3国不同粉尘采样器测定结果的比较

[目的]比较研究3国不同粉尘采样器的测定结果。[方法]采用中国、美国和德国总尘和呼尘采样器在武昌造船厂的清铲和造型车间于呼吸带高度进行平行采样8d,并测定总尘、呼尘浓度。[结果]中国、美国、德国的总尘和呼尘采样器的测定结果具有一定的相关性(P<0.05)。但中国总尘采样器的测定结果与美国、德国的结果有差异(P<0.05);而呼尘间无差异(P>0.05)。[结论]我国呼尘采样测定结果与国外采样器测定结果具有可比性。     

三种不同粉尘采样器及采样方法测定结果的比较

为了探讨中国、美国、德国3种不同粉尘采样器采样测定工作现场粉尘浓度的差异及其程度,分析其测定结果,为我国粉尘采样器和采样测定方法的改进提供依据。在某铁矿井下掘进、地面选矿工作地点,以3个国家不同类型粉尘采样器按照各自的粉尘采样方法平行采样,检测工作场所空气中总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘的浓度,比较其测定结果。结果显示,呼吸性粉尘不同采样测定结果的相关性:中国与美国,r=0.81(P<0.05),中国与德国,r=0.63(P>0.05),美国与德国,r=0.82(P>0.05)。总尘的相关性:中国与美国,r=0.62(P>0.05),中国与德国,r=0.24(P>0.05),美国与德国,r=0.79(P>0.05)。呼吸性粉尘和总尘浓度测定值分别在不同粉尘采样方法之间比较,差异没有显著性(P>0.05)。总尘测定结果自然对数几何标准差(GSD):美国3.61,德国2.70,中国3.58。呼吸性粉尘测定结果GSD值:美国3.2,德国3.36,中国3.52。提示,我国的采样器对总尘和呼吸性粉尘的测定值与美国和德国的采样器在本现场研究中比较,差异没有显著性,且有一定的相关,还需要增加样本继续比较研究。     

不同总粉尘采样器测定结果的比较

采用中国、美国和德国总尘采样器在某造船厂的清铲和造型车间于呼吸带高度进行平行采样8 d,并测定总尘浓度,以方差分析、相关性及回归方程对结果进行统计分析。结果显示,(1)中国采样器测得总尘浓度与美国、德国的进行比较,差异有统计学意义(ANOVA-SNK检验,P<0.05),而美国与德国的差异无统计学意义(ANOVA-SNK检验,P>0.05)。(2)中国与德国、美国总尘浓度呈线性相关,但低于德国和美国的。(3)中国采样器采集的总粉尘比美国、德国的分别多60%和40%。提示中国采样器采集的总粉尘与美国、德国的测定结果差异具有统计学意义,应进一步研究粉尘采样技术。     

我国总粉尘采样器和标准仪器的风洞比较实验

目的了解我国总粉尘采样器的采集性能是否符合工作场所气溶胶组分的国际惯例CEN-ISO-ACGIH。方法按照DIN EN 13205(2002)推荐的方法,在风洞内,将总粉尘采样器和参比采样器平行采样,比较其测定浓度。结果我国总尘的浓度与国际标准可吸入粉尘以及胸腔粉尘的浓度有高度的相关性(均R20.9)。总尘浓度低于可吸入粉尘约44%,但比胸腔粉尘浓度高约30%。结论我国总尘采样器的分离特性位于可吸入和胸腔组分之间,需进一步研究。     

中美粉尘监测方法及其测定结果的比较

[目的]比较中美两国粉尘监测方法及测定结果的比较,寻找不同测尘方法之间的换算系数。[方法]中国测定的是环境瞬时总粉尘浓度(Tchn),美国测定的是整班时间加权平均呼吸性粉尘浓度(Rus)和总粉尘浓度(Tus)。用美国的呼吸性粉尘采样器、级联撞击式采样器和中国总粉尘采样器在同一工作场所进行同步采样,运用滤膜质量法测定粉尘浓度,并用SPSS11.5软件对结果进行统计分析。[结果]①Rus与Tchn、Rus与Tus间的换算系数估计值分别为53.64%和39.89%;不同矿厂、不同工种之间的换算系数估计值有显著性差异(P<0.05);②美国方法测得的总粉尘浓度普遍高于中国方法的总粉尘浓度.两者比值1.3:1(1.1-2.0:1);③广西锡矿和汉阳铸造厂,Rus与Tchn、Rus与Tus、Tchn与Tus间的对数直线趋势和回归系数都有统计学意义(P<0.05),确定系数R2为0.22-0.71,回归系数β为0.31-1.13。而武钢耐火材料厂各采样方法测得的结果之间除Rus与Tus之间有一定的相关外(P<0.05),其他相关性不显著;④Rus与Tchn、Rus与Tus及Tchn与Tus的换算系数在锡矿与铸造厂之间不相同,差别有显著性(P<0.05)。[结论]影响换算系数的因素较多,寻找呼吸性粉尘和总粉尘间普遍适用的换算系数很困难,但在局部进行可比性分析及寻找换算系数是可行的和必要的。     

MB—Z型个体粉尘采样器在冶金企业的试用

MB—Z型个体粉尘采样器是一种连续测定总粉尘浓度的仪器。它可由生产工人佩戴,测定全工班工人实际接触粉尘的平均浓度,也可放在固定点或移动的产尘机械上,测定长时间环境粉尘平均浓度。测定结果可作为评价粉尘对人体危害的主要依据和反映粉尘对环境的污染程度。该仪器体积小(122×93×44mm)重量轻(590g),结构简单,携带方便,仪器本体无需装配流量计,即可使全工班采样流量达到基本稳定,并能得出总采气量。仪器采样头结构新颖,基本解决了采样夹具内壁沉降粉尘的问题。采用新方法安装滤膜,减少了采样头体积和阻力。     

湖南省部份乡镇企业水泥厂生产环境有害因素危害现状调查

为摸清其劳动卫生现状及生产环境中有害因素危害程度,我们对11家水泥厂进行了劳动卫生学监测。现报告如下。1 内容与方法1.1粉尘浓度测定用FC-2型粉尘采样器(武汉分析仪器厂产),于原料破碎、配料、球磨、成球等的生料矽尘作业工段,采样测定矽尘浓度,从立窑烧成卸料口、破碎、包装等的水泥粉尘作业工段,采样测定矽酸盐尘浓度。同时,在生料和熟料工段分别采样测定游离二氧化硅含量。1.2有害气体测定用QC—2B型气体采样器(武汉分析仪器厂产),于立窑烧成炉观察口采样测定二氧化硫、硫化氢、氟化氢。     

天津市东丽区矽尘作业企业粉尘职业危害现状调查

为了解天津市东丽区矽尘作业企业粉尘职业危害现状,及时掌握辖区内尘肺的发病特点、规律和趋势,采用横断面调查的方法,对辖区11家矽尘作业企业基本情况、粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量、劳动者职业健康状况进行调查。结果显示,矽尘(总尘)个体采样粉尘浓度总体合格率为36.4%,矽尘(呼尘)个体采样粉尘总体合格率仅为9.1%,劳动者出现不同程度的异常体征。提示,矽尘作业企业应采取切实可行的职业危害防护措施,最大程度地降低作业现场粉尘浓度和对工人健康的损害。     

某市企业矽尘总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度关系分析

目的 了解矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘的危害程度及其相关关系,为确定粉尘治理、评价治理效果提供依据。 方法 对中山市存在矽尘危害企业的矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度进行检测和分析。 结果 共采集矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘有效数据58对,总粉尘的超标率与呼吸性粉尘的超标率分别为77.5%和68.9%,两者比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.155,P>0.05)。总粉尘和呼尘浓度比值(T/R)范围1.15~21.58。某运动用品厂的总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度存在线性相关关系,采用24对数据,得到线性方程为Y=0.175 X+0.654(r=0.816,P<0.05)。 结论 所调查企业粉尘危害不容忽视,总粉尘浓度反映的危害程度与呼吸性粉尘基本一致;但部分岗位总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度差别较大,不能确定多行业总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘换算关系。应尽量排除各种因素的影响干扰,确定两者的关系,指导日常工作。     

冲击式二级采样对呼吸粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响

为了验证冲击式二级粉尘采样对呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响，作者采用瞬时定点采样方法测定作业场所空气中呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度。结果表明，在采样体积相同的条件下，呼吸性粉尘的比值与总粉尘浓度间具有较好的从属共变关系（ｒ＞０．８），呼吸性粉尘的比值随着总粉尘浓度的升高而相应增大     

Occupational exposure to cotton dust in cottonseed oil mills

Air samples were collected at breathing height in the hulling-separation department of a modern cottonseed oil mill in Uzbekistan. The average elutriated mass concentration measured by standard cotton dust samplers was 4.6 mg/m3, much lower than the average total dust concentration measured by stationary personal samplers, 12.49 mg/m3, and by personal samplers attached to workers, 14.53 mg/m3. Differences in readings among the vertical elutriators, stationary personal samplers, and roving personal samplers are attributed to the distinct sampling nature and dynamics of these samplers. The data suggest that most of the dust consisted of particles larger than 15 microm, the particle size cutoff of the vertical elutriator. Differences in readings among stationary and roving personal samplers are statistically significant, presumably representing biased sampling by the roving personal samplers of regions characterized by high dust concentration (due to machines malfunctioning), the nonstatic nature of the sampling, and the interaction between the sampler and the worker (the personal cloud). Cotton dust concentrations in the hulling-separation room were nonuniform, peaking in front of and between the huller-separator pairs. The high total mass readings show that workers were exposed to very high levels of nonthoracic airborne dust, which upon inhalation tends to deposit in the extrathoracic airways. The high elutriated mass concentrations suggest that workers were exposed to respirable cotton dust at levels higher than 1 mg/m3 mean concentration, the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for cotton dust. Regressions between dust concentrations measured by stationary vertical elutriators and by personal samplers attached to workers serve for estimating the potential occupational exposure to cotton dust of workers in the hulling-separation room.     

A comparative field study on dust measurements by different sampling methods with emphasis on estimating factors for recalculation from chinese 'total dust' measurements to respirable dust concentrations

In China, dust samplers were originally designed to collect 'total dust' for a short term during production, which is different from the widely adopted sampling strategy for dust. With the aim to provide the conversion factor from Chinese total dust to US and German respirable dust and to look at the influences on conversion factors from environment, production, and instruments, a comparative field study on the dust concentration measurements by different sampling methods was carried out in the same Chinese industries as in the 1989-1990 study and in some other factories. A supplemental experiment was also conducted in a wind tunnel. Dust concentration was measured with a parallel sampling strategy by using the following samplers: 10-mm nylon cyclone for US respirable dust (AR), FSP-Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut für Arbeitssicherheit (BIA) cyclone for German respirable dust (GR), and samplers for Chinese total dust (CT). Totally, 1434 samples were collected (269 AR, 198 GR, and 967 CT), from which 429 matched sample pairs (249 pairs of AR/CT, 180 GR/CT) were available to calculate conversion ratios. Industry- and job-based conversion factors are presented in this study. The conversion factor of AR/CT was 0.38 for tungsten mines, 0.19 for copper/iron mines, 0.65 for tin mines, and 0.20 for pottery industry, while the factor of GR/CT was 0.69 for tungsten, 0.37 for copper/iron, and 0.52 for pottery. In the job category, AR/CT factors varied from 0.16 to 0.96 and GR/CT from 0.12 to 0.72. For the industries studied in 1988-1989, the AR/CT and GR/CT factors were 0.29 and 0.45, respectively. Both factors were definitely influenced by production, CT dust concentration, sample gain, and variation of dust concentration. Moreover, the respirable dust concentration by FSP-BIA was significantly higher than that by 10-mm cyclones, 63.27-73.10% more as showed also by the wind tunnel experiment. Meanwhile, the GR/CT ratio was significantly larger than the AR/CT in every industry or job with only few exceptions. The GR/CT estimates should be considered as independent ones. Following these results, there is a need to use 'ideal samplers' (consistent with the internationally accepted respirable fraction) in practice and to assess the existent samplers in order to homogenize the exposure data situation.     

Laboratory and field testing of sampling methods for inhalable and respirable dust

The performance of four sampling devices for inhalable dust and three devices for respirable dust was tested with different kinds of dusts in the laboratory and in the field. The IOM sampler was chosen as the reference method for inhalable dust, and the IOM sampler provided with the porous plastic foam media was used as the reference method for respirable dust. The other tested instruments were the Button sampler, the optical Grimm aerosol monitor, and the Dekati two-stage cascade impactor with cutoff sizes of 10 and 4 mu m. The study confirmed the applicability of the IOM and Button samplers. The new foam product followed the respirable criteria well. However, the foam sampler was unstable for measuring inhalable dust, probably due to its moisture absorption. In addition, high dust loads should be avoided with the foam sampler due to increase in filtering efficiency. The concentrations of inhalable dust measured with the Button sampler, the Grimm monitor, and the impactor sampler were usually close to those measured with the reference sampler. On the other hand, impactor sampling yielded higher respirable dust concentrations than the reference method in the field, which may have been caused by particle bounce; high dust loads should be avoided while using the impactor. The results also showed that the Grimm monitor enables real-time dust concentration determinations that are accurate enough for routine monitoring of occupational exposure and for testing efficiency of control measures in workplaces.     

Effective dust control systems on concrete dowel drilling machinery

Rotary-type percussion dowel drilling machines, which drill horizontal holes in concrete pavement, have been documented to produce respirable crystalline silica concentrations above recommended exposure criteria. This places operators at potential risk for developing health effects from exposure. United States manufacturers of these machines offer optional dust control systems. The effectiveness of the dust control systems to reduce respirable dust concentrations on two types of drilling machines was evaluated under controlled conditions with the machines operating inside large tent structures in an effort to eliminate secondary exposure sources not related to the dowel-drilling operation. Area air samples were collected at breathing zone height at three locations around each machine. Through equal numbers of sampling rounds with the control systems randomly selected to be on or off, the control systems were found to significantly reduce respirable dust concentrations from a geometric mean of 54 mg per cubic meter to 3.0 mg per cubic meter on one machine and 57 mg per cubic meter to 5.3 mg per cubic meter on the other machine. This research shows that the dust control systems can dramatically reduce respirable dust concentrations by over 90% under controlled conditions. However, these systems need to be evaluated under actual work conditions to determine their effectiveness in reducing worker exposures to crystalline silica below hazardous levels.     

地质勘探行业呼吸性粉尘危害程度的分级

目的 探讨地质勘探行业呼吸性粉尘危害程度分级技术标准的制订方法,为粉尘危害分级管理提供科学依据。方法 选择了地质勘探行业3个接尘专业系统中的129个接尘工种,利用CXF－2F个体呼吸怀粉尘采样器进行了呼吸性粉尘采样,采用X线衍射法测定了粉尘中游离SiO2含量,并进行了呼吸性粉尘危害程度的分级。结果 地质勘探行业呼吸性粉尘危害程度属于安全（0级）和轻度（I级）,两者共占总体的88．4％。不同工种呼吸性粉尘危害情况：出渣、爆破、坑道凿岩等接尘工种工种的呼吸性粉尘危害属于轻、中度（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）;而刻西贡最样接尘工种的呼吸性粉尘危害程度属极重度（Ⅳ级）。结论 此分级标准基本反映出各系统接尘作业的特点,适用于地质勘探作业呼吸性粉尘危害程度分级。     

Field performance of the RespiCon for size-selective sampling of industrial wood processing dust

The RespiCon sampler is a multistage virtual impactor that simultaneously collects the ISO/CEN/ACGIH size fractions of inhalable, thoracic, and respirable particulate matter. The field performance of the device for measurement of industrial wood processing dust was evaluated against reference size-selective samplers: the IOM sampler (inhalable dust), the GK 2.69 cyclone (thoracic dust), and the SKC aluminum cyclone (respirable dust). Seventy-one sets of area samples were collected from 10 wood processing plants, with the samplers mounted either in the free-field or on a two-dimensional bluff body. The geometric mean (range) dust levels across all plants measured by the reference samplers were: inhalable, 1.35 mg/ m3 (0.11-11.06); thoracic, 0.31 mg/m3 (0.05-1.38); and respirable, 0.10 mg/m3 (0.02-0.54). In comparing the RespiCon with the reference samplers, there was no significant difference between sampling in the free-field versus bluff-body modes. For inhalable dust, there was no significant difference between the RespiCon and the IOM sampler after applying a correction factor of 1.5 to the extrathoracic data obtained from the RespiCon. Without the correction factor, the RespiCon undersample inhalable dust by an average of 23%. For thoracic dust, the RespiCon was shown to oversample the extrathoracic dust fraction resulting in an overall error of 48%. A simple correction based on the inhalable and thoracic dust levels reported by the RespiCon is proposed. For respirable dust, there was a significant difference between the RespiCon and the SKC cyclone, but the data were equivocal due to imprecision in measurement of the low respirable dust concentrations encountered and the likelihood of bias in the reference sampler. Overall, the RespiCon sampler appears to be a suitable size-selective sampling device for industrial wood processing dust, although adjustments should be made to the inhalable and thoracic dust results.     

Estimating factors to convert Chinese 'Total Dust' measurements to ACGIH respirable concentrations in metal mines and pottery industries

Historical data on the dust exposures of Chinese workers in metal mines (iron/copper, tin, tungsten) and pottery industries are being used in an ongoing joint Chinese/United States epidemiological study to investigate the exposure-response relationship for the development of silicosis, lung cancer, and other diseases. The historical data include 'total dust' concentrations determined by a Chinese method. Information about particle size distribution and the chemical and mineralogical content of airborne particles is generally not available. In addition, the historical Chinese sampling strategy is different from a typical American eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) sampling strategy, because the Chinese samples were collected for approximately 15 minutes during production so the sample could be compared to their maximum allowable concentration (MAC) standard. Therefore, in order to assess American respirable dust exposure standards in light of the Chinese experience, factors are needed to convert historical Chinese total dust concentrations to respirable dust concentrations. As a part of the joint study to estimate the conversion factors, airborne dust samples were collected in 20 metal mines and 9 pottery factories in China during 1988 and 1989 using three different samplers: 10mm nylon cyclones, multi-stage 'cassette' impactors, and the traditional Chinese total dust samplers. More than 100 samples were collected and analysed for each of the three samplers. The study yielded two different estimates of the conversion factor from the Chinese total dust concentrations (measured during production processes) to respirable dust concentrations. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) reveals that, with a fixed sampling/analysis method, conversion factors were not statistically different among the different job titles within each industry. It also indicates that conversion factors among the industries were not statistically different. However, the two estimates consistently showed that conversion factors were the lowest in the pottery industry. Average conversion factors were then calculated for each of the estimates across the industries studied. A pooled mean conversion factor, 0.25+/-0.04, was then derived for all the job titles and industries. Respirable dust levels were estimated from the historical 'total dust' concentrations collected between 1952 and 1992 by adopting the American standard.     

地质勘探行业工人粉尘暴露水平的调查

目的　确定地质勘探行业粉尘危害程度。方法　对地质勘探行业接触粉尘工种 ,采用国产个体呼吸性粉尘采样器采集、测定呼吸性粉尘浓度、总粉尘浓度和粉尘中游离二氧化硅 (FSiO2 )含量 ,并与历年接尘点的呼吸性粉尘浓度测定结果进行比较。结果　 9个省 (自治区 )地质勘探行业的765个接触矽尘作业点中 ,呼吸性粉尘浓度超标率为 47.95 % ;呼吸性粉尘浓度最高的作业和工种是从事地质勘探作业的刻槽取样工种 ,1 996～ 2 0 0 0年其呼吸性粉尘浓度为 (6 .1 5± 3 .2 1 )mg/m3;地质勘探行业工人接触的呼吸性粉尘占总粉尘的比例高 ,粉尘中FSiO2 含量高。结论　地质勘探行业某些工种呼吸性粉尘暴露水平明显高于国家卫生标准 ,尤其是刻槽取样工和凿岩工。