生活垃圾填埋气中甲烷短期产生时空变化规律探究

采用自制垃圾填埋甲烷测量装置对衡阳某垃圾处理站临时堆放的处于发酵期的垃圾开展浓度测定试验,探究垃圾填埋气中甲烷在短期内产生的时空规律。结果表明：填埋场中甲烷浓度存在明显的气体分层现象,其浓度主要与纵向填埋深度呈正相关,与距填埋场边界的水平距离呈负相关;填埋初期,距离地表越近,同一水平方向甲烷浓度在不同区域变化较大,随着填埋时间的增长其浓度变化趋于稳定;填埋场内部温度与垃圾埋深和外界温度成线性相关,并且与垃圾埋深成反比,与外界温度成正比。     

非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中二氧化碳

采用非分散红外线气体法测定生活垃圾填埋气中的二氧化碳,介绍了填埋气监测井的设置及样品采集和测定方法,讨论了稀释倍数、配气方法和填埋气成分对测定的影响,经验证,方法准确度和精密度均符合要求。     

垃圾填埋场降解规律研究

对成都长安垃圾填埋场内1a、3 a、5 a、7 a、9 a的填埋垃圾的含水率、pH值、生物可降解物质(BDM)、有机质及有机碳等指标进行了监测分析.结果表明:填埋垃圾各指标在前3 a内变化较大,3 a以后变化则较为缓慢.根据垃圾有机质和BDM等指标预测该填埋场垃圾稳定化需25 a～27 a.     

城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分的测定

卫生填埋是我国现阶段最主要的城市生活垃圾处理方式,定量分析城市生活垃圾可生物降解有机质成分对于研究填埋垃圾的厌氧降解过程具有重要意义.通过一系列常规化学试验,利用抽提差重法、比色法及灼烧差重法,依次测定了垃圾中含水率,挥发分与灰分,脂肪类,易水解物与半纤维素,腐植酸,难水解物、不水解物与纤维素,木质素与固体残渣等成分,为入场垃圾可生化性评价及降解过程中固相成分变化的动态监测提供了一种简便快速的测定方法.     

城市生活垃圾处理现状分析及对策

通过对一些有代表性的城市生活垃圾处理现状及存在问题的分析，结合具体情况提出了城市生活垃圾处理的途径，为今后进行城市生活垃圾处理提供了参考。     

城市生活垃圾厌氧消化技术

随着我国经济的发展。城市生活垃圾污染越来越严重。本文阐述了城市生活垃圾生物处理技术以及其特点。着重分析说明了厌氧消化的原理以及处理生活垃圾的影响因素，最后介绍了几种国外常用的厌氧处理工艺。     

农村土壤利用城市生活垃圾施肥的调查研究

对城市生活垃圾和农村利用垃圾施肥及利用垃圾养殖蚯蚓的情况作了深入的调查研究.调查结果表明城市生活垃圾在一定条件下能为农业提供良好的有机肥料,改善农村土壤结构,提高土壤中多种肥分含量.根据本地城市生活垃圾特征和土地资源情况,堆肥和填埋相结合处理城市生活垃圾不失为符合山区实际的一种方法.     

城市垃圾的治理方法评述

介绍了城市生活垃圾的堆肥、填埋、焚烧、综合利用等治理方法的基本情况，并对其优缺点进行了评述。     

广州生活垃圾处理的思路与对策

简述了广州生活垃圾生成与处理的现状。指出了广州生活垃圾处理存在的主要问题,对广州市未来10 a—15 a生活垃圾产生量进行了预测。在对生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理成本进行比较的基础上,提出了广州生活垃圾处理的行动内容。     

生活垃圾填埋场空气中VOCs组成及年际变化

采用SUMMA罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法采集并分析了2006—2010年4、10月上海某生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明,共检测出34种VOCs化合物,以单环芳烃、甲基乙基酮、卤代脂肪烃为主,其中19种化合物属于美国环保局重点控制的空气中有害污染物;填埋区作业面是填埋堆体内部VOCs释放的重要途径之一,其中甲基乙基酮、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯对TVOCs质量浓度贡献率超过60%;生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中TVOCs质量浓度年季变化较稳定,但同年度内秋季浓度高于春季。     

The Emissions of Major Aromatic Voc as Landfill Gas from Urban Landfill Sites in Korea

In this study, concentrations of major aromatic VOCs were determined from landfill gas (LFG) at a total of five municipal landfill sites in Korea including Nan Ji (NJ), Woon Jung (WJ), Sam Poong (SP), Hoei Chun (HC), and No Hyung (NH). The concentration levels of those VOC were found to be significantly different, mainly as a function of such a parameter as landfill aging. The VOC concentrations measured from the unclosed landfill sites (e.g., WJ) were characterized by exceedingly high values above a few tens of ppm. However, the results of the abandoned site (e.g., SP) were about three orders of magnitude lower than the others so as to merely exceed the typical ambient concentration levels. It was most striking to find a systematic dominance of toluene over other aromatic VOC under most circumstances. The LFG flux values of all aromatic VOC and the four specific major ones (termed as BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) were also computed for each vent pipe from all study sites using their concentrations and the concurrently determined environmental parameters. The results, if calculated in terms of the average BTEX quantity emitted per vent pipe, showed that the magnitude of their emissions can vary substantially, with the values ranging from 0.05 (SP) to 49.2 kg yr⁻¹ (WJ in wintertime). The LFG flux values of aromatic VOC, when compared to the contribution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), were able to explain a constant, but minor, proportion of the LFG carbon budget.     

农村环境质量监测与评价指标体系研究

总结了农村环境质量监测与评价研究现状,提出了农村环境质量监测布点原则与方案,在此基础上构建了更具针对性、灵活性的农村环境质量监测与评价指标体系。     

新疆大型工业园总体规划环评指标体系的建立与验证

基于我国工业园指标体系研究现状,归纳、统一了2002—2021年学者提出的8类99个指标,在此基础上总结了规划环评指标体系建立面临的困难。以X工业园为研究案例,结合理论分析,确定其制约因素是水资源数量和环境空气质量,并将制约因素纳入指标集。针对干旱区和大型工业园两个特点,建立了新疆大型工业园总体规划环评指标体系,并对其中4项需要严格要求的特色指标进行了说明。     

Characterization of the Leachate in an Urban Landfill by Physicochemical Analysis and Solid Phase Microextraction-GC/MS

The aim of this study is to evaluate extensively the characterization and identification of major pollutant parameters by paying attention to the organic chemical pollution for unregulated dumping site leachate in Eskişehir/Turkey. The study that is first and only one research has been very important data related with before new sanitary landfill site in Eskişehir city. For this purpose, in this study leachate samples were collected in-situ at monthly interval for a period of 8 months. Firstly, thirty three physicochemical parameters were monitored. Secondly, SPME technique was used for identification of organic pollutants. Meteorological data were also recorded for the same sampling period to correlate meteorological data and physicochemical parameters. Mean values are used in the correlation analysis. Correlation is shown only for the relationship between air temperature and NO₃ ⁻. No correlation has been found between rain and leachate quality parameters since the amount of rain was very low during the sampling period. However, analysis results were generally decreased in winter season when each parameter and each sampling point are examined separately. According to correlation between every parameter, especially solid content and dissolved oxygen concentration of leachate is affecting to other parameters. Also, sodium and potassium are changing proportionally with same parameters (suspended solids, fixed solids, dissolved oxygen) and high correlation between chloride and heavy metal concentration is showing. The results were statistically evaluated by use of SPSS 10.0 program. Second part of the study, the leachate was extracted by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) technique and then analyzed. Of the methodologies tested in this study, the best one selected was based on 100 μ m polydimethylsiloxane coated fiber (PDMS), headspace with heating (Δ HS) sampling mode and an extraction time of 15 min. at a temperature of 50 ^o C. Thirty three organic compounds in leachate were identified by GC/MS.     

基于Hakanson潜在生态风险指数的某垃圾填埋场土壤重金属污染评价

将Hakanson提出的潜在生态风险指数法应用于垃圾填埋场及周边土壤重金属污染评价,扩充了评价因子,确定了各重金属的毒性系数及参比值。研究结果表明,评价区土壤中Hg的潜在生态风险较重,其后依次为Cd、As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Co、Cr、Mn和Zn。对污染场地的风险评估及生态修复有一定的指导意义。     

淮安市某垃圾填埋场重金属污染现状调查

对淮安市某垃圾填埋场土壤中13个采样点中典型重金属 Cr、Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Zn 的含量进行了调查,采用单因子污染指数、综合污染指数及 Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了土壤中典型重金属对其所在环境的污染程度,对周围环境造成的潜在生态风险影响。结果表明,研究区域内重金属含量均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618-1995）二级标准。主要的潜在生态风险因子为 As,潜在生态风险因子大小顺序为 As＞Hg＞Cd＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Zn。     

新的污染物环境危害评价指标——超标强度

污染物的危害程度不仅与超标率和超标倍数有关,而且与污染物超标持续时间有关。同样高的污染物浓度,如果其持续时间长短不同,其对环境的生态效应是不同的。为此,在充分分析超标率、超标倍数所存在缺陷的基础上,通过实例分析对比,以直观图解的方式提出了一套新的污染物环境危害评价指标体系——超标强度指标体系。超标强度指标体系中涉及的主要概念和指标有标准面积、超标面积、超标持续时间、超标强度和综合超标强度。在阐述了各指标的概念含义和计算方法后,以同一组监测数据为例,用超标率和超标倍数与超标强度指标进行了对比评价。结果表明,用超标强度及其指标体系可以科学、准确区分和评判超标率、超标倍数指标体系所不能区分和评判的真实存在的客观事实,而且非常精确地给出了污染物超标持续时间。超标强度指标所涵盖的内容比超标率和超标倍数更丰富,评价的结果更准确,所反映的生态环境质量状况更客观准确、科学真实。超标持续时间表明了污染物超标状态的持续时间。     

河流生态环境健康评价技术体系构建及应用

科学合理的河流生态环境健康评价体系不仅能够客观真实地反映河流的生态环境状况,还能为河流管理者提供决策依据,指明管理方向。基于国内外河流健康评价经验,构建了以水环境、水生态和水资源“三水”为系统层,包含水质、富营养化、水生生物、生境状况和水资源5个指标层的河流生态环境健康评价体系。将层次分析法和综合评估方法相结合,计算河流健康得分。以大运河(天津段)为例,评价结果显示,大运河(天津段)总体评价结果为中等水平。该评价体系考虑了多项影响河流生态功能的指标,能够客观真实地反映河流生态健康状况,同时能够为河流管理提供基础数据和决策依据。     

解读城考指标新要求,发挥城考工作新作用

通过解读"十一五"末期国家城考新指标,结合城考工作新形势,剖析当今新疆城市环境综合整治定量考核工作中存在的具体问题,提出新疆城市城考工作具有建议性的意见,为"十二五"期间新疆城市有的放失地推动城考工作提供依据.