lower TSRs. The meaning of “higher” and “lower”, and the precise regions of validity, are quantified. We further propose a coordinated control scheme using the UWE. Simulations are presented showing closed-loop performance of the turbine and the estimators both in the optimal TSR regulation condition, and the dynamic power-shedding condition caused by a wind gust. An analytic analysis of closed-loop stability and of the convergence and bias properties of the estimator is provided. Empirical data showing performance on a real turbine is also presented.     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

某风电场风力发电机组故障诊断

为了准确判断风电机组的运行状态及故障,提出了基于常规分析—振动幅值分析—波形频谱分析的故障诊断流程,阐述了针对风电机组的幅值分析方法和波形频谱分析方法,并通过对某机组异响的根源探究实例,准确地诊断出机组异响来源于齿轮箱太阳轮,可为风电机组故障诊断技术提供依据。     

适用于特殊风区的风电机组塔架的再设计

由于IECⅠ级机型性能不能满足超Ⅰ类风区的要求,因此以IECⅠ级机型塔架的结构为基础,对其进行了再设计,并利用有限元方法,对再设计后的塔架的静强度、模态、稳定性进行了分析。分析结果表明:再设计后的塔架的强度、固有频率和刚度均满足要求;以满足强度、频率特性和刚度为约束条件,以减轻重量、降低成本为目标的塔架的再设计是可靠的。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

Characterization of wind speed data according to wind direction

Knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions is important when choosing wind turbines and when locating them. For this reason wind evaluation and characterization are important when forecasting output power. The data used here were collected from eleven meteorological stations distributed in Navarre, Spain. We obtained data for the period extending from 1992 to 1995, with each datum encompassing 10 minutes of time. Wind speed data of each station were gathered in eight directional sectors, each one extended over 45 degrees according to the direction from which the wind blows. The stations were grouped in two blocks: those under the influence of the Ebro valley and those in mountainous areas. For each group the Weibull parameters were estimated, (according to the Weibull probability paper because the Weibull distribution gives the best fit in this region). Kurtosis and skewness coefficients were estimated as well. The Weibull parameters, especially the scale parameter c, depend strongly on the direction considered, and both Weibull parameters show an increasing trend as the direction considered moves to the more dominant direction, while both kurtosis and skewness show a corresponding decreasing trend.     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.