三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律

基于2种卸荷应力路径和常规三轴压缩试验,研究了加卸载条件下花岗岩的变形破坏及应力脆性跌落特征。卸荷条件下岩石变形主要是向卸荷（主）方向回弹或拉伸变形为主,而非或次卸荷方向的塑性变形很小,峰后应力应变曲线呈现明显的脆性特征。而加载条件下岩石以轴向压缩变形为主,且压缩塑性变形随围压增大而增大;卸荷条件下破坏岩石各种级别的张拉裂缝较多,张裂面一般垂直于卸荷主方向,高初始围压时双向卸荷甚至在次卸荷方向也可产生环形张拉裂缝。破坏围压较高时破裂面剪性特征相对明显,但剪性裂面一般追踪张性破裂面发展而成,并在剪切面两侧发育较多微张裂缝。而相对较高围压下常规三轴压缩岩石一般为剪切破坏,张性裂缝很少;常规三轴压缩岩石的应力脆性跌落系数随围压的增大而增大,而在卸荷条件下却随初始围压的增大而减小。相同初始围压时,卸荷条件下比加载时的应力脆性跌落系数小得多,方案Ⅱ在初始围压达到30 MPa时甚至出现负值,应力脆性跌落系数R依次为：RⅢ〉RⅠ〉RⅡ。     

岩石卸荷破坏的试验研究

对岩样进行了常规三轴加载后保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,得到了峰前、峰后卸围压全过程曲线。对岩样破坏特征和试验结果的分析表明:峰前卸围压岩样表现出脆性剪切破坏的特征,而峰后卸围压表现出张剪破坏的特征,峰前卸围压破坏比峰后卸围压破坏更具有突发性;峰前、峰后卸围压岩样都表现出明显的侧向扩容现象;岩样破坏时的轴向承载能力对围压都很敏感,反应了试件沿破裂面摩擦滑动的结构效应。     

基于高速摄影的单预制裂纹大理岩加卸载试验

为了研究裂纹缺陷对岩石材料强度、变形特性以及断口走向的影响,以大理岩中预制45°单裂纹试件的单轴、双轴加载以及卸载试验为基础,通过高速摄影设备记录试件破坏主要过程及破裂面的走向,分析加、卸载下裂隙岩体的裂纹起裂、扩展及破坏模式.结果表明:3种加载条件下与裂纹面夹角为-100°~-130°区域容易产生主要裂纹,在理论上与剪应力极值方向-115°基本吻合;新产生的裂纹多数为裂纹带形式,这是由于加卸载过程中裂纹尖端的最大环向拉应力和剪应力极值的大小及角度渐变造成.卸载试验最终的破坏形态比单轴和双轴加载更为复杂,破坏形式由卸载初剪切破坏发展为拉剪破坏,破坏程度和速度均高于加载.     

循环加卸载下花岗岩破裂过程及能量演化研究

使用MTS815实验机对北山花岗岩进行了循环加卸载实验.基于实验结果,探讨了循环加卸载条件下北山花岗岩声发射特征,研究了北山花岗岩破裂过程中能量演化特征.结果表明:1)峰值应力前循环,卸载阶段弹性模量略大于加载阶段弹性模量.2)根据声发射变化特征可以很好地判定岩石所处的应力状态和损伤程度,并在一定程度上证明了岩石材料的Kaiser效应.3)峰值应力前,能量演化主要表现为以弹性能为主的聚集和释放;在峰值应力时耗散能迅速增多导致岩石内部结构发生根本性的变化,耗散能在峰后阶段所占比重持续增加导致岩石进入加速破坏阶段.4)峰值应力前,围压对弹性能和耗散能的影响很小;但弹性储能极限和岩石破坏所需的耗散能随围压的升高线性增大.     

花岗岩单轴压缩力学特性试验及数值模拟

采用电液伺服试验机对花岗岩进行单轴压缩试验, 利用RFPA 模拟岩石破裂过程, 详细分析了单轴压缩下花岗岩各特征应力大小、损伤过程、破坏模式及裂纹扩展规律。结果表明: 花岗岩在单轴压缩下裂纹闭合应力、裂纹起始应力、损伤应力分别占峰值应力的41. 1%、58. 7%、88. 3%; 在损伤变量的基础上提出损伤变量临界值, 以应变值为基础建立花岗岩损伤与裂隙演化之间的联系, 定量分析了花岗岩裂隙演化4 个阶段下损伤变量的变化; 花岗岩单轴压缩下破坏模式与主裂隙方向有关, 当主裂隙方向和轴向压应力方向平行时, 花岗岩发生竖向劈裂破坏, 当主裂隙方向与轴向压应力方向存在夹角时, 花岗岩发生竖向劈裂与剪切组合破坏; 根据RFPA 2D 模拟得到花岗岩破裂结果, 发现当加载应力达到峰值应力的46. 9%时, 花岗岩内部出现局部的微损伤, 当加载应力达到峰值应力的63. 3%时, 花岗岩内部的微损伤累积引起局部的微裂纹, 当加载应力达到峰值应力的88. 3%时, 花岗岩内部的微裂纹汇聚形成显裂纹, 在显裂纹区域出现应力集中现象, 使得显裂纹相互贯通, 最终导致花岗岩的宏观破坏。     

深埋大理岩卸荷力学特性的试验研究

为探讨深埋大理岩在不同应力路径下力学性质的差异,揭示卸荷应力路径对岩石力学性质的影响,对取自锦屏二级深埋引水隧洞的浅灰色大理岩进行了常规三轴和两种应力路径的卸荷三轴试验研究,得到了卸荷应力状态下,大理岩破坏时的纵横应变小于常规三轴压缩应力状态得到的结果,且其变形具有由延性变形有向脆性变形转化的特征。不同应力路径下大理岩的变形模量和泊松比与围压均有良好的线性关系,但卸荷应力状态下的变形模量较常规三轴压缩应力状态下的小,泊松比则相反。卸荷状态下大理岩的破坏面更为粗糙,其内聚力较三轴压缩状态下的内聚力下降了36.4%,而内摩擦角增加了35.4%;在45MPa正应力范围内,卸荷应力状态下的抗剪强度低于常规三轴压缩状态下的抗剪强度,卸荷应力状态下更易导致岩石发生破坏。     

深部砂岩加卸载过程的能量演化分析

为了研究砂岩不同应力路径下的力学特征和能量演化规律,开展砂岩的三轴加载试验与同时卸轴压和围压的三轴卸荷试验.分析了在受荷破坏过程中围压以及应力路径对砂岩的力学特性以及能量演化规律的影响.结果表明:不同的应力路径下,围压增大可以提高试件的力学特性;不同应力路径下,围压的增高会提高峰值强度对应的总能量、弹性能以及耗散能;不...     

类岩石裂隙扩展多因素影响研究

岩体强度是影响岩体工程安全的重要因素,其会因多种因素的改变而变化,研究不同因素对裂隙扩展的影响,可以获得不同因素对岩体强度影响规律,为保证岩体工程的安全和稳定提供参考依据。文章主要考虑节理位置、围压和温度对岩体破裂过程的影响,通过室内试验分析节理位置对岩体裂隙扩展规律的影响,研究围压的改变对岩体峰值强度和破裂形态的作用,通过加卸载试验定性分析了洞室开挖掌子面的卸荷效应,并对4种较低温度和3种超高温度下岩体的裂隙扩展形态和规律进行了研究。结果表明:节理位于试件端部时,以翼裂纹扩展为主、次生裂隙扩展为辅,主要产生张拉裂纹,而节理位于试件中间时,主要产生剪切裂纹;围压的增加会提高岩体的强度,抑制裂纹的扩展,岩体卸载容易产生劈裂破坏;温度能够降低岩体的强度,超高温条件下,岩体易产生炸裂。     

载荷方式对深部采动煤体损伤-渗透时效特性影响实验研究

根据煤体实际力学状态设定恒定围压增加轴压、恒定轴压卸除围压和同时增加轴压卸除围压等3种力学路径,开展加卸载煤体损伤-渗透同步实验,分析加卸载方式对采动煤体损伤-渗透时效特性的影响,并揭示采动煤体损伤-渗透特性差异的内在机制.研究结果表明:不同的力学路径使煤体表现出截然不同的变形与强度特征,在高围压作用下试样的变形特性逐渐从脆性向塑性转变;受加卸载方式的影响,3种力学路径下的试样分别发生主剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和X型共轭剪切破坏;不同的力学路径对试样造成不同程度的损伤扩容和渗透率变化,且具有明显的时效特性,按响应速度排序依次是:同时增加轴压卸除围压恒定轴压卸除围压恒定围压增加轴压;煤体损伤、渗透具有协同演化特性,但渗透率变化相对于损伤扩容具有滞后性;差应力比是导致加卸载煤体损伤-渗透特性差异的本质原因,承受较大差应力比的深部采动煤体极易诱发煤岩瓦斯动力灾害,为避免动力灾害发生,需采取相应措施减小采动煤体所受的差应力比.研究结果对于揭示煤岩瓦斯动力灾害机理、实现深部煤炭精准开采与动力灾害防治具有指导作用.     

隧洞围岩在超载和卸载状态下的破坏模式

围岩破坏模式分析是地下工程围岩稳定性分析、控制和支护设计的基础。围岩开挖是一个径向应力减小轴向应力增大的复杂加卸载过程,但当前常采用超载试验研究隧洞围岩的破坏模式。超载试验的围岩应力路径不同于加轴压卸围压路经,而围岩的应力路经是影响其破坏模式的重要因素。为了对比隧洞围岩在不同应力状态下的破坏模式,利用WE-600B型液压式万能试验机和自主设计的隧洞模型试验仪,采用相似模型试验方法,研究了隧洞围岩在超载和开挖卸载过程中的应变演化规律及破坏面发展过程。应变演化规律上,两种工况在拱底均产生一定的拉应变,而侧墙和拱腰处在开挖卸载模式下的应变增速大于超载模式,开挖卸载模式下围岩向临空面的变形速度更快,破坏更快发展。破坏面发展上,隧洞超载时,直墙两侧围岩整体剥落,剥落体保持完整,而在开挖卸载时直墙两侧围岩向临空面逐层挤压溃曲,剥落体的完整性差,可见开挖卸载路径下的围岩破碎程度更大。超载工况下破坏过程由低应力时的拱底拉裂转变为高应力时的侧墙拉剪耦合的“V”型片帮剥落破坏。两种（60%σzmax和100%σzmax）卸载工况下,破坏过程均为侧壁楔体剪切破坏和竖向张拉破坏耦合的“V”型片帮劈裂破坏。     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

三轴卸荷条件下煤体力学特性和能量耗散演化

孤岛工作面煤体和巷道受周边开采扰动影响,煤体受循环荷载作用存在卸荷力学行为而表现出动态破坏特性.为探讨不同路径下煤体力学特性,利用TAW-2000三轴电液伺服刚性试验机分别进行常规三轴(T)、三轴循环荷载(TC)以及相应卸围压试验(TU、TCU),分析不同围压下煤体卸围压强度、变形、声发射事件以及能量耗散演化特征,开展...     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

Behavior of High Performance PVA Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites in Triaxial Compression

Based on an extensive experimental program,the paper studies the behavior of HPFRCC under triaxial compression. The experimental parameters are lateral confining pressure and PVA fiber content by volume. The test results indicate that ultimate strength and peak strain are significantly improved with the increases of confining pressure. The confining effect introduced by the fibers becomes minor in triaxial compression tests,where there is relatively high external confining pressure. The axial stress-strain curves with different confining pressure and different PVA fiber content by volume are obtained. Lateral confining pressure constraints the lateral expansion of HPFRCC,so there is a big plastic deformation with its ultimate strength improved. At lower confining pressure,PVA fiber content by volume has some effect on the decreased section of stress-strain curve. According to test results,the paper establishes formula of confining pressure with ultimate strength and axial peak strain respectively.     

Experimental investigation of rigid confinement effects of radial strain on dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of concrete

In this study, to confirm the effect of confining pressure on dynamic mechanical behavior and failure modes of concrete, a split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic loading device was utilized to perform dynamic compressive experiments under confined and unconfined conditions. The confining pressure was achieved by applying a lateral metal sleeve on the testing specimen which was loaded in the axial direction. The experimental results prove that dynamic peak axial stress, dynamic peak lateral stress,and peak axial strain of concrete are strongly sensitive to the strain rate under confined conditions.Moreover, the failure patterns are significantly affected by the stress-loading rate and confining pressure.Concrete shows stronger strain rate effects under an unconfined condition than that under a confined condition. More cracks are created in concrete subjected to uniaxial dynamic compression at a higher strain rate, which can be explained by a thermal-activated mechanism. By contrast, crack generation is prevented by confinement. Fitting formulas of the dynamic peak stress and dynamic peak axial strain are established by considering strain rate effects(50–250 s~(-1)) as well as the dynamic confining increase factor(DIFc).     

轴向循环加载条件下人工制备结构性土力学特性

为探讨结构性土的力学特性和变形机理,对人工制备的弱胶结结构性土样进行了轴向加载—卸载—再加载的三轴压缩试验,分别在围压为25和100 kPa时进行了固结排水和固结不排水压缩试验.结果表明:随着荷载的逐渐增加,结构性土样的结构逐渐弱化,其特性逐渐趋向重塑土的特性;在固结排水条件下,在整个轴向加载—卸载—再加载过程中,结构性土样总体上体积收缩.但在轴向应变较小,颗粒间的胶结保持较完好时,在卸载时会出现局部剪胀或体积收缩不明显,区别与重塑黏土的特性;在固结不排水条件下,产生正的孔压,轴向卸载时,在应变较小的情况下,孔隙压力减小,在应变较大的情况下,孔隙压力增大,且围压大时孔隙压力增加的量值大.