Static deformation of two welded half-spaces due to dip-slip faulting

Closed-form expressions for the displacements and stresses at any point of either of two elastic half-spaces in welded contact caused by a dip-slip line source obtained earlier are integrated analytically to derive the elastic residual field due to a long dip-slip fault of finite width. The results are valid for an arbitrary dip of the fault. The variation of the displacement field with the distance from the fault as well as with the distance from the interface is studied numerically. It is found that the displacement field is heavily dependent on the dip angle. Contour maps showing the residual elastic field in the two half-spaces caused by a vertical dip-slip fault located in one of the half-spaces are also obtained.     

2-D deformation analysis of a half-space due to a long dip-slip fault at finite depth

Closed form analytical expressions of stresses and displacements at any field point due to a very long dip-slip fault of finite width buried in a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space, are presented. Airy stress function is used to derive the expressions of stresses and displacements which depend on the dip angle and depth of the upper edge of the fault. The effect of dip angle and depth of the upper edge of the fault on stresses and displacements is studied numerically and the results obtained are presented graphically. Contour maps for stresses and displacements are also presented. The results of Rani and Singh (1992b) and Freund and Barnett (1976) have been reproduced.     

A note on 2-D lithospheric deformation due to a blind strike-slip fault

Analytical solution for the problem of a surface-breaking long strike-slip fault in an elastic layer overlying an elastic half-space is well known. The purpose of this note is to obtain the corresponding solution for a blind fault. Since the solution is valid for arbitrary values of the fault-depth and the dip angle, the effects of these two important fault parameters can be studied numerically. The variation of the parallel displacement and shear stress with the distance from the fault is studied numerically for different values of the fault-depth and dip angle.     

2008年汶川地震破裂的滑移向量

估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。     

A note on the relationship between dip-slip fault parameters and plate parameters in the two-dimensional modelling of preseismic deformation

Preseismic lithospheric deformation at a subduction zone can be modelled as dip-slip dislocation on an inclined fault or as flexure of a thin plate. Both these models predict a region of positive topography known as forebulge or outer rise. By matching the location and the magnitude of the forebulge, we derive useful relations between the dip-slip fault parameters and the plate parameters. In particular, we determine the width of a long dip-slip fault of given dip corresponding to a semi-infinite plate of given thickness. The displacement profiles of the two models are also compared.     

江西瑞昌市横岗砖厂断裂探测及其活动特征研究

经化探、物探和槽探工程,对出露于江西瑞昌横岗砖厂取土开挖场地内的地裂缝的成因、特征及意义进行了分析。该区地裂缝总体走向均为北东向,呈“簇”状密集分布,总体延伸长度超过300 m,且地裂缝内均有灰白色、浅灰色矿物充填。解析认为该区分布一条北东走向陡倾正断裂,断裂倾向南东,倾角60°-75°。局部探槽开挖揭露该断裂其中一断裂面错动第四纪坡洪积物,断裂产状为155°∠71°,走向65°,上盘下降,错距达到3 m（未揭露到底）。断层壁平直,断裂面擦痕清晰,可见5条长1~2 m的铲刮沟槽,槽深5~20 mm,显示该断层呈左旋倾滑性质。取上断点地层沉积物ESR测年,测年范围为距今0.27~0.42 Ma,研究表明该断裂在中更新世中期显著活动过,为一条中更新世活动断裂。综合分析认为该区地裂缝发育受横岗砖厂断裂控制,地裂缝的形成是横岗砖厂断裂活动在第四系地表的响应。      

一种三点法求隐伏活动断层产状的计算方法

求解三点问题的传统方法是作图法.目前缺乏利用初等几何学求解三点问题的完整计算方法.本次研究基于三点法的原理,利用初等几何学知识推导了求断层面倾角、倾向和走向的计算公式.断层面倾角计算公式是以已知三点之间水平距离和三点之间高差为变量的代数表达式.断层面倾向或走向计算公式是以已知三点之间水平距离、三点之间高差和三点连线的方...     

东营河125断层几何学特征及其对浊积扇和油藏的控制作用

通过对河125断层几何学特征的分析发现弧形断裂平行于断层走向剖面上表现为断槽、断脊组合;垂直于断层走向剖面上断层分为竖滑段、倾滑段和平滑段3段,生长指数规律为弧中大于弧翼,断层倾角规律为弧中小于弧翼.断裂的几何学特征与运动学特征具有相关性.断层几何学特征对浊积扇具有重要的控制作用:平面上,弧中位置浊积扇最发育,弧翼为不同浊积扇的分界线;断槽为浊积砂体的补给通道,断脊为扇体不同补给区的分水岭;垂向上,倾滑段下部发育远岸浊积扇,中上部发育滑塌浊积岩,形成典型的弧扇对应现象.断层对油藏的控制表现为:控制储层展布、改善储层物性、沟通油源和形成生长背斜及断鼻油气藏.     

断层对采空区地表沉降影响的模拟

断层是影响采空区地表沉降的重要因素。针对这一问题,采用数值模拟的方法,建立矿山地层、断层和采空区的三维地质模型,对比有无断层时,采空区地表沉降的变化规律,并详细分析了断层倾角、断层与采空区相对位置关系、断层摩擦强度等因素对沉降规律的影响。研究表明：断层不仅对采空区沉降起放大作用,同时对地表沉降变形起隔断作用。断层的存在使地表塌陷盆地中心向断层方向偏移。断层倾角在40°~50°时,地表沉降量出现最大值;断层倾角在35°~40°时,采空区顶板下沉量出现最大值。随着断层抗剪强度的减弱,采空区地表沉降量增大;但当断层的内摩擦角大于或等于周围地层的内摩擦角时,断层内摩擦角的增大对地表沉降量的影响不明显。     

确定断煤交线位置的数学计算方法

断层是影响矿井安全生产的重要因素。在地质图件中,断层的位置常用断层走向来表达,但由于煤矿生产的特殊性,不仅需要掌握断层的走向,更需要掌握断煤交线的方向。通常在煤层倾角稍大、断层倾角稍小的情况下,断层走向与断煤交线存在一个夹角,求取该夹角,可准确追踪断层附近煤层。为此以正断层为例,利用断层及煤层的走向与倾角要素,推导出2个计算断煤交线与断层走向夹角的公式。通过例举几种特殊情况,佐证2个公式具有普遍适用性。     

后撤式逆冲推覆断层成因机制及物理模拟——以准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百断裂带为例

位于准噶尔盆地西北缘中段的克-百断裂带,晚二叠世以来发育了一系列后撤式逆冲断层。长期以来,关于克-百断裂带高角度逆冲断层的成因机制一直处于争论当中,后撤式逆冲断层的物理模拟在国内尚未见文献报道。论文通过地震解释研究了克-百断裂带的构造变形特征及其演化阶段;应用断层"活动性系数"理论,半定量地描述了挤压条件下断层"活动性系数"、摩擦系数与断层倾角之间的关系,证明了挤压条件下也能形成高角度逆断层;结合"造山楔"理论解释了后撤式逆冲断层的成因机制。研究认为,克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层是印支期、燕山期持续挤压和扎伊尔山隆升效应综合作用的产物:挤压过程中发生"泊松效应",随着断层倾角增大,断层面上的正压力迅速增大、"活动性系数"降低,当倾角增大到一个临界值后断层停止活动,形成高角度的逆断层;同时扎伊尔山隆升造成挤压应力上移,为断层的后撤奠定了基础。最后利用砂箱物理实验模拟了克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层的形成过程。     

Deformation of two welded elastic half-spaces due to a long inclined tensile fault

The calculation of the deformation caused by shear and tensile faults is necessary for the investigation of seismic and volcanic sources. The solution of the two-dimensional problem of a long inclined shear fault in two welded half-spaces is well known. The purpose of this note is to present the corresponding solution for a tensile fault. Closed-form analytical expressions for the Airy stress function for a tensile line source in two welded half-spaces are first obtained. These expressions are then integrated analytically to derive the Airy stress function for a long tensile fault of arbitrary dip and finite width. Closed-form analytical expressions for the displacements and stresses follow immediately from the Airy stress function. These expressions are suitable for computing the displacement and stress fields around a long inclined tensile fault near an internal boundary.     

论渭河盆地断块运动及地震活动特征

本文根据野外地质调查并综合前人资料,对渭河盆地活动断裂和断块现今活动特征进行了较为详细的论述,对秦岭山前断裂的产状（倾角）提出质疑,提出了北山山前断裂系和秦岭山前断裂系的概念以及运动的差异性,在此基础上,探讨了盆地地震形成模式及其活动特征。     

断展褶皱要素对隐伏滑脱层深度及几何样式的约束:数学分析及其在重庆地区薄皮构造中的应用

根据平衡地质剖面原理,在前人建立的断展褶皱数学模型基础上,进一步推导出断展褶皱要素组合对隐伏滑脱层发育深度和几何样式的限定。需要给定的参数组合包括:断展褶皱后翼倾角2θ、翼间角γ、背斜的构造高度h、背斜的宽度LAB、断端点T以上地层厚度h0。这些参数均可由野外实测或地震剖面解释中给定。由这些参数可以推导出:断坡的倾角α、断坡的顶点T到断层滑距开始降低的点P的距离LTP、地层的压缩量f0、隐伏滑脱层的深度h’。将此推导过程用VC++编程软件ZB1.0加以实现。根据地震剖面的解释及地表资料整理结果,把上述演算结果应用于重庆方斗山地区的茨竹亚背斜的2个剖面中,计算出隐伏滑脱层的深度分别为8.10~8.63 km,证明茨竹亚背斜隐伏主滑脱层发育于寒武系底部。滑脱断层断坡倾角为29°~45,°属于中等倾角。这一研究成果既可在理论上定量计算隐伏滑脱层样式和深度,又能指导对潜伏构造的勘探实践。     

高密度电法在和田隐伏断层探测中的应用

西昆仑山前一系列的新生代背斜的翼部往往伴生向南斜倾的逆断裂,这些断裂隐伏于早更新世或中更新世洪积砂砾石层,构成了和田隐伏断裂带。该断裂带由2条陡坎状断层组成,宽约10.6km,深度20~300m,落差110~270m。根据卫星影像和地质工作成果,和田隐伏断裂的一支从和田市南部穿过,但南郊飞机场附近没有露头,为探查断层在该区域的位置及深度,沿垂直于推测的断层走向布设2条测线,采用温纳（WN）测量系统对其进行探测。探测结果表明：2条测线皆发现了逆断层,均上切错断了上覆晚更新世地层,其中测线1存在2处断层,一处断层倾向南,倾角50°左右,另一处断层倾向北,倾角约55°;测线2存在一处断层,倾向北,倾角近80°。通过比对高密度电法资料和地质出露点剖面,推断和田断层在第四系以来有过两次明显的活动,导致晚更新世砂砾石土层被断错。     

论层滑、倾滑和走滑断裂系统

中、下扬子区广为发育的前缘逆向倾滑,后缘正向倾滑和两侧为走滑断裂所限的薄皮层块构造,系挤压和拉张作用处于同一运动系统中,是由岩石的物质分层、能量分层和构造分层作用及层滑运动所致。地壳表、浅层分布的层块构造与深层的块片构造、地体构造和板块构造的倾滑、走滑机制是一致的,并与断裂力学中的滑开型、撕开型和位错构造中的刃型位错、螺型位错的力学机理和运动本质是相同的。      

On the mechanics of basin formation in the Pannonian basin: Inferences from analogue and numerical modelling

We present the results of a thrust fault reactivation study that has been carried out using analogue (sandbox) and numerical modelling techniques. The basement of the Pannonian basin is built up of Cretaceous nappe piles. Reactivation of these compressional structures and connected weakness zones is one of the prime agents governing Miocene formation and Quaternary deformation of the basin system. However, reactivation on thrust fault planes (average dip of ca. 30°) in normal or transtensional stress regimes is a problematic process in terms of rock mechanics. The aim of the investigation was to analyse how the different stress regimes (extension or strike-slip), and the geometrical as well as the mechanical parameters (dip and strike of the faults, frictional coefficients) effect the reactivation potential of pre-existing faults.

Results of analogue modelling predict that thrust fault reactivation under pure extension is possible for fault dip angle larger than 45° with normal friction value (sand on sand) of the fault plane. By making the fault plane weaker, reactivation is possible down to 35° dip angle. These values are confirmed by the results of numerical modelling. Reactivation in transtensional manner can occur in a broad range of fault dip angle (from 35° to 20°) and strike angle (from 30° to 5° with respect to the direction of compression) when keeping the maximum horizontal stress magnitude approximately three times bigger than the vertical or the minimum horizontal stress values.

Our research focussed on two selected study areas in the Pannonian basin system: the Danube basin and the Derecske trough in its western and eastern part, respectively. Their Miocene tectonic evolution and their fault reactivation pattern show considerable differences. The dominance of pure extension in the Danube basin vs. strike-slip faulting (transtension) in the Derecske trough is interpreted as a consequence of their different geodynamic position in the evolving Pannonian basin system. In addition, orientation of the pre-existing thrust fault systems with respect to the Early to Middle Miocene paleostress fields had a major influence on reactivation kinematics.

As part of the collapsing east Alpine orogen, the area of the Danube basin was characterised by elevated topography and increased crustal thickness during the onset of rifting in the Pannonian basin. Consequently, an excess of gravitational potential energy resulted in extension (σ_v > σ_H) during Early Miocene basin formation. By the time topography and related crustal thickness variation relaxed (Middle Miocene), the stress field had rotated and the minimum horizontal stress axes (σ_h) became perpendicular to the main strike of the thrusts. The high topography and the rotation of σ_h could induce nearly pure extension (dip-slip faulting) along the pre-existing low-angle thrusts. On the contrary, the Derecske trough was situated near the Carpathian subduction belt, with lower crustal thickness and no pronounced topography. This resulted in much lower σ_v value than in the Danube basin. Moreover, the proximity of the retreating subduction slab provided low values of σ_h and the oblique orientation of the paleostress fields with respect to the master faults of the trough. This led to the dominance of strike-slip faulting in combination with extension and basin subsidence (transtension).     

四川龙门山安县-灌县断裂带的特征——以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔（WFSD-3）岩心为例

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探（WFSD）是由科技部、国土资源部和中国地震局联合组织实施的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探研究项目,计划在同震地表破裂带（龙门山映秀-北川断裂和安县-灌县断裂）的上盘布置5口科学群钻：WFSD-1、WFSD-2、WFSD-3、WFSD-3P和WFSD-4,其中WFSD-3和WFSD-3P位于龙门山前山断裂安县-灌县断裂的上盘。以WFSD-3钻孔岩心为研究对象,进行详细的岩石学、构造学、野外编录等研究。WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断裂岩主要由断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,未见假玄武玻璃。钻孔中存在26条规模不等的断裂带,断裂密度显示FZ634、FZ1215和FZ1250为主要断裂带,而FZ1250可能为2008年汶川地震的主滑移带。安县-灌县断裂在地表和WFSD-3P、WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断层倾角分别约为60°、46°和38°,显示安县-灌县断裂倾角从地表至深部逐渐变缓,为一铲式逆冲断层。     

断层参数对承压水体上采煤的影响分析

根据流固耦合理论,采用有限元数值模拟的方法,针对承压水体上采煤过程中断层参数(断距、倾角)对煤层、围岩的应力、变形和水压力变化的影响进行了模拟分析,探讨了存在断层时突水的机理和可能的突水点位置,并定量分析了防水煤柱的预留距离。得出以下结论:(1)当存在正断层时,多发生断层破坏型突水,而底板破坏型突水发生的几率较小;(2)突水性质和突水发生位置受断层断距和倾角的影响不大,煤层和采煤工作面附近的底板围岩都可能成为突水涌出点;(3)随着断层断距和倾角的增加,防水煤柱的合理留设距离应随之增大。以上结果可为实际矿井采煤防突水设计提供参考。 更多还原     

矿井断层构造采动活化因素关联度分析

为研究断层活化因素的关联度,采用FLAC3D软件、DPS软件、SPSS20软件,通过数值模拟、灰色关联度分析以及单因素分析相结合的方式,列举了8种影响因素,分析了其对断层活化的影响程度,结果表明:所有因素关联度排序为采宽>采高>断层倾角>断层带宽度>采深>断层落差>回采步距>回采速度,且前四者对断层活化的影响程度远大于后四者。其中断层倾角、断层带宽度对断层活化的影响程度最大,确定为主控因素。分析了两者对断层活化的具体影响,发现倾角越大断层越易活化,断层带宽度越大断层越易活化。