玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物体内效应组分排泄动力学研究

目的 建立同时测定大鼠尿液及粪便中提取物效应组分新橙皮苷和柚皮苷含量方法,研究大鼠口服玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物后的尿药排泄动力学及排泄特征。方法 采用UPLC-MS/MS建立效应组分新橙皮苷及柚皮苷在大鼠尿液及粪便的定量分析方法,计算口服玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物后不同时间点新橙皮苷及柚皮苷在尿液及粪便中的排泄率,并以亏量法计算尿液中的消除半衰期及消除速率常数,评价大鼠口服玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物后尿药排泄动力学及排泄特征。结果 所建立的UPLC-MS/MS定量分析方法专属性良好、标准曲线及线性范围良好,方法准确度与精密度、定量下限均符合有关规定,该方法能够满足大鼠尿液及粪便中效应组分的定量检测需要;口服72 h后,大鼠尿液中新橙皮苷、柚皮苷的平均累计排泄率分别为（1.76±0.76）‰和（1.39±0.57）‰;大鼠粪便中新橙皮苷、柚皮苷的平均累计排泄率分别为（52.45±6.30）%和（51.57±4.80）%;口服后效应组分新橙皮苷及柚皮苷在尿液及粪便中的排泄量分别在24~36 h和4~8 h达到峰值;72 h后仍有药物经尿液排泄,给药后24 h粪便累计排泄率便达坪值;亏量法计算得新橙皮苷消除速率常数为（0.080±0.021）·h^-1,消除半衰期为（9.41±3.22）h,柚皮苷消除速率常数为（0.077±0.017）·h^-1,消除半衰期为（9.51±2.97）h,新橙皮苷及柚皮苷的动力学参数间差异无统计学意义。结论 口服给药后效应组分原形即通过粪便较快地排出体外,粪便排泄是效应组分排出体外的主要途径,新橙皮苷及柚皮苷经尿液排泄的特征无明显差异。     

玳玳果黄酮提取物关键效应组分辨识及调控脂质代谢作用机制研究

目的 探究玳玳果黄酮提取物及其敲出目标组分对脂肪变性细胞调控脂质代谢作用及机制，辨识关键效应组分。方法 采用油酸诱导建立HepG2脂肪变性细胞模型，非诺贝特为阳性对照，油红O染色法及甘油三酯(triglycerides，TG)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol，TC)为评价指标，考察玳玳果黄酮提取物、柚皮苷(目标组分)、新橙皮苷(目标组分)、其他相关组分(黄酮提取物敲除柚皮苷、新橙皮苷)、黄酮提取物敲除其他相关组分(柚皮苷-新橙皮苷6︰ 7)对脂肪变性模型细胞脂质集聚影响。基于AMPK/SREBP-1c及PPARα信号通路，采用qRT-PCR法、Western blotting检测大鼠肝脏相关基因、蛋白的表达。结果 预防性给药后，与模型组相比，玳玳果黄酮提取物、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、提取物敲除其他相关组分的细胞脂质积聚、TG及TC含量均有明显的改善(P<0.01或P<0.05)；玳玳果黄酮提取物及柚皮苷、新橙皮苷可使促腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(ATP-activated protein kinase，AMPK)的mRNA及磷酸化蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)；显著抑制并明显下调固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding protein，SREBP-1c)、脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acidsynthase，FAS)、乙酰辅酶羧化酶(coenzyme carboxylase，ACC)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P<0.01或P<0.05)；可促进过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体(peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor ，PPARα)、肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶(carnitinepalmitoyltransferase-1，CPT-l)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显上升(P<0.01或P<0.05)；其他相关组分无明显差异。结论 玳玳果黄酮提取物及其关键效应组分柚皮苷、新橙皮苷可有效改善脂质积聚；其作用机制为激活AMPK促其蛋白磷酸化表达，从而抑制脂质合成，同时促进脂肪酸的氧化分解，由此减少脂肪沉积，发挥调控脂质代谢的作用。     

黄芩茎叶解毒胶囊联合阿奇霉素治疗急性咽炎的临床研究

目的 通过对枳实进行多成分定性、定量分析,为不同产地酸橙枳实药材的质量控制提供依据。方法 结合指纹图谱和一测多评（QAMS）模式,采用Waters X-Brige C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸水溶液（B）为流动性,梯度洗脱,检测波长为283 nm和330 nm,体积流量1 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 建立了不同产地酸橙枳实药材的HPLC-UV指纹图谱,确定了21个共有峰,鉴别出了芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮素、甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素、桔皮素9种成分,且23批次枳实样品的相似度均大于0.9,聚类分析（CA）及主成分（PCA）分析结果显示的分类情况与该药材的产地分布情况相一致,以新橙皮苷为参照物的QAMS法测定结果均显示一定的差异性。结论 从成分的角度来看,不同产地间药材质量存在一定差异,实验所建的QAMS法准确、高效、可行,与标准曲线法和外标法相比具有明显的优势,可应用于酸橙枳实的质量评价,为不同产地酸橙枳实药材的质量控制奠定实验基础。     

枳实及其主要活性成分促进脾虚模型大鼠胃肠运动的机制研究

目的:研究枳实及其主要活性成分促进脾虚模型大鼠胃肠运动的机制。方法:将170只大鼠随机分为空白组(10只)和造模组(160只),造模组大鼠以苦寒泻下+饥饱失常法复制脾虚模型。造模后,将大鼠随机分为模型组,柚皮苷低、中、高剂量组(3.267、6.535、13.070 mg/mL),新橙皮苷低、中、高剂量组(3.865、7.730、15.460 mg/mL),辛弗林低、中、高剂量组(0.252、0.504、1.008 mg/mL),3个单体成分(即柚-新-辛)低、中、高剂量配伍组和枳实水煎液低、中、高剂量组(0.104、0.208、0.416 g/mL,以生药计),每天ig给药1次,10 mL/kg,连续7 d。末次给药后,检测大鼠血清胃泌素(GAS)和血浆乙酰胆碱(ACh)、胃动素(MTL)、P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)水平。结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠血清GAS水平和血浆ACh、MTL、SP水平降低(P<0.01),血浆VIP水平升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,除柚皮苷高剂量组和辛弗林各剂量组大鼠血清GAS水平外,其余各给药组均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);新橙皮苷高剂量组、辛弗林高剂量组和枳实水煎液低剂量组大鼠血浆ACh水平显著升高(P<0.01);新橙皮苷中、高剂量组,辛弗林高剂量组,低、中剂量配伍组和枳实水煎液中、高剂量组大鼠血浆MTL水平显著升高(P<0.05);柚皮苷低、中剂量组和新橙皮苷各剂量组大鼠血浆SP水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);柚皮苷低剂量组,辛弗林高剂量组和枳实水煎液低、中剂量组大鼠血浆VIP水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:枳实可能通过促进GAS、ACh、MTL的分泌和抑制VIP的分泌来促进脾虚模型大鼠的胃肠运动;其与3个单体成分对胃肠激素的调节作用有差异。     

柴胡疏肝散水提取物的肠吸收特性研究

目的 建立同时测定芍药苷、阿魏酸、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、甘草酸含量的超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法,研究柴胡疏肝散水提物的肠吸收特性。方法 采用大鼠在体单向肠灌流和外翻肠囊实验模型,应用UPLC法测定柴胡疏肝散水提物中指标性成分（芍药苷、阿魏酸、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷和甘草酸）在不同时间点、不同部位肠道吸收量,计算吸收动力学参数,考察其肠吸收特征。结果 在体单向肠灌流模型结果表明,芍药苷、芸香柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、柚皮苷和甘草酸均为中等程度吸收的化学成分,而阿魏酸为完全吸收;外翻肠囊模型结果表明,芍药苷在空肠部位,阿魏酸、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷在十二指肠部位,芸香柚皮苷在十二指肠和空肠部位的吸收最佳,而甘草酸在各肠段的吸收无显著性差异。结论 肠道对柴胡疏肝散中6种指标性成分均有吸收,阿魏酸较其他5种指标性成分更易透过肠壁进入血液循环;不同肠段对6种指标性成分的吸收具有选择性。     

UPLC同时测定清热止咳颗粒中7种黄酮类成分含量

目的 建立同时测定清热止咳颗粒中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷含量的方法。方法 采用超高效液相色谱法。采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(梯度洗脱) ,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷分别在0.324～6.480（r=0.999 9）,1.337～26.75（r=0.999 7）,0.687～13.80（r=0.999 6）,1.347～26.95（r=0.999 8）,2.770～55.40（r=0.999 2）,0.330～6.600（r=0.999 8）,0.242～4.840（r=0.999 6）μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;并且芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、黄芩苷、木蝴蝶素A-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷平均加样回收率分别为99.41%、101.80%、99.42%、98.47%、101.71%,102.27%和97.64%,RSD范围分别是2.32%、1.69%、2.38%、2.45%、1.24%、1.77%和1.91%。结论 建立的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)方法操作简便、稳定、准确且可行,可用于清热止咳颗粒的质量控制。     

基于指纹图谱分析和多成分同时定量的枳实消痞丸质量评价研究

摘 要 目的：建立枳实消痞丸的HPLC指纹图谱,并测定其主要成分的量,为枳实消痞丸的质量控制提供可靠方法。 方法: 采用Agilent XDB C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以流动相A为乙腈 甲醇(1∶1),流动相B为0.3%冰醋酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 ml·min-1,检测波长;厚朴酚和和厚朴酚为294 nm,白术内酯Ⅱ和白术内酯Ⅲ为220 nm,芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷及新橙皮苷为283 nm,柱温为40℃;建立枳实消痞丸HPLC指纹图谱,并对厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、白术内酯Ⅱ、白术内酯Ⅲ、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量测定方法进行方法学考察。 结果: 在指纹图谱研究中,共确定枳实消痞丸HPLC指纹图谱25个共有峰,通过与混合对照品比较指认其中8个指标成分分别是：芸香柚皮苷(5号峰)、柚皮苷(6号峰)、橙皮苷(7号峰)、新橙皮苷(8号峰)、厚朴酚(15号峰)、和厚朴酚(16号峰)、白术内酯Ⅲ(21号峰)和白术内酯Ⅱ(22号峰),利用相似度软件对11批样品指纹图谱进行分析,各批样品相似度均在0.99以上。在建立的色谱条件下试验8个指标成分分离度良好,方法精密度和重复性RSD均＜1.5%,供试品溶液在24 h内稳定,各成分具有良好的线性关系;11批枳实消痞丸中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、白术内酯Ⅱ、白术内酯Ⅲ、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷质量分数分别在2.981 0～2.995 0 mg·g-1、2.693 0～2.711 0 mg·g-1、0.911 5～0.912 9 mg·g-1、1.230 0～1.244 0 mg·g-1、0.630 8～0.631 9 mg·g-1、1.851 0～1.869 0 mg·g-1、1.515 0～1.529 0 mg·g-1和1.232 0～1.249 0 mg·g-1。 结论: 所建立的枳实消痞丸HPLC指纹图谱检测和定量测定分析方法准确可靠、专属性强、灵敏度高,能全面反映其内在质量,可用于枳实消痞丸的质量控制。     

基于指纹图谱和网络药理学预测经典名方温胆汤中枳实的质量标志物

目的 基于指纹图谱和网络药理学预测经典名方温胆汤(Wendan decoction，WDD)中药材枳实的质量标志物(Q-Marker)。方法 建立枳实药材和WDD基准样品的指纹图谱，使用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价软件(2012年A版)进行相似度分析和共有成分指认；采用网络药理学筛选共有成分的相关靶点和关键通路，并建立成分-靶点-通路网络，预测枳实发挥祛痰止呕，清胆和胃功效潜在的Q-Marker，并测定其含量。结果 建立了15批枳实药材和15批WDD基准样品的指纹图谱，15批枳实药材和WDD基准样品指纹图谱相似度>0.9，指认出5个化学成分，分别为柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、川陈皮素、桔皮素；网络药理学筛选分析得到5个化合物的TP53、MAPK8、EGFR、JUN、MMP9等32个核心靶点和癌症通路、内分泌抵抗通路等10条关键通路，构建了“成分-靶点-通路”网络图，预测柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、川陈皮素、桔皮素为WDD中枳实的Q-Marker。WDD中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、川陈皮素、桔皮素的含量≥0.011 7%，0.025 3%，0.025 7%，0.010 4%，0.010 7%。结论 WDD中枳实的Q-Marker预测分析为建立完整的WDD质量评价体系提供参考，也为阐明其药效物质基础的作用机制奠定了基础。     

HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中7种指标成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素和桔皮素含量。方法 采用Agilent Extend C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,检测波长：330 nm,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速：1 ml·min^-1,柱温：30℃。结果 芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素、桔皮素分别在23.30~1 164.80 ng,170.84~8 541.91 ng,17.22~861.20 ng,156.17~7 808.64 ng,3.13~156.48 ng,0.90~45.23 ng,0.85~42.27 ng内线性关系良好（r ≥ 0.999 5,n=6）,平均回收率分别为98.8%,101.3%,98.3%,96.8%,101.8%,101.7%,108.9%。结论 首次建立了衢枳壳中7个成分HPLC含量测定方法,该方法简便,结果准确,可为综合评价衢枳壳质量提供依据。     

玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸的肠吸收动力学特性

目的：考察玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸的肠吸收特性并探讨其作用机制。方法：采用大鼠外翻肠囊模型,建立同时测定大鼠肠吸收液中玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸特征药效成分新橙皮苷和柚皮苷含量的液-质联用（UPLC-MS）分析法,比较玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸与原料玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物在大鼠不同肠段的累积吸收量,分析不同质量浓度大鼠空肠段的吸收过程,探讨其肠吸收部位及机制。结果：玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸特征药效成分新橙皮苷和柚皮苷90 min时的累积吸收量由多到少依次是空肠、十二指肠、回肠和结肠;玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸在高、中、低剂量下空肠的累积吸收量随时间的增加而增加,相关系数r>0.95,且随着药液质量浓度的增加新橙皮苷和柚皮苷的Ka均增加,符合一级药动学过程;在等剂量给药下,玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸中新橙皮苷和柚皮苷的累积吸收量约是玳玳果黄酮降脂提取物的1.6倍。结论：玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸在全肠道均有吸收,小肠的上中段为最佳吸收部位,新橙皮苷和柚皮苷吸收可能为被动吸收循环入体,制成的玳玳果黄酮降脂滴丸可显著改善提取物在肠道的吸收,提高其口服生物利用度。     

Synthesis and evaluation of 2,6-piperidinedione derivatives as potentially novel compounds with analgesic and other CNS activities

New 2,6-piperidinediones 2_a–g and 4_a–d were prepared by initial condensation of aromatic aldehydes or cycloalkanones with cyanoacetamide to give α-cyanocinnamides l_a–g or cycloalkylidenes 3_a,b which underwent Michae1 addition with ethyl cyanoacetate or diethylmalonate. Compounds 4_a–d were alkylated by various alkyl halides to produce the N-alkylated 2,6-piperidinedione derivatives 5_a–m. Some new selected compounds 2_a–c,f, 4_a–d & 5_e,h,j were pharmacologically evaluated for potential anticonvulsant, sedative and analgesic activities. These compounds exhibited significant anticonvulsant and analgesic effects after a single I.P. administration 100 mg/kg b.wt. . On the other hand all the investigated compounds induced hypnotic activity and prolonged the phenobarbital sodium- induced sleep as compared with the control group and the most potent compound was found to be 2_f.     

EFFECT OF POLICOSANOL SUCCESSIVE DOSE INCREASES ON PLATELET AGGREGATION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug with hypocholesterolemic effects demonstrated in experimental models, healthy volunteers and type II hypercholesterolemic patients. In addition, antiplatelet effects of policosanol have been shown in experimental models and healthy volunteers. The effect of successively increasing doses of policosanol on platelet aggregation was investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted in 37 healthy volunteers. The volunteers were on a placebo-baseline period (two tablets per day) for 7 days and thereafter they received randomly, under double-blind conditions, placebo or policosanol (10mgday⁻¹) for 7 days. After this period dosage was doubled to 20mgday⁻¹for the next 7 days and then again doubled to 40mgday⁻¹, while the control group received placebo tablets all the time. Platelet aggregation as well as coagulation time was measured at baseline and after each dosing step. Results showed that antiplatelet effects of policosanol were successfully enhanced throughout the study, thus suggesting a dose-dependent relationship. No significant effect was reached during the first dosing period, but significant reductions of epinephrine and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were observed after the second one. Finally, a significant inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by all the agonists was observed at the last dosing step. Coagulation time remained unchanged during the trial.     

NEURAMIDE STIMULATES ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN BUT NOT PROLACTIN RELEASE FROM RAT PITUITARY

Neuramide (NMD), a substance found in crude preparations of porcine stomach extract, is a viral inhibitor that also has putative immunostimulatory effects. The effects of NMD on stress-hormone (ACTH and prolactin—PRL) release were assessed inin vivoandin vitrostudies. In the former, blood levels of corticosterone and PRL were measured in NMD-treated male rats.In vitroexperiments were performed to evaluate the effects of NMD and three of its fractions (obtained with high performance liquid chromatography) on ACTH and PRL release from perfused rat pituitary slices. NMD increased plasma corticosterone levelsin vivoand produced dose-dependent increases inin vitropituitary release of ACTH. No effects on PRL secretion were observedin vivoorin vitro. The stimulatory effects on ACTH release were caused by the NMD fraction with a molecular weight of >5000<10000Da.     

鼻渊净胶囊的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立鼻渊净胶囊的高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱。方法 采用Agilent SB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,乙腈-水为流动相、以1.0 ml/min流速行梯度洗脱,检测波长210 nm,柱温30 ℃,洗脱时间为80 min。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2004A版）对检测出色谱进行指纹图谱相似度评价。结果 建立了鼻渊净胶囊的HPLC指纹图谱,确定了20个共有峰,15个峰归属到各药材,其中5个峰确认了化学成分;10批样品的指纹图谱的整体相似度与对照图谱比较,均在90%以上。结论 所建立的鼻渊净胶囊指纹图谱有助于从整体上控制该制剂的质量。     

Investigation of the prevalence of tetQ, tetX and tetX1 genes in Bacteroides strains with elevated tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations

In this study, the antibiotic susceptibilities to tigecycline and tetracycline of 35 selected Bacteroides fragilis group strains were determined by Etest, and the presence of tetQ, tetX, tetX1 and ermF genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). tetQ was detected in all 12 B. fragilis group isolates (100%) exhibiting elevated tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (≥8 μg/mL) as well as the 8 strains (100%) with a tigecycline MIC of 4 μg/mL, whilst tetX and tetX1 were present in 15% and 75% of these strains, respectively. All of these strains were fully resistant to tetracycline (MIC ≥ 16 μg/mL). On the other hand, amongst the group of strains with tigecycline MICs < 4 μg/mL (15 isolates), tetQ, tetX and tetX1 were found less frequently (73.3%, 13.3% and 46.7%, respectively). All but two strains harbouring the tetQ gene in this group were non-susceptible to tetracycline, with a MIC > 4 μg/mL. These data suggest that in most cases tigecycline overcomes the tetracycline resistance mechanisms frequently observed in Bacteroides strains. However, the presence of tetX and tetX1 genes in some of the strains exhibiting elevated MICs for tigecycline draws attention to the possible development and spread of resistance to this antibiotic agent amongst Bacteroides strains. The common occurrence of ermF, tetX, tetX1 and tetQ genes together predicted the presence of the CTnDOT-like Bacteroides conjugative transposon in this collection of Bacteroides strains.     

INDIRECT PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC ACTIVITY OF THE CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC SUBSTANCE / -SOTALOLIN VITRO: REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE ISOENZYMES FROM BLOOD AND THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Inhibitory effects of the class III antiarrhythmic compound / -sotalol on acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) isoenzymes of both erythrocytes and the human caudate nucleus and on serum cholinesterase (ChE; EC 3.1.1.8) were studiedin vitrousing a spectrophotometric kinetic assay with acetylthiocholine (ASCh) as substrate. Sotalol concentrations in the assays varied from 0.32 to 3.2m . All isoenzymes studied were inhibited by / -sotalol in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. Double reciprocal plots of the reaction velocity against varying ASCh concentrations revealed that / -sotalol reduced substrate affinity (apparent Michaelis constant, KM, increased) of serum ChE, but did not change the enzyme's maximal rate of ASCh hydrolysis (V_max). Thus, / -sotalol inhibition of serum ChE was of the competitive type (rate constant for reversible competitive inhibition: K_i=0.51m ). In contrast, / sotalol reduced the maximal reaction velocity of the AChE isoenzyme from the central nervous system (caudate nucleus), but had no influence on substrate affinity of the enzyme (K_Mwith ASCh unchanged) indicating purely non-competitive inhibition kinetics (rate constant of reversible non-competitive inhibition: K_i′=0.44m ). / -sotalol inhibition of erythrocyte AChE was of mixed competitive/non-competitive type (K_i=0.31m , K_i′=0.49m ). Non-competitive / -sotalol inhibition of caudate nucleus AChE and the non-competitive component of erythrocyte AChE inhibition cannot be overcome by increased concentrations of the cholinergic transmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Peak / -sotalol plasma levels as described in the literature for both humans (15μ ) and experimental animals (dogs: 18μ ; rats: 260μ ) as well as maximal myocardial concentrations of the substance (dogs: 46μ ; rats: 478μ ) are in the range of about 2% to 100% of the sotalol inhibition rate constants determined in the present paper for cholinesterase isoenzymesin vitro. Thus, / -sotalol inhibition of ACh hydrolysisin vivomay contribute to both the well known antiarrhythmic potential and proarrhythmic side effects of the compound.     

AMELIORIATION OF CHEMICALLY-INDUCED HEPATOCYTE INJURY BY CYCLOSPORINE A

Cyclosporine A, beside its current applications, possesses potential hepatoprotective effects. This study was directed to investigate the effect of Cyclosporine A pretreatment on hepatic injury due to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and -galactosamine. Rats were injected by two successive doses of Cyclosporine A (5mgkg⁻¹day⁻¹). Six hours after the second dose, 1mlkg⁻¹of CCl₄was administered i.p. Effects associated with Cyclosporine A pretreatment were examined by using isolated hepatocytes and hepatocytes that were immobilized and continuously perfused. -Galactosamine (5m ) was added directly to the perfusion medium. After isolation, hepatocytes were examined histologically by light and electron microscopy, immobilized and perfused for further metabolic functional activity evaluation. Cyclosporine A pretreatmentin vivoproduced hepatoameliorative effects of various degrees which were statistically significant as manifested by: (1) an increased trypan blue exclusion after CCl₄; (2) an improved ureagenesis after CCl₄; (3) a reduction in the lipid droplets accumulation in the cytoplasm produced by CCl₄administration; (4) well preserved cytoplasmic organelles as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum ER, nuclear chromatin structures that were altered by CCl₄; and (5) an increased hepatocytes survival in the agarose gel matrix, reduction of LD leakage and improvement of ureagenesis after -galactosamine addition to the perfusion medium. The beneficial effect of Cyclosporine A pretreatment in modifying hepatotoxicity of chemical insults merits further studies.     

喙果黑面神化学成分研究

目的研究大戟科植物喙果黑面神(Breynia rostrata Merr.)的化学成分。方法利用硅胶、凝胶等色谱技术分离纯化化学成分,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从喙果黑面神的正丁醇萃取部分分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为6-O-甲基丙酰基-α-D-吡喃葡糖(6-O-methylpropanoyl-α-D-glucopyranose,1);4″-苯酚基-6-O-甲基丙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(4″-phenolic-6-O-methylpropanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside,2);1-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside,3);熊果苷(arbutin,4)。结论化合物1和2为新化合物,3和4均为首次从该种植物分离得到。     

EFFECTS OF 2-GUANIDINE-4-METHYLQUINAZOLINE ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN RATS

In this study 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline (2-GMQ) appeared to decrease basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, while structurally related compounds as dimethyl- biguanide, cyanoguanidine and 2-cyanoamino-4-methylpyrymidine did not. Thus, there is an antisecretory effect when the biguanide group is associated with a lipophilic structure. The antisecretive effects exerted by 2-GMQ are associated with anti H₂-histamine activity.The anti H₂-histamine nature of the effects of 2-GMQ was confirmed by the capacity of this compound of depressing the chronotropic activity of the isolated guinea pig auricle increased by histamine, as well as relaxant activity in rat uterus contracted by histamine, since both preparations are rich in H₂-histamine receptors.     

栝楼不同药用部位质量控制的研究进展

瓜蒌子、瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌、天花粉来源于栝楼的不同药用部位,4味药材均为常用的大宗药材,现行版《中国药典》对其制定的质量标准过于简单,无法科学合理地控制其质量。本文对瓜蒌子、瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌、天花粉安全性和有效组分的研究进行综述,明确了相关研究存在的问题并针对问题提出建议,为科学全面的药材及饮片标准的制定提供参考依据。