Influences of urban forms on traffic-induced noise and air pollution: Results from a modelling system

Based on the work of Jensen [Jensen, S.S., 1998. Mapping human exposure to traffic air pollution using GIS. Journal of Hazardous Materials 61(1–3), 385–392; Jensen, S.S., 1999. A geographic approach to modelling human exposure to traffic air pollution using GIS. Ph.D. Thesis. National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde], a prototype system for modelling noise and air pollution is developed for the Macao Peninsula. The system integrates a road traffic noise model, an operational air pollution model, digital maps, an urban landscape model and a Geographic Information System (GIS). Compared with mesoscale model systems with input/output resolution in kilometres, the present one has a higher spatial resolution down to individual buildings along both sides of the street. Applying the developed model system, a preliminary study investigates the ways that four urban forms existing nowadays on the Macao Peninsula influence vehicle transport and street environment. This paper shows that the urban forms in historical areas with narrower roads, complex road networks and a higher density of intersections lead to lower traffic volumes and thus lower noise pollution. However, the greater street canyon effects in these historical urban areas lead to higher carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations.     

A GIS based component-oriented integrated system for estimation, visualization and analysis of road traffic air pollution

Road traffic is a dominant source of air pollution. Therefore it is necessary to provide decision-makers with up-to-date emission information in an easily understandable form. To achieve this goal we have integrated existing emission calculation software with a graphical user interface, which includes a GIS (geographical information system) component. The paper first gives a summary of the basic road traffic emission model and then focuses on the design and implementation of the computer application with the emphasis on the used component and GIS technology. The integrated emission evaluation system offers entirely new ways of using the emission model and gives additional visualization and analysis possibilities.     

针对声屏障的轨道交通的降噪研究

该文针对目前轨道交通中普遍使用的声屏障的降噪方案,提出了在轻轨轨道间增加双面吸声声屏障的新方案,以此来达到进一步降噪的目的。运用边界元方法,建立轨道声屏障降噪的边界元分析模型,利用边界元仿真软件SYSNOISE得到仿真结果,在此基础上预测声屏障的降噪效果。并研究分析了声屏障高度对降噪性能的影响,通过对比不同高度的降噪性能,得到最佳声屏障高度。最终通过对两种方案的降噪结果的对比,说明新的方案具有更好的降噪效果。     

基于GIS 的高架道路交通噪声环评可视化

针对基于地理信息系统(GIS)的评价区域交通噪声环评可视化问题,引入了基于切 割单元法的评价区域网格生成算法,分别提出了基于道路中心线段集的评价区域边界生成方法 和基于声照区的网格自适应加密与稀疏算法,实现了复杂评价区域内非结构化网格的生成。在 此基础上提出了适应于区域计算的等效声级计算模型,实现了环评计算结果的可视化显示。通 过一个高架高速公路的实例,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性。     

城市交通噪声环境承载力分析模型及算法

以城市噪声环境容量为约束条件计算城市区域路网最大交通承载力。分析模型是一个双层优化问题,其中上层是噪声环境容量约束下的最大路网交通流量模型;下层是道路网上的用户均衡分配模型。应用遗传算法进行求解,仿真示例表明该模型和算法是可行的、有效的,可以为城市交通可持续发展的规划和需求管理提供依据。     

RFID，GPS和GIS技术集成在交通智能监管系统中的应用研究*

为实现在城市复杂路网情况下对交通车辆的实时监控,并且能通过一定数量的车辆运行状态来判断道路交通的拥挤状况,采用射频识别技术(RFID)对道路上运行的车辆进行动态识别和数据信息交换;依靠全球定位系统(GPS)技术实时获得目标车辆的位置信息,并通过地理信息系统(GIS)将车辆的运行状况以及路网的交通状况以电子地图形式实时地展现给用户。将GPS、GIS与RFID技术综合应用于城市道路交通管理系统中,在此基础上设计出道路交通车辆的全程监控模型和系统框架。对交通监管的信息化建设具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于交通管理GIS的道路模型研究与实现

道路模型是城市地理信息系统的基础,在系统设计中既要考虑数据的组织和存储方式,又要顾及到其视觉效果.以交警地理信息系统为背景,以对路网要素标识的惟一性和道路模型的视觉效果为切入点,提出了一个多层复合道路模型.该模型通过运用基于地理位置的编码规则对路网要素的编码确保了对路网要素的惟一标识,通过引入参数化的道沿过渡线和绘制路面标线的方法提高了道路模型的视觉效果.实践证明,该道路模型能够较好地满足交通管理系统的应用需求.     

警用GIS中三维时序处理技术的设计与实现

提出了一种时序处理技术,用以控制场景中物体的运动轨迹,顺序,时间的.它是轨道交通警用地理信息系统的关键技术之一.根据用户定义的关键节点和时间,创建时序类.在播放时序动作时,调用时序类的相关方法实时计算时序定义的运动路径上的各个点.建立一个控制类,控制协调所有时序的计算处理.由此可以控制物体在各自定义的路径上运动.     

基于最短路径查询的城市公交网络拓扑建模研究

最短路径分析是地理信息系统（GIS）中网络分析的一项重要功能，等价于图论中的节点间求解最短路径问题。对地理网络进行地理分析和建模，以实现最短路径搜索已经有大量论文讨论。但是专门针对城市公交网络的建模和路径寻优，则少鲜有研究，而且已有的一些网络模型也不能直接应用到公交网络寻优中，本文应用图论理论，讨论公共交通网络的拓扑建模，实现公交网络最优路径的查询。     

Transforming GIS data into functional road models for large-scale traffic simulation

There exists a vast amount of geographic information system (GIS) data that model road networks around the world as polylines with attributes. In this form, the data are insufficient for applications such as simulation and 3D visualization-tools which will grow in power and demand as sensor data become more pervasive and as governments try to optimize their existing physical infrastructure. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for enhancing a road map from a GIS database to create a geometrically and topologically consistent 3D model to be used in real-time traffic simulation, interactive visualization of virtual worlds, and autonomous vehicle navigation. The resulting representation provides important road features for traffic simulations, including ramps, highways, overpasses, legal merge zones, and intersections with arbitrary states, and it is independent of the simulation methodologies. We test the 3D models of road networks generated by our algorithm on real-time traffic simulation using both macroscopic and microscopic techniques.     

基于OD的微观交通发车仿真系统设计*

在分析了微观交通发车的一般流程和方法及微观交通仿真系统需求的基础上,设计了基于OD矩阵的微观发车仿真系统结构,分别应用GIS的思路、Floyd-Warshall算法和函数变换法实现了仿真系统中交通网络模块、道路路径模块和发车模块的功能,并介绍了OD矩阵模块和车辆模块的实现思路。最后采用面向对象的程序设计方法生成了符合仿真需求的运动车辆,为微观交通仿真系统的实现奠定了基础。     

An analysis of landscape penetration by road infrastructure and traffic noise

The rapidly expanding road infrastructure and vehicular traffic worldwide has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the global biodiversity crisis. An important question for mitigating this effect concerns the quantification of the rate and extent of road-induced penetration of the landscape. However, such an assessment has been largely lacking, especially at the landscape level. The article introduces a GIS-based metric to measure the amount of space un-penetrated by roads and vehicular traffic at the landscape level: Effective Roadless Volume (ERV). ERV is based on measuring the shortest distance between any location and the nearest road and on quantifying the propagation of traffic noise over the landscape. ERV is illustrated by analyzing the rate and extent of human penetration on the landscape in Dakota County, one of the seven counties that make up the greater Twin Cities Metropolitan Region of Minnesota. The results indicate that by as early as 1937 the county had already consumed as much as 65% of its roadless space. Between 1937 and 2007, roadless space declined further by approximately 39% and 26% with and without traffic noise, respectively. The reduction in roadless space showed strong regional differences, with the highest reduction occurring in places where the rate of urban growth and vehicular traffic noise was the highest. The sensitivity of the approach to the size, shape, and spatial configuration of roads as well as to traffic noise suggests that the approach can serve as an important planning tool for reconciling conservation and development in a wide range of contexts.     

Development of an open-source road traffic noise model for exposure assessment

This paper describes the development of a model for assessing TRAffic Noise EXposure (TRANEX) in an open-source geographic information system. Instead of using proprietary software we developed our own model for two main reasons: 1) so that the treatment of source geometry, traffic information (flows/speeds/spatially varying diurnal traffic profiles) and receptors matched as closely as possible to that of the air pollution modelling being undertaken in the TRAFFIC project, and 2) to optimize model performance for practical reasons of needing to implement a noise model with detailed source geometry, over a large geographical area, to produce noise estimates at up to several million address locations, with limited computing resources. To evaluate TRANEX, noise estimates were compared with noise measurements made in the British cities of Leicester and Norwich. High correlation was seen between modelled and measured L_Aeq,1hr (Norwich: r = 0.85, p = .000; Leicester: r = 0.95, p = .000) with average model errors of 3.1 dB. TRANEX was used to estimate noise exposures (L_Aeq,1hr, L_Aeq,16hr, L_night) for the resident population of London (2003–2010). Results suggest that 1.03 million (12%) people are exposed to daytime road traffic noise levels ≥ 65 dB(A) and 1.63 million (19%) people are exposed to night-time road traffic noise levels ≥ 55 dB(A). Differences in noise levels between 2010 and 2003 were on average relatively small: 0.25 dB (standard deviation: 0.89) and 0.26 dB (standard deviation: 0.87) for L_Aeq,16hr and L_night.     

基于RS与GIS的城市道路网密度计算

为实时、准确、快速地评价城市道路网系统,提出基于RS与GIS的城市道路网密度计算方法.利用Erdas的RS影像处理功能收集城市道路网的实时数据,使用ArcGIS对有关数据进行处理,提取道路网密度计算所需信息,计算道路网密度.对某旅游城市道路网密度计算表明,该方法可以为城市道路网的规划与建设提供支持.     

计算机动态模拟方法在城市交通噪声监测中的应用

阐述城市道路交通噪声高污染区域的监测与模拟研究。实现基于微观交通仿真的交通噪声动态模拟方法,采用该方法对峡谷型道路十字交叉口和公交车站两类典型的城市道路交通噪声高污染区域进行了动态模拟,同时对这两类区域的交通噪声进行了实地监测。监测结果和模拟结果的对比表明：该方法对等效声级Leq和统计声级L10,L50和L90等的预测具有较高的准确性,对交通噪声实地监测的优化布点和区域噪声分析有较强的指导意义。     

基于GIS的机场噪声评价系统

为适应现代机场噪声评价与管理的需求,综合利用地理信息系统、数据库及面向对象编程等信息技术,并集成机场噪声评价和分析模型,研究开发了一套机场噪声评价系统。该系统通过方便快捷的界面操作,实现数据的采集、存储、计算、分析、表达与查询等功能。实验结果表明,该系统的应用能有效提高机场噪声评价与管理工作的效率和质量,为机场规划与噪声环境优化提供及时、准确的决策辅助信息。     

基于GIS 的区域环境噪声评价方法研究

噪声污染具有复杂的空间分布特征, 传统评价方法难以达到准确、直观的效果。以大学校园为例, 探讨了GIS 方法在区域环境噪声评价方面的应用。研究表明, GIS 方法是区域环境噪声评价理想的技术工具并具有良好的应用前景。将噪声模拟、与GIS 平台整体集成是改善区域环境噪声评价方法的重要途径。     

基于GIS路网的公交路线轨迹算法

为解决公交路线轨迹偏移路网以及在GIS路网信息缺失尤其是乡村道路情况下的公交轨迹描绘.论文首先通过深入分析公交车辆GPS数据,分别聚类出线路上下行轨迹点;其次,轨迹点清洗并排序;再次,结合GIS路网基础信息进行地图匹配;最后,根据改进的Dijkstra算法解决路网拓扑结构缺失情况下制作出公交路线轨迹.将该算法实施在A市35条公交线路上,线路匹配成功率为85%,未匹配成功线路由于样本缺失或者路网基础信息错误导致,可见该算法具有较好的准确率和实用性.     

约束规则下的城市线路变形

目的 针对现实中城市道路网的复杂性容易对人产生视觉干扰的缺点,提出一种规整道路的基于约束规则的自动布局变形算法。方法 将实际地图数据经过预处理得到将要布局的初始线路图,继而使用力导向算法将图中邻边的角度最大化,然后进行爬山算法迭代完成线路的方向限定。结果 通过实验结果及对比分析可知,在易读性、美观性、方便性和实用性这4个方面,平均有69.6%的用户觉得具有实际意义。同时与传统地图相比,在用户规划路径实验中,平均每组节省26.2%的时间。结论 本文基于约束规则的线路变形,缓解了城市线路复杂与人脑有限记忆力之间的矛盾,适用于城市公交与地铁换乘、快速定位、线路规划等,具有实际应用价值。     

Development of efficient and cost-effective distributed hydrological modeling tool MWEasyDHM based on open-source MapWindow GIS

Many regions are still threatened with frequent floods and water resource shortage problems in China. Consequently, the task of reproducing and predicting the hydrological process in watersheds is hard and unavoidable for reducing the risks of damage and loss. Thus, it is necessary to develop an efficient and cost-effective hydrological tool in China as many areas should be modeled. Currently, developed hydrological tools such as Mike SHE and ArcSWAT (soil and water assessment tool based on ArcGIS) show significant power in improving the precision of hydrological modeling in China by considering spatial variability both in land cover and in soil type. However, adopting developed commercial tools in such a large developing country comes at a high cost. Commercial modeling tools usually contain large numbers of formulas, complicated data formats, and many preprocessing or postprocessing steps that may make it difficult for the user to carry out simulation, thus lowering the efficiency of the modeling process. Besides, commercial hydrological models usually cannot be modified or improved to be suitable for some special hydrological conditions in China. Some other hydrological models are open source, but integrated into commercial GIS systems. Therefore, by integrating hydrological simulation code EasyDHM, a hydrological simulation tool named MWEasyDHM was developed based on open-source MapWindow GIS, the purpose of which is to establish the first open-source GIS-based distributed hydrological model tool in China by integrating modules of preprocessing, model computation, parameter estimation, result display, and analysis. MWEasyDHM provides users with a friendly manipulating MapWindow GIS interface, selectable multifunctional hydrological processing modules, and, more importantly, an efficient and cost-effective hydrological simulation tool. The general construction of MWEasyDHM consists of four major parts: (1) a general GIS module for hydrological analysis, (2) a preprocessing module for modeling inputs, (3) a model calibration module, and (4) a postprocessing module. The general GIS module for hydrological analysis is developed on the basis of totally open-source GIS software, MapWindow, which contains basic GIS functions. The preprocessing module is made up of three submodules including a DEM-based submodule for hydrological analysis, a submodule for default parameter calculation, and a submodule for the spatial interpolation of meteorological data. The calibration module contains parallel computation, real-time computation, and visualization. The postprocessing module includes model calibration and model results spatial visualization using tabular form and spatial grids. MWEasyDHM makes it possible for efficient modeling and calibration of EasyDHM, and promises further development of cost-effective applications in various watersheds.