宏基因二代测序技术对非结核分枝杆菌感染病原学诊断的价值

目的:探讨宏基因二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)技术对非结核分枝杆菌(non-tuberculosis mycobacteria,NTM)感染病原学诊断的价值。方法:回顾性选取2018年9月至2019年12月复旦大学附属中山医院感染病科收治的疑似NTM感染患者183例,共计样本388例,比较常规微生物培养法和mNGS技术对NTM病原体的检出率差异及不同样本类型的亚组分析。结果:常规微生物培养法和mNGS总体检测阳性率差异无统计学意义(21.9%vs 24.7%)。痰液样本培养法的阳性率明显高于mNGS(56.6%vs 22.9%,P0.000 1),而组织样本却低于mNGS(7.8%vs 27.8%,P0.000 1)。另外,mNGS对患者抗菌药物调整频率低于培养法(20.3%vs 40.2%,P0.05)。结论:mNGS对NTM灵敏度较低,需重点改进以促进此技术更好地应用于临床。     

宏基因二代测序技术对肝脓肿病原学诊断的价值

目的:探讨宏基因二代测序(metagenomics next-generation sequencing,mNGS)技术对肝脓肿病原学诊断的价值。方法:前瞻性纳入2020年2月至2021年4月复旦大学附属中山医院急诊科收治的35例肝脓肿患者,采用常规微生物培养法和mNGS技术分别检测血液和脓肿引流液样本。并将患者按是否出现休克分为两组,采用SPSS 25.0进行统计学分析,对比分析两组患者之间的差异。结果:mNGS技术在血液样本和引流液样本中总体检测阳性率显著高于常规培养法(血液：67.6% vs. 15.2%, P<0.05;引流液：100% vs. 55.2%, P<0.05)。35例肝脓肿病例中71.4%检出致病病原体为肺炎克雷伯菌。休克组患者脓肿引流液样本中mNGS检测出的致病病原体序列数显著高于非休克组( P<0.05)。 结论:mNGS能够快速准确的检测出肝脓肿的致病病原体,为临床精准治疗提供重要的病原学依据。     

宏基因二代测序技术对脊柱感染病原学诊断的价值

目的:探讨宏基因二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)技术对脊柱感染病原学诊断的价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的24例疑似脊柱感染患者的病例资料,采用常规微生物培养法和mNGS技术检测脊柱组织标本。结果:mNGS总体检测阳性率高于常规培养法(62.5%vs 35.0%),mNGS平均耗时36～48 h,明显短于常规培养法的平均天数21.8 d。脊柱感染主要检出病原体为结核分枝杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌。结论:mNGS能够快速检测脊柱感染病原体,为临床早期精准治疗提供重要的病原学依据。     

宏基因组二代测序在重症肺炎患者病原学中的应用

目的 探究重症肺炎患者肺泡灌洗液（BALF）宏基因组二代测序（mNGS）与传统培养病原学诊断的差异以及mNGS结果对抗生素方案调整的影响。方法 回顾性分析2019年8月至2021年4月于贵州医科大学附属医院重症医学科住院期间，同时送检BALF传统培养和mNGS的重症肺炎患者。比较两种病原学检测结果的差异，分析mNGS与传统培养诊断的阳性率、一致性及抗生素方案的调整。结果研究期间共纳入患者75例，其中mNGS的阳性率为97.3%，传统培养阳性率为41.3%;mNGS细菌的检出率为94.7%，传统培养细菌检出率为38.7%;mNGS真菌检出次数最多的为耶氏肺孢子菌24.0%。mNGS对于罕见菌、不典型菌、真菌以及病毒的阳性率远高于传统培养。两组病原学检测结果一致性差（Kappa=0.038,P=0.229）,mNGS较传统培养检出更多种类的微生物。基于mNGS检测结果，临床医生对于69%的患者进行抗生素方案的调整。结论 mNGS在重症肺炎患者病原学诊断中敏感性高，对于免疫抑制重症肺炎患者尤为适用。同时，mNGS可以指导临床医师调整抗生素策略。     

痰消化集菌法用于结核分枝杆菌检测的可行性研究

目的探讨痰消化集菌法进行痰标本结核分枝杆菌检测的临床价值。方法收集2012年3—10月门诊和住院疑似肺结核225例的痰标本,分别采用直接涂片法和消化集菌法检测结核分枝杆菌并比较。结果 225例痰标本采用消化集菌法检测结核分枝杆菌阳性率为38.67%,直接涂片法25.78%,消化集菌法检出阳性率高于直接涂片法(P0.05)。镜下检出痰液标本结核分枝杆菌不同数量时的阳性率消化集菌法明显高于直接涂片法,尤以结核分枝杆菌在(++++)时最明显,此时消化集菌法阳性率35.63%,直接涂片法12.07%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论痰消化集菌法用于痰标本结核分枝杆菌检测具有操作简便、检出阳性率高及实验室安全等优点。     

3种检测方法在HIV合并结核分枝杆菌感染诊断中的对比研究

目的对比3种检测方法在HIV合并结核分枝杆菌感染中的诊断价值,以期找到最优的检测方法或检测方法组合。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月确诊为HIV合并结核分枝杆菌感染患者的各类标本115份。每例患者均用相同类型的标本进行直接涂片抗酸染色镜检、罗氏培养和实时荧光定性PCR法检测。结果以任意1种标本检出阳性计算阳性率,115例HIV合并结核分枝杆菌感染患者的标本直接涂片抗酸染色法与罗氏培养法检测的阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=19.865,P=0.001);直接涂片抗酸染色法与实时荧光定性PCR法检测的阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=0.028,P=0.001);罗氏培养法与实时荧光定性PCR法检测的阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=21.261,P=0.868)。应用罗氏培养法来检测脓液、粪便和尿液,其检出率都达到了100.0%。实时荧光定性PCR法检测脑脊液、胸腔积液及腹水等含菌量较少的标本,检出率达到100.0%。罗氏培养法与实时荧光定性PCR法在检测痰液标本时检出率也较高(80.0%)。而从标本类型上来看,脓液标本3种方法均全部检出结核分枝杆菌,粪便和尿液标本用培养的方法检测结核分枝杆菌阳性率均为100.0%。支气管肺泡灌洗液的检出率也较高,均大于70.0%。结论实时荧光定性PCR在检测低排菌量标本如脑脊液、胸腔积液及腹水时具有明显优势;脓液标本3种方法均全部检出结核分枝杆菌,粪便和尿液标本用培养的方法均能100.0%检测出结核分枝杆菌。     

添加复苏促进因子的液-固相培养技术在结核分枝杆菌培养中的应用研究

摘要:目的通过 与常用的结核病病原学实验室诊断技术进行比较,评价液-固相培养技术在结核分枝杆菌培养中的应用价值,为临床诊断提供参考依据。方法选取无锡市第五人 民医院2020年7-12月收治的肺结核患者176 例。用浓缩集茵抗 酸涂片、MGIT 960全自动液体培养和液-固相培养分别对入组患者痰液样本进行检测,并统计分析阳性率、阳性时间差异。结果液-固相培 养的阳性率为58.0% ,相对MGIT 960液体培养(56.3%),差异无统计学意义。液-固相培养和MGIT 960液体 培养平均阳性时间分别为8.0( 6.0,10.0) d和10.0(7.0,15.0) d,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.223 ,P<0.001)。按MGIT 960液体培养阳性时间,分为1~10d、11~20d、21~35 d 3个组别,在11~20 d组内,液-固相培养阳性时间10.0( 7.3,13.5)d相较于 MGIT 960液体培养14.0( 12.0,16.0)d,差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.582,P<0.0001);在21~35 d组内,液-固相培养相较于MGIT 960液体培养差异有统计学意义( Z=-2.805, P=0.005)。此外,液-固相培养技术还可以初步鉴别非结核分枝杆菌,5例 非结核分枝杆菌经基因芯片确认为胞内分枝杆菌3例和鸟分枝杆菌2例。结论液-固 相培养检测结核分枝杆菌阳性率高,且培养时间短,可作为结核分枝杆菌培养的优选方法。     

宏基因组二代测序在肺部感染性疾病病原学诊断中的价值

目的探讨宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)在肺部感染性疾病病原学诊断中的价值。方法本研究为横断面回顾性研究, 选取2019年6月至2021年6月滨州医学院烟台附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的82例肺部感染性疾病患者, 男42例, 女40例, 年龄(53.12±22.38)岁, 年龄范围为31～75岁。检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)、血液、肺组织、胸水、痰液、咽拭子mNGS的结果, 与常规病原学检测方法结果比较, 分析mNGS在肺部感染性疾病病原学诊断中的价值。结果在BALF、血液、肺组织、胸水、咽拭子中, mNGS检测致病菌阳性率分别为88.4%(38/43)、69.6%(16/23)、100%(6/6)、75.0%(3/4), 100%(3/3);常规病原学检测致病菌阳性率分别为25.6%(11/43)、8.7%(2/23)、33.3%(2/6)、0%(0/4)、33.3%(1/3)。两者比较, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。mNGS灵敏度为81.8%, 特异度为55.6%, 常规病原学灵敏度29.1%, 特异度为92.6%。mNGS检测结果中排在前5位的为人类疱疹病毒、结核...     

mNGS技术在儿童重症肺炎病原学诊断中的价值

目的探讨宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)技术在儿童重症肺炎病原学诊断中的价值。方法选取2017年12月至2020年6月武汉儿童医院收治住院治疗的219例社区获得性重症肺炎患儿临床资料,比较肺泡灌洗液mNGS检测与传统实验室病原检测对诊断儿童重症肺炎的诊断价值。结果 219例送检标本中mNGS共检出阳性病例190例(86.76%);而传统实验室病原共检出阳性病例173例(78.99%),两种检测方法比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。mNGS和传统实验室病原病原总检出率在各年龄段之间比较,差异有统计学意义(Χ²=76.488 7,P<0.05)。mNGS与传统实验室病原学检测均阳性患者163例,mNGS与传统实验室病原学检测均阴性患者22例,mNGS阳性而传统实验室病原学检测阴性患者27例,mNGS阴性而传统实验室病原学检测阳性患者7例。mNGS和传统实验室病原诊断儿童重症肺炎病原学灵敏度、特异度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论二代测序技术较传统实验室病原检测可快速检测重症肺炎患儿病原学诊断,指导临床早期合理用药。     

宏基因组二代测序技术在慢性肺曲霉病诊断中的价值

目的：评估宏基因组二代测序技术在慢性肺曲霉病诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性收集2017年9月至2019年9月在复旦大学附属中山医院感染病科住院的疑似慢性肺曲霉病患者,并同步采集标本进行传统培养、血清烟曲霉特异性抗体IgG检测及mNGS检测,分析mNGS在慢性肺曲霉病诊断中的价值。 结果：共有78例疑似慢性肺曲霉病的患者纳入分析,根据诊断标准,最终诊断CPA 35例,non-CPA 43例。送检的的78例样本中,痰标本55例、支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF)标本17例、肺组织标本6例。与最终诊断相比,mNGS诊断CPA的敏感度和特异度分别为65.7%和86.0%,烟曲霉特异性抗体IgG的敏感度和特异度分别为48.6%和90.7%,传统培养的敏感度和特异度分别为28.6%和93.0%,其中mNGS的敏感度显著高于传统培养方法(P=0.001)。对于临床诊断的CPA患者,mNGS检测的阳性率为50.0%。mNGS、烟曲霉特异性抗体IgG和传统培养方法的ROC曲线下面积(Area Under Curve, AUC)分别为0.759、0.696和0.608。在所有最终诊断为CPA的35例患者的样本中,痰标本、BALF标本和肺组织标本的mNGS阳性率分别为56.5%(13/23)、77.8%(7/9)和100%(3/3),但三组之间的差异无统计学意义。结论：在CPA的诊断中,mNGS的敏感度显著高于传统培养方法,在传统诊断方法无法确诊的患者中,mNGS仍有较高的阳性率,同时在检测时间上具有明显优势。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。