ERCP在诊治活体肝移植胆道并发症中的应用

活体肝移植胆道并发症是一个未能完全解决的难题,作为非手术治疗的主流形式,诊断和治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)技术已越来越多地应用于此类并发症的诊治。活体肝移植因使用的受肝类型不同,重建的胆管更细更靠近末梢胆管,导致胆管重建方式不同,从而使ERCP治疗困难加大。本文     

诊断性ERCP并发症分析

１材料和方法１．１材料１９９２０１／１９９７１２我院共行诊断性ＥＲＣＰ３６４例．对其中住院患者２１０例进行分析．男１２１例,女８９例,平均年龄５７岁．１．２方法ＥＲＣＰ术前禁食８ｈ,术前１５ｍｉｎ肌注安定１０ｍｇ,６５４Ⅱ１０ｍｇ,内镜选用Ｏｌ...     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的研究

目的 本研究旨在回顾本研究中心行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗肝移植后胆道并发症的经验。方法 回顾性分析2017年4月到2021年4月武汉大学中南医院因肝移植术后胆道并发症行ERCP治疗患者的临床资料,根据患者当次ERCP指征分为吻合口狭窄组、胆结石组和胆漏组。收集不同类型胆道并发症患者的一般资料及每次行ERCP时的实验室检查、治疗结果,并对数据进行统计分析。结果 52位患者共行108例次ERCP,48人插管成功,共101例次(93.5%),治疗成功100例次(99.0%),中位操作次数为2(1～2)例次/人。吻合口狭窄病人主要行支架置入、鼻胆管引流、胆道扩张(包括球囊扩张及金属探条扩张)治疗。肝移植术后,胆漏的发病时间最早,中位时间47.5(16～793)d;发生吻合口狭窄的时间次之,中位时间390(8～2105)d;发生胆管结石的时间最晚,中位时间855(125～2 749)d;其差距具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。患者经ERCP治疗后肝功能指标(ALT、AST、TBiL、GGT)均较治疗前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。发生术后高淀粉酶血症19例次(...     

儿童胰腺炎ERCP术后并发症研究

目的分析儿童胰腺炎患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiop-ancreatography, ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症、胰腺炎及出血等并发症的发生率,探讨其安全性.方法回顾分析1997年2月～2002年2月间入住我科确诊为儿童胰腺炎并行ERCP术的27例患者的临床资料,其中急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)14例,慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis,CP)13例;诊断性ERCP 9例,治疗性ERCP18例.结果 27例患者ERCP术后总体并发症发生率为51.85%(14/27),其中,高淀粉酶血症发生率22.22%(6/27),术后4、24 h血清淀粉酶水平分别为(410.75±230.31) U/L、(367.25±233.90) U/L,48～72h后均恢复正常;胰腺炎发生率22.22%(6/27),均为轻型胰腺炎;乳头切开处出血、黑便发生率7.41%(2/27),均发生于胆总管结石行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)+取石术后;诊断性ERCP组并发症的发生率低于治疗性ERCP组,但无统计学意义.结论儿童胰腺炎患者ERCP术后具有较高的并发症发生率,内镜医师于ERCP术中应高度重视,采取必要的预防措施以减少并发症的发生.     

80岁以上患者治疗性ERCP的临床应用及术后并发症的预防

2008年6月至2010年3月,我院对患各种胆胰系统疾病的80岁以上老年患者进行了治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP). 1 对象与方法 1.1 对象 80岁以上老年患者共行治疗性ERCP 58例.年龄80～93岁,其中85～93岁12例(21.4%).在治疗前临床诊断为壶腹部占位病变11例,胆总管结石12例,不明原因梗阻性黄疸15例,胆源性腹痛8例.所有患者均有不同程度的心肺疾患,其中陈旧性心梗5例,冠心病合并各种心律失常8例,冠心病和(或)高血压31例,慢性支气管炎7例.     

ERCP胆总管结石取石术后并发胆道蛔虫病1例

患者,男,55岁,农民,因"反复上腹痛2 mo余,加重1 wk"入院.入院后经ERCP诊疗术明确诊断为"胆总管结石",术后腹痛减轻.于拔除鼻胆管后再次出现剧烈腹痛,行急诊ERCP诊疗术,诊断为"胆道蛔虫病".本病例典型,有示教意义.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用。方法回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料。对25例胆道狭窄患者（吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例）行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者（其中合并胆道狭窄8例）行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗。结果ERCP手术成功率为95．9％（94／98）,未出现严重并发症。吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100％（14／14）,非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27．3％（3／11）,胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83．3％（5／6）,结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81．3％（13／16）。结论ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低。     

ERCP相关并发症与处理

目的探讨ERCP术后相关并发症发生情况及处理。方法回顾总结我院自1996年开展ERCP术以来临床资料，分析ERCP术后并发症发生情况、种类及处理。结果562例ERCP术中，共发生并发症45例(8．0％)，其中诊断性ERCP发生率为6．6％(27/409)，治疗性ERCP为11．8％(18/153)，并发急性水肿型胰腺炎32例(5．7％)，消化道出血7例(1．2％)，胆道感染5例(0．9％)，取石时结石嵌顿1例(0．2％)，所有病例均经内科保守治疗痊愈。结论ERCP术后并发症中以急性胰腺炎发生率最高，可能与插管困难、胰管反复显影，注射造影剂压力过大、量过多有关，诊断性与治疗性ERCP发生率相似，而治疗性ERCP并发症中以出血多见，与操作技术，有无黄疸及年龄有关，并发症经适当内科保守治疗均得以痊愈。     

ERCP对胆囊切除术后综合征的病因诊断价值

为探讨ＥＲＣＰ对胆囊切除术后综合征的病因诊断价值，对１０８例胆囊切除术后综合征进行ＥＲＣＰ检查，插管成功率９６．３％，有效诊断率８７．０％，结果表明胆总管和（或）肝内、外胆管残余结石占３６．１％，胆总管炎性扩张或狭窄占１７．６％，胆囊管残留过长占６．５％，胆管损伤占１．８％。认为ＥＲＣＰ检查对胆囊切除术后综合征不仅能明确其病因，而且对选择治疗方法也有重要意义。     

ERCP相关并发症的危险因素及药物预防进展

内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)技术及内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对胆胰疾病的诊断与治疗发挥了重要作用,但ERCP术后有一定的并发症发生。现就近年对ERCP术后并发症,特别是对ERCP后急性胰腺炎及感染发生因素的认识与预防用药研究作一介绍。     

多轴全方位机器人造影系统在内镜治疗胆道结石中的应用价值初探

目的探讨在行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）时使用Artiszeego机器人对胆道进行3D旋转采集和三维重建的应用价值。方法对12例B超提示胆道扩张的病例,在行ERCP同时使用Artis zeego机器人进行3D旋转采集,并经工作站处理进行三维胆道重建,以内镜和手术取石结果为最终诊断,观察其对肝内外胆管结石诊断的符合率。结果12例患者均完成3D旋转采集和三维重建检查,其诊断结果与ERCP取石和手术取石结果均相符,诊断符合率100％,其中,ERCP诊断中2例肝外胆管结石数量不明,1例可疑结石及2例疑似肝内胆管结石病例均得到明确诊断。结论使用Artis zeego机器人对胆道进行3D旋转采集和三维重建有助于ERCP诊疗中对胆道病变做出精准判断。     

ERCP in the management of biliary complications after cholecystectomy

Open cholecystectomy has been associated historically with 0.2% to 0.5% risk of postoperative biliary injury. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which has become the first-line surgical treatment of calculous gallbladder disease, has been associated with a 2.5-fold to fourfold increase in the incidence of postoperative bile duct injury. The biliary endoscopist can expect to see a varied spectrum of complications after cholecystectomy by either technique, including postoperative biliary strictures, bile leaks, and retained calculi in the biliary tree. Proper diagnosis and treatment are paramount in ensuring a satisfactory outcome after bile duct injury. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the primary modality for treatment and effectively manages most bile duct injuries.     

ERCP合并EST对胆道疾病疗效及其并发症的临床分析

[目的]分析ERCP合并EST对胆道疾病疗效及其并发症的发生情况、预防及处理方法。[方法]回顾性总结行ERCP合并EST 324例患者资料,分析其疗效及术中、术后发生并发症情况及处理结果。[结果]324例中7例ERCP操作失败,其总成功率97.8%,胆总管取石率97.8%,胆管良性狭窄治愈率93.7%,胆管炎治愈率89.4%,恶性胆道狭窄操作成功率85.7%,术中及术后发生并发症发生率分别为高淀粉酶血症51例(15.7%),术后胰腺炎13例(4%),术后胆管炎感染2例(0.6%),术后穿孔1例(0.3%),无出血及其他心肺并发症病例,无一例死亡。[结论]ERCP合并EST对胆道疾病治疗安全及疗效较好,严格掌握适应证,精准操作,避免危险因素,可减少术中、术后并发症,提高治疗安全性。     

Cardiopulmonary complications of ERCP in older patients

BACKGROUND: Biochemical markers of ERCP-related myocardial injury have not previously been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ERCP-related cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release, myocardial ischemia, hemodynamic changes, and arterial hypoxemia in a series of consecutive patients according to age and to determine their relationship to preexisting cardiovascular risk factors (RF) and the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital, Canberra, Australia. PATIENTS: Data were collected on 130 consecutive ERCPs performed on 100 unselected patients (aged 18-93 years) by one endoscopist. Patients were divided into two groups: 65 years of age and older (group 1, n = 53; 27 women) and less than 65 years of age (group 2, n = 47; 33 women). INTERVENTIONS: ERCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Cardiovascular RFs were identified, and electrocardiogram (ECG), cTnI, creatine kinase (CK), amylase, and lipase were measured before and 24 hours after ERCP. Oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and ECG were monitored continuously during each procedure. RESULTS: New ECG changes (ischemia, arrhythmias) occurred in 24% of procedures in group 1 and in 9.3% in group 2 (p = 0.168), and episodic arterial hypoxemia (SpO(2) < 90%) in 16.2% (group 1) and 21.4% (group 2) (p = 0.596). A post-ERCP rise in cTnI levels was documented in 6 patients in the older group. Two of these patients died: one from acute myocardial infarction and one from undiagnosed ascending aortic aneurysm. A cTnI rise was not related to any comorbid conditions, total number of RFs, hemodynamic or ECG changes, or arterial desaturation. In patients with a new cTnI rise, the duration of ERCP was significantly longer (59.5 vs. 26.4 minutes, p = 0.026), being 30 minutes or longer in 5 of 6 patients. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was associated with desaturation (relative risk [RR] = 5.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.2, 32.0], p = 0.027) and myocardial ischemia/injury (RR = 4.4; 95% CI [1.4, 7.8]; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of older patients tolerated ERCP well, in 8% of procedures, most of which were prolonged (>30 minutes), myocardial injury, as defined by the release of cTnI, occurred. Desaturation and myocardial ischemia/injury were associated with post-ERCP pancreatitis.     

ERCP治疗70岁以上老年人胆道疾病的临床价值

目的 探讨逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗70岁以上老年人胆道梗阻性疾病的临床应用价值.方法 对2001年1月至2007年12月行ERCP胆管引流术治疗的218例老年患者(≥70岁)和189例非老年患者(＜70岁)进行回顾性比较分析.结果 老年组平均年龄为(79±9)岁,非老年组为(56±7)岁.老年组和非老年组的胆管引流成功率分别为96.8%(211/218)和97.4%(184/189);ERCP操作时间分别为(55±30)min和(58±34)min;并发症发生率分别为16.1%(35/218)和13.8%(26/189);病死率分别为1.83%(4/218)和1.06%(2/189),两组间均无统计学差异.但老年组重复行ERCP治疗35例(16.1%),显著高于非老年组的5.8%(11/189).结论 ERCP胆管引流术治疗老年胆道梗阻性疾病具有一定的临床应用价值,是一种创伤小、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

肝移植术后胆栓形成过程中内镜的诊治价值

Objective To evaluate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnosis and management of biliary cast syndrome after orthotropic liver transplantation. Methods A total of 71 consecutive patients with abnormal liver function and MRCP findings after liver transplantation underwent ERCP for diagnosis and management. Their data were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 188 sessions of ERCP were carried out on the 71 patients, most of whom were found to have stenosis of anastomotic stoma and/or bile duct. Bile sludge was found and removed in all patients diagnosed within 3 months after liver transplantation, while pigmentoid stones were found and removed in patients diagnosed within 3-6 months and biliary casts in patients diagnosed at more than 6 months. Each patient underwent 2.6 sessions averagely. Biliary casts were formed at an average time of 22. 7 ± 15.6 months after transplantation. PostERCP complications included 2 cases of pancreatitis and 3 cholangitis, with an occurrence rate of 2. 6%(5/188), which were all controlled with conservative treatment. The follow-up data was available in 56 patients showing improvement in liver function after ERCP, among who 42 met the endoscopic criteria of cure,1 0 received second liver transplantation because of progressive sclerosing cholangitis and 4 died from diseases other than liver transplantation. Conclusion Therapeutic ERCP for the biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation is feasible, safe and effective, and can be performed repeatedly with good short-term effect.     

肝移植术后胆栓形成过程中内镜的诊治价值

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在肝移植术后胆栓形成过程中的诊断治疗价值.方法 71例肝移植术后出现肝功能异常、磁共振检查提示胆道内异物的患者,采用ERCP明确诊断并给予相应的治疗,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 71例患者共接受188次ERCP诊疗,多数患者伴有不同程度的吻合口和（或）胆管狭窄.术后＜3个月者均取出胆泥,3～6个月者取少量色素样结石,＞6个月者取出铸型胆栓,平均每位患者行2.6次内镜治疗,肝移植术后平均（22.7±15.6）个月形成铸型胆栓.术后发生胰腺炎2例,胆管炎3例,发生率2.6%（5/188）,均经保守治疗控制.随访56例,经内镜处理后患者肝功能均有明显改善,42例达到内镜治愈标准,10例因胆管广泛硬化性改变而行二次肝移植,4例死于移植术以外原因.结论 ERCP处理肝移植术后胆栓形成过程中的胆泥、小结石和胆栓安全可行,近期疗效较好,并可反复进行.     

The metabolic syndrome influences the risk of chronic complications in patients with type II diabetes

Aims/hypothesis: We examined features of the metabolic syndrome to see if they modified the risk of chronic diabetic complications in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 85 randomly selected patients with the metabolic syndrome (WHO definition) were compared with 85 Type II diabetic patients matched for age, sex, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control and without the syndrome to assess the microvascular and macrovascular complications. Results: The patients with the metabolic syndrome had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (52 vs 21 %, p < 0.001), microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria (23 vs 7 %, p = 0.003) and distal neuropathy (16 vs 6 %, p = 0.048) than patients without the syndrome. The patients with the metabolic syndrome had smaller LDL particle size (25.4 ± 1.4 vs 26.4 ± 1.1 nm; p < 0.001), which correlated with the ratio of serum triglycerides to HDL cholesterol (r = –0.64, p < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis the metabolic syndrome was associated with coronary heart disease (RR 3.84, p < 0.001) and microalbuminuria (RR 3.99, p = 0.01). Small LDL particle size was independently associated with neuropathy (RR 0.58; p = 0.04), whereas a high HbA_{1 c} was related to neuropathy (RR 1.69, p = 0.04), retinopathy (RR 1.53, p = 0.002) and microalbuminuria (RR 1.54, p = 0.01). Conclusion/interpretation: Although chronic hyperglycaemia is the main predictor of microvascular complications in patients with Type II diabetes, this risk is modified by some of the components of the metabolic syndrome. [Diabetologia (2001) 44: 1148–1154] Received: 9 February 2001 and in revised form: 17 May 2001     

肝移植术后胆栓形成过程中内镜的诊治价值

Objective To evaluate endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnosis and management of biliary cast syndrome after orthotropic liver transplantation. Methods A total of 71 consecutive patients with abnormal liver function and MRCP findings after liver transplantation underwent ERCP for diagnosis and management. Their data were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 188 sessions of ERCP were carried out on the 71 patients, most of whom were found to have stenosis of anastomotic stoma and/or bile duct. Bile sludge was found and removed in all patients diagnosed within 3 months after liver transplantation, while pigmentoid stones were found and removed in patients diagnosed within 3-6 months and biliary casts in patients diagnosed at more than 6 months. Each patient underwent 2.6 sessions averagely. Biliary casts were formed at an average time of 22. 7 ± 15.6 months after transplantation. PostERCP complications included 2 cases of pancreatitis and 3 cholangitis, with an occurrence rate of 2. 6%(5/188), which were all controlled with conservative treatment. The follow-up data was available in 56 patients showing improvement in liver function after ERCP, among who 42 met the endoscopic criteria of cure,1 0 received second liver transplantation because of progressive sclerosing cholangitis and 4 died from diseases other than liver transplantation. Conclusion Therapeutic ERCP for the biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation is feasible, safe and effective, and can be performed repeatedly with good short-term effect.