污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响

钻井造成的污染区对部分打开井的影响不同于裸眼井. 为了分析污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响,建立了一种部分打开井的二维轴对称渗流模型,模型考虑了真实的污染区以及储层渗透率各向异性特征.利用有限元数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了部分打开井的井底压力响应及储层压力分布. 根据压力响应及压力分布特征,将部分打开井的压力响应过程划分为5 个流动阶段,其中早期局部径向流动和椭球流动是该类井最典型的特征. 对污染区的影响分析表明:传统方法中的表皮系数S 并不等于污染区引起的机械表皮系数S_d;无量纲井筒储存系数不能与机械表皮系数组合. 修正了传统方法中部分打开井的井底压力公式,验证了部分打开井的总表皮计算公式,为该类井的井底压力响应解释及产能预测提供理论指导.      

页岩气藏压裂水平井试井分析

页岩气藏资源丰富,开发潜力巨大,已成为目前研究的热点.与常规气藏相比,页岩气藏运移机制复杂,流动模式呈非线性,有必要考虑页岩气的吸附解吸,天然微裂缝的应力敏感性,人工裂缝内的非达西流等非线性因素对压裂水平井压力响应的影响. 基于双重介质和离散裂缝混合模型,分别采用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述吸附解吸,渗透率指数模型描述应力敏感,Forchheimer方程描述非达西效应,建立页岩气藏压裂水平井数值试井模型. 运用伽辽金有限元法对模型进行求解.根据试井特征曲线,划分流动阶段,着重分析非线性因素对压力响应的影响.结果表明:页岩气藏压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及封闭边界影响5 种流动阶段.吸附解吸的影响发生窜流之后,Langmuir吸附体积增大,拟压力导数曲线凹槽更加明显,系统径向流出现时间与压力波传播到边界时间均延迟;天然裂缝系统的应力敏感性主要影响试井曲线的晚期段,拟压力和拟压力导数曲线均表现为上翘,应力敏感效应越强,上翘幅度越大;高速非达西效应对早期段影响较大,非达西效应越强,拟压力降幅度越大,试井曲线上翘.与解析解的对比以及矿场实例验证了模型的正确性与适用性.      

井筒气液两相流对致密气压裂水平井试井的影响

多段压裂水平井技术是目前开采致密气最常用的方法之一,在致密气压裂水平井试井测试中常常伴随着一定的产水量,井筒气液两相流会增加井筒流体的流动阻力,加大井筒流体流动对试井解释的影响.为了明确井筒气液两相流对致密气藏压裂水平井试井的影响,提高产水致密气压裂水平井的试井解释精度,建立了一种井筒气液两相流与地层渗流耦合的试井模型,采用数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了考虑井筒气液两相流的压裂水平井试井理论曲线、压力场分布及裂缝产量分布.研究结果表明:井筒气液两相流会增加试井理论曲线中压力和压力导数值,造成靠近入窗点的压力扩散要快于远离入窗点的压力扩散,引起靠近入窗点的裂缝产量要高于远离入窗点的裂缝产量.现场实例分析进一步说明,不考虑井筒两相流可能会对产水压裂水平井的试井解释结果产生很大误差,主要表现为水平井筒假设为无限大导流能力会使得拟合得到的表皮系数偏大,将测试点视为入窗点会使得拟合得到的原始地层压力偏小.所建立的考虑井筒两相流的压裂水平井试井模型为产水致密气井试井资料的正确解释提供了重要技术保障.      

Theoretical analysis on hydraulic transient resulted by sudden increase of inlet pressure for laminar pipeline flow

Hydraulic transient, which is resulted from sudden increase of inlet pressure for laminar pipeline flow, is studied. The partial differential equation, initial and boundary conditions for transient pressure were constructed, and the theoretical solution was obtained by variable-separation method. The partial differential equation, initial and boundary conditions for flow rate were obtained in accordance with the constraint correlation between flow rate and pressure while the transient flow rate distribution was also solved by variable-separation method. The theoretical solution conforms to numerical solution obtained by method of characteristics (MOC) very well.     

基于离散裂缝的多段压裂水平井数值试井模型及应用

水平井压裂技术已经成为开发低渗透油气藏、页岩气藏和致密气场等非常规油气藏的关键技术。基于离散裂缝模型,对裂缝进行简化,建立了二维多段压裂水平井有限导流数值试井模型,利用有限元方法求解模型,获得多段压裂水平井试井理论曲线和压力场特征。分析表明:多段压裂水平井的试井理论曲线一共分为七个阶段:井筒储存段、裂缝线性流段、裂缝-地层双线性流段、裂缝干扰段、地层线性流段、系统径向流段和边界作用段,其中裂缝-地层双线性流段和裂缝干扰是其典型特征。分析了裂缝数量、裂缝间距、裂缝不对称、裂缝不等长和裂缝部分缺失等因素对试井理论曲线的影响,结果表明:裂缝数量和裂缝间距对试井理论曲线的影响最大。较多的裂缝、较大裂缝间距、对称的裂缝和等长的裂缝有利于降低压裂水平井井底的流动阻力,提高产能。将建立的数值试井模型应用于四川盆地一口多段压裂水平井的压力恢复测试的数值试井解释,结果表明:本文建立的模型可以较好的拟合压力恢复测试数据,可以获得裂缝的导流能力和裂缝长度,为压裂效果评价和压裂设计提供指导。      

THE TRANSIENT ELLIPTIC FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN FRACTAL POROUS MEDIA

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One-Dimensional Matrix-Fracture Transfer in Dual Porosity Systems with Variable Block Size Distribution

Most of the developed models for fractured reservoirs assume ideal matrix block size distribution. This assumption may not be valid in reality for naturally fractured reservoirs and possibly lead to errors in prediction of production from the naturally fractured reservoirs especially during a transient period or early time production from the matrix blocks. In this study, we investigate the effect of variable block size distribution on one- dimensional flow of compressible fluids in fractured reservoirs. The effect of different matrix block size distributions on the single phase matrix-fracture transfer is studied using a recently developed semi-analytical approach. The proposed model is able to simulate fluid exchange between matrix and fracture for continuous or discrete block size distributions using probability density functions or structural information of a fractured formation. The presented semi-analytical model demonstrates a good accuracy compared to the numerical results. There have been recent attempts to consider the effect of variable block size distribution in naturally fractured reservoir modeling for slightly compressible fluids with a constant viscosity and compressibility. The main objective of this study is to consider the effect of variable block size distribution on a one-dimensional matrix-fracture transfer function for single-phase flow of a compressible fluid in fractured porous media. In the proposed semi-analytical model, the pressure variability of viscosity and isothermal compressibility is considered by solving the nonlinear partial differential equation of compressible fluid flow in the fractured media. The closed form solution provided can be applied to flow of compressible fluids with variable matrix block size distribution in naturally fractured gas reservoirs.     

地下岩体的垂向渗透率测试及分析

本文介绍了在真实油井中使用阵列压力计测量油藏薄层垂向渗透率的实验方法。通过注水-停注并多次重复此过程使地层产生压差,并在井中不同深度放置压力计接收压力信号。为分析压力的变化,本文从渗流力学基本方程出发,对其无量纲化并采用Laplace变换及数值反变换技术,得到考虑垂向渗透率的地层压力分布表达式,利用这一表达式,对测试的压力资料进行解释。最后根据非线性回归理论对其中的4只压力计的压力资料进行分析,得到了各层垂向渗透率。     

Faults simulations for three-dimensional reservoir-geomechanical models with the extended finite element method

Faults are geological entities with thicknesses several orders of magnitude smaller than the grid blocks typically used to discretize reservoir and/or over-under-burden geological formations. Introducing faults in a complex reservoir and/or geomechanical mesh therefore poses significant meshing difficulties. In this paper, we consider the strong-coupling of solid displacement and fluid pressure in a three-dimensional poro-mechanical (reservoir-geomechanical) model. We introduce faults in the mesh without meshing them explicitly, by using the extended finite element method (X-FEM) in which the nodes whose basis function support intersects the fault are enriched within the framework of partition of unity. For the geomechanics, the fault is treated as an internal displacement discontinuity that allows slipping to occur using a Mohr–Coulomb type criterion. For the reservoir, the fault is either an internal fluid flow conduit that allows fluid flow in the fault as well as to enter/leave the fault or is a barrier to flow (sealing fault). For internal fluid flow conduits, the continuous fluid pressure approximation admits a discontinuity in its normal derivative across the fault, whereas for an impermeable fault, the pressure approximation is discontinuous across the fault. Equal-order displacement and pressure approximations are used. Two- and three-dimensional benchmark computations are presented to verify the accuracy of the approach, and simulations are presented that reveal the influence of the rate of loading on the activation of faults.     

Numerical simulation and homogenization of two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media

A mathematically rigorous method of homogenization is presented and used to analyze the equivalent behavior of transient flow of two incompressible fluids through heterogeneous media. Asymptotic expansions and H-convergence lead to the definition of a global or effective model of an equivalent homogeneous reservoir. Numerical computations to obtain the homogenized coefficients of the entire reservoir have been carried out via a finite element method. Numerical experiments involving the simulation of incompressible two-phase flow have been performed for each heterogeneous medium and for the homogenized medium as well as for other averaging methods. The results of the simulations are compared in terms of the transient saturation contours, production curves, and pressure distributions. Results obtained from the simulations with the homogenization method presented show good agreement with the heterogeneous simulations.     

Numerical study of steady/unsteady flow and heat transfer in porous media using a characteristics-based matrix-free implicit FV method on unstructured grids

In this study, a high-resolution characteristic-based finite-volume (FV) method on unstructured grids [Int. J. Numer. Method Eng. 50 (2001) 11; Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 21 (2000) 432] is extended by a matrix-free implicit dual-time stepping scheme for the numerical simulation of steady and unsteady flow and heat transfer with porous media. The method has been used to study the characteristics of a complex problem: flow and heat transfer in a channel with multiple discrete porous blocks, which was originally proposed by Huang and Vafai [J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 8 (3) (1994) 563]. In addition, flow and heat transfer in a channel partially or fully filled with porous layers and containing solid protruding blocks with constant heat flux on its lower surface are also investigated in details. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer results are reported for both steady and transient flow cases. In particular, the effects of Darcy and Reynolds numbers on heat transfer augmentation and pressure loss are studied. An in-depth discussion of the formation and variation of recirculation is presented and the existence of optimum porous insert is demonstrated. At high Reynolds numbers the flow in the porous channel exhibits a cyclic characteristics although unlike the non-porous channel flow, the cyclic vortex development is only restricted to a small area behind the last solid block, while temperature changes more slowly and does not exhibit cyclic variations over a long period of time. It is shown that for all the cases studied altering some parametric values can have significant and interesting effects on both flow pattern as well as heat transfer characteristics.     

Numerical solution of the turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid in curved planar and axially symmetrical channels

The governing equations for axially symmetric flow, where the Reynolds stresses are expressed by scalar turbulent viscosity, are the Reynolds equations. The turbulence model k, ? is used in the well-known form for fully developed turbulent flow.The numerical method, a continuation of the MAC system¹, is adapted so that even for high Reynolds cell numbers precision (δx²) can be achieved for the steady flow. Irregular cells join the rectangular network on the curved surface. Von Neumann's stability condition of the linearised numerical system is investigated. Special problems concerning the numerical solution of the turbulence model equations are stated and a special procedure is worked out to ensure that the fields k, ? do not converge to physically meaningless values. The program for the computer is universal in that the boundary problems can be assigned by input data.As an example, an axially symmetrical diffuser with an area ratio of widening 1.40 is computed. Fields of velocity and pressure at the wall as well as fields v_T and k are assessed. The results are compared with an experiment. The conclusion is that this method is suitable for the problems mentioned in this study as well as for unsteady flow.     

油田注水开发中水嘴节流与地层渗流耦合研究

配水器的选取会对油田注水效果产生明显影响。为精确地描述注水井注入过程中井底压力和流量的动态响应,本文在传统的内边界井处理模型的基础上建立了考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井处理模型。耦合求解井底压力、流量及地层流动,得到了注入过程中考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井底压力和流量响应情况。以此来分析不同水嘴、渗透率对井底压力、注入量随时间变...     

Numerical investigation of the temperature field in a reservoir with a hydraulic fracture

The temperature distribution in a reservoir with a hydraulic fracture is studied by numerical modeling of transient temperature fields taking into account the Joule–Thomson effect and the adiabatic effect. It is shown that the presence of a hydraulic fracture in the reservoir leads to a nonmonotonic change in the reservoir temperature: as the well pressure decreases, the temperature first decreases due to the adiabatic expansion of the fluid and then increases due to the Joule–Thomson effect. As the water–oil displacement front approaches the wellbore, the temperature decreases slightly due to heat exchange in the fracture–reservoir system.     

The Flow Problem of Fluids Flow in a Fractal Reservoir with Double Porosity

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Front Solutions of Richards’ Equation

The design of a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) plant requires knowledge of the pressure and temperature variations within the reservoir, for expected sets of plant operation. In the current work, a closed form approximate analytical solution for the pressure variations, in porous media reservoirs, was derived for conditions of steady periodic isothermal radial gas flow. Two different expressions for the pressure variation were obtained, one as an infinite series and the other as an integral, where the latter is the computationally preferred solution. In order to evaluate the model accuracy, a finite difference numerical solution of the full non-linear problem was developed. The accuracy of the analytical solution was confirmed through, both, error analysis and comparison against the numerical calculations. The analytical solution can be used to calculate the well pressure variations and the radius of the active region around the well. Examples of calculations are provided, and a parametric study is presented to demonstrate the sensitivity of the well pressure to pertinent parameters. The model could eventually yield improved CAES plant designs.     

用三维半人工瞬变法计算圆管内圆柱绕流

本文提出一种计算三维定常流动的半人工瞬变法,本方法的特点是直接利用流体力学的原始基本方程组进行数值计算。运动方程中的一个分量方程被用于计算压力,另外两个分量方程被加入人工瞬变项而成为人工瞬变方程,这两个人工瞬变方程被用于计算速度的两个分量,第三个速度分量则通过连续性方程进行计算得到。根据半人工瞬变方程组的特点和流动区域的特性,本方法采用半交错不等距非正交曲线贴体混合网格系进行数值计算,并利用质点导数差分格式使计算更简便。本文以圆管中不可压缩流体对圆柱的三维定常绕流问题为算例,具体画出计算用的半交错不等距非正交曲线贴体混合网格系,介绍三维半人工瞬变法的计算方法和步骤,并通过数值计算得到了此算例的计算结果。     

High-viscosity oil flow in a formation with a hydraulic fracture under the action of a high-frequency electromagnetic field

The results of numerical investigations of high-viscosity oil flow in a low-permeability reservoir under high-frequency electromagnetic action in combination with hydraulic fracturing are presented. The fluid flow toward a solitary vertical sand-filled fracture with high permeability, much higher than the permeability of the formation, is considered. The electrophysical and thermal characteristics of the formation and fracture both saturated with formation fluid are assumed to be identical. The unsteady fluid pressure, temperature and viscosity fields near the hydraulic fracture are calculated and the efficiencies of high-viscosity oil extraction are compared for different electromagnetic radiation powers and “cold” fluid withdrawal.     

具有弱夹层的封闭油藏中的瞬态渗流

多层油藏分为层间无窜流的油藏和层间有窜流的油藏。本文研究了层间有弱渗透夹层的两层油藏中两种情形的瞬态渗流,包括单层打开的瞬态渗流和一层注入、一层采出的两层油藏的瞬态渗流。用面积平均方法求出了弱渗透夹层封闭油藏中瞬态渗流的平均压降。分析表明:在渗流前期,层间窜流量逐渐增大,在后期层间窜流量趋于稳定;在单层开采的情况下:初期两层压降不同,非打开层的压降有滞后现象,并且隔层渗透率越小,油井工作强度越弱,滞后时间越长;后期两层压降趋于一致,可以作为一层油藏处理。在一注一采的油藏中,当注采量相同时,两层压降在后期趋于不同的稳定值;当注采量不同时,两层压降在后期趋于一致,但不能达到稳定。     

Simulation of Pressure Transient Behavior for Asymmetrically Finite-Conductivity Fractured Wells in Coal Reservoirs

Based on Fick’s law in matrix and Darcy flow in cleats and hydraulic fractures, a new semi-analytical model considering the effects of boundary conditions was presented to investigate pressure transient behavior for asymmetrically fractured wells in coal reservoirs. The new model is more accurate than previous model proposed by Anbarci and Ertekin, SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, New Orleans, 27–30 Sept 1998 because new model is expressed in the form of integral expressions and is validated well through numerical simulation. (1) In this paper, the effects of parameters including fracture conductivity, coal reservoir porosity and permeability, fracture asymmetry factor, sorption time constant, fracture half-length, and coalbed methane (CBM) viscosity on bottomhole pressure behavior were discussed in detail. (2) Type curves were established to analyze both transient pressure behavior and flow characteristics in CBM reservoir. According to the characteristics of dimensionless pseudo pressure derivative curves, the process of the flow for fractured CBM wells was divided into six sub-stages. (3) This paper showed the comparison of transient steady state and pseudo steady state models. (4) The effects of parameters including transfer coefficient, wellbore storage coefficient, storage coefficient of cleat, fracture conductivity, fracture asymmetry factor, and rate coefficient on the shape of type curves were also discussed in detail, indicating that it is necessary to keep a bigger fracture conductivity and fracture symmetry for enhancing well production and reducing pressure depletion during the hydraulic fracturing design.