基于VGT控制参数的柴油机低速变海拔热平衡试验

进行二级可调增压柴油机热平衡性能研究,有助于解决高海拔发动机开锅问题,提高热效率。利用自主设计的柴油机高海拔热平衡试验系统,进行不同模拟海拔(0、3 500、5 500 m)基于可变截面涡轮增压器(VGT)控制参数的二级可调增压柴油机低速全负荷热平衡试验,全面分析了变海拔条件下VGT控制参数对整机低速热平衡性能影响的机理与规律,优化标定了不同海拔下柴油机低速最佳VGT叶片开度。结果表明:随VGT叶片开度增大,发动机低速工况下热负荷升高,表现形式为涡前排温升高、缸内最高燃烧温度上升,但缸内最大燃烧压力呈下降趋势,0 m、VGT开度小于50%时,缸内最高燃烧压力大于17 MPa,在0、3 500、5 500 m海拔,VGT开度分别大于70%、50%、30%时,缸内最高燃烧温度超过2 200.0℃。随VGT叶片开度增大,柴油机有效功率、排气带走热量及其占比升高,冷却液带走热量、余项损失及其占比呈下降趋势,5 500 m海拔下,VGT叶片开度每增大10%,柴油机热效率降低3.1%。综合考虑VGT控制参数对缸内最高燃烧温度、缸内最大燃烧压力及热效率的影响,0、3 500、5 500 m柴油机低速工况最佳VGT叶片开度应分别为50%、20%、20%。     

重型电控共轨柴油机高海拔(低气压)热流量分配试验研究

针对柴油机在高原环境条件下工作时存在热负荷增大、冷却系统散热能力不足等热平衡问题,利用自行设计的重型电控共轨柴油机高海拔(低气压)热平衡模拟试验系统,开展了不同海拔(大气压力)下柴油机全负荷工况热平衡试验研究,分析了不同海拔(大气压力)对柴油机热流量分配的影响规律。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,转化为有效功的热量和排气带走的热量均不断下降,而冷却液带走的热量和余项损失均不断增加。海拔每升高1km,转化为有效功的热量平均下降了11.1kW(约3.8%),且低转速区下降幅度比高转速区大;排气带走的热量平均下降了13.3kW(约4.6%),且高转速区下降幅度比低转速区大;冷却液带走的热量平均增加了8.0kW(约5.3%);余项损失平均增加了16.4kW(约40.1%)。当海拔超过3km时,热流量分配的变化幅度更加明显。     

自然吸气柴油机高海拔(低气压)热平衡试验研究

基于内燃机高海拔(低气压)热平衡模拟试验台,对某型内燃叉车自然吸气柴油机进行了热平衡高原模拟试验,研究了柴油机燃烧放热量分配、冷却液温度以及排气温度等随海拔高度(大气压力)的变化规律.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,转化为有效功的热量、冷却水散热量以及排气带走的热量均不断下降,柴油机不完全燃烧造成的热损失、机体散失的热量以及...     

柴油机二级可调增压系统高海拔标定试验

通过内燃机高海拔模拟试验台进行了二级可调增压柴油机不同海拔和工况性能试验,研究了高压级可变截面涡轮增压器(VGT)叶片开度对二级可调增压柴油机性能的影响,得到了不同海拔全工况VGT叶片最佳开度脉谱.结果表明:在不同海拔下,大负荷工况VGT叶片最佳开度随转速增加逐渐增大,中、小负荷工况VGT叶片最佳开度随转速增加先减小后增大;随海拔升高,相同工况下的VGT叶片最佳开度逐渐减小;与单级增压柴油机相比,海拔5.5,km二级可调增压柴油机最大转矩和标定功率分别提高了11.0%,和11.8%,,低速转矩平均提高了31.1%,,适应性系数提高了19.2%,,最低燃油消耗率和低速时燃油消耗率分别降低了4.8%,和15.3%,;不同海拔高、低压级增压器与柴油机的联合运行线均位于压气机较高效率区.     

高海拔条件下压气机结构优化及其对柴油机性能的影响

基于二级可调增压柴油机高海拔性能试验,采用计算流体力学(CFD)和柴油机工作过程计算方法,开展高海拔条件下压气机叶轮结构优化及其对柴油机性能影响的研究.研究结果表明:海拔5 500 m,压气机叶轮主叶片及分流叶片前缘前掠6.27°、分流叶片向主叶片压力面偏折12.09°,压气机叶轮流道内流动损失明显降低,出口处流动稳定性提高,压比、效率及流量范围分别提高4.16%、2.63%及6.58%;压气机叶轮优化后,二级可调增压柴油机中低转速燃烧过程得到明显改善,滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短;柴油机1 200 r/min全负荷工况最高燃烧压力升高9.53%,累计放热量提高8.78%,转矩提高5.82%,燃油消耗率降低4.42%.     

非道路涡轮增压柴油机高原适应性研究

为改善非道路柴油机高海拔条件下功率下降、经济性及排放性能恶化、高速增压器超速等问题,利用柴油机高原环境模拟台架试验结合一维仿真研究了0～4 000m海拔环境下增压器运行特性、柴油机综合性能参数等随海拔高度的变化规律及影响机理。针对柴油机的变海拔性能恢复目标,通过对增压系统进行参数计算和选配,提出一种带有废气旁通阀的两级涡轮增压匹配方案。研究结果表明:变海拔条件下,非道路柴油机各性能参数呈现非线性变化,在转速800～2 800r/min全负荷工况下,柴油机动力性、经济性变化梯度呈现出先减小后增大的"浴盆形"趋势。在0～2 000m海拔环境下,柴油机转矩降幅达4.3%,有效燃油消耗率降幅达6%。随着海拔升高,中冷前温度与涡前温度逐渐升高,增压压力与涡前压力逐渐降低,CO、全碳氢和NO_x排放升高。匹配两级增压系统后,对比原机4 000m海拔运行工况,柴油机功率平均升高14.9%,有效燃油消耗率平均降低11.8%,实现了非道路柴油机的高海拔性能恢复目标。     

二级可调增压柴油机高海拔瞬态特性仿真

为改善车用柴油机高海拔下瞬态工况涡轮迟滞、进气流量响应慢及油耗和碳烟排放增加等问题,利用GTPower建立高海拔单可变截面增压(VGT)二级可调增压柴油机仿真模型,研究了0、3.5和5.5 km海拔下等速加载和恒载加速两种瞬态工况VGT叶片的调节特性,比较VGT叶片3种控制策略对柴油机瞬态特性的影响.结果表明:等速加载工况下,VGT最优控制策略为加载初期保持VGT叶片开度不变至加载中段,之后开度线性增加至加载后稳态工况对应开度;恒载加速工况下,加速初期开始增大VGT叶片开度,至加载中段开度增加至最大转速对应开度,之后VGT开度保持不变持续至加速结束的调节策略加速性能最好.二级可调增压柴油机高海拔加载、加速性能明显优于原机,5.5 km海拔加载过程转矩平均提高了6.2%,加速过程达到最终稳定转速时间缩短了44.8%,体现了二级可调增压系统改善柴油机瞬态特性的优越性.     

高原自适应柴油机涡轮增压技术研究

针对某柴油机面临的变海拔适应性问题,基于可变截面增压器,建立了柴油机变海拔自适应增压系统,利用高原柴油机性能模拟试验台,进行了0~4 000 m高原性能模拟对比试验,研究了高原环境下增压对换气过程及柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明:通过采用可变截面增压技术,柴油机高海拔性能下降得以改善,并解决了柴油机在高海拔低速工况下不能工作、增压器喘振等问题,使柴油机在4 000 m海拔下最大扭矩点转速恢复到原机平原条件下的转速1 300 r/min,扭矩降幅小于5%。通过初步研究得出可变截面增压技术在柴油机高原恢复功率、降低热负荷方面具有一定的潜力。     

增压中冷柴油机热平衡试验研究

发动机热平衡表示热量分配情况,热平衡试验一方面可以为汽车制造厂提供冷却液和中冷器散热量以确定冷却系统零件的尺寸,另一方面可以根据发动机的有效输出功率,评价发动机的热效率。经过对热平衡试验的理论、试验设备、试验步骤和数据处理进行了研究,其成果可为增压中冷柴油机制造厂的热平衡试验提供参考。     

高海拔可调两级增压柴油机油气协同控制研究

以某Ⅴ型6缸柴油机为研究对象,采用GT-Power软件开展高海拔可调两级涡轮增压柴油机油气协同控制研究。仿真模型的进气模块选用可调两级涡轮增压系统,燃烧模块的标定采用柴油机在低过量空气系数下的试验数据进行。采用该标定后的仿真模型开展了不同过量空气系数和喷油量工况下柴油机高原性能仿真计算。结果表明:在海拔4 500 m,且满足最高燃烧压力和排温限制的条件下,采用可调两级增压并结合油气协同控制,柴油机扭矩和功率可达到100%恢复;研究同时获得了最大扭矩和最大功率恢复的油气协同控制方法。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。