北京25～64岁人群1984～1999年体重指数和超重率变化趋势的研究

目的：分析1984－1999年北京地区25－64岁人群平均体重指数（BMI）、超重率的变化趋势。方法：在北京地区心血管病监测人群中，分别进行了5次心血管病危险因素的横断面调查。结果：1984－1999年25－64岁人群平均BMI由23．3增加到24．0，超重率由27．5％增加到35．9％。男性人群超重率由23．5％增加到43．4％。男性各年龄组及城乡地区的超重率均呈增加趋势。女性人群在城乡地区的超重率呈不同变化趋势，城市女性超重率由36．0％下降到23．3％，农村女性超重率由28．4％增加到46．0％。城市人群的超重率由29．1％增加到31．8％，农村人群的超重率由22．1％增加到49．6％。研究早期城市人群的平均BMI和超重率大于农村人群（P＜0．05），到研究后期农村人群的BMI和超重率赶上并超过城市人群（P＜0．05）。结论：城市男性和农村男女两性人群BMI和超重率均呈上升趋势，但农村人群的上升速度较快，且平均BMI和超重率目前已高于城市人群。     

军事飞行人员体重超重流行病学调查

目的：调查分析军事飞行人员体重超重的流行特点，为飞行人员心血管疾病的防治提供依据。方法：根据人体质量指数（BMI）≥25kg/m^2和BMI＜25mg/m^2，分为体重超重组和非体重超重组。组间进行年龄、职务与相关疾病的关系比较分析。结果：军事飞行人员体重超重率为27．66％。体重超重随年龄增加而增加（P＜0．01）。现职团以上干部体重超重率47．00％，明显高于团以下干部25．07％（P＜0．01）。飞行人员体重超重组中的高血压病、高脂血症、脂肪肝的患病率明显高于非体重超重组（P＜0．01）。结论：为防治飞行人员心血管疾病的发生和发展，必须加强对飞行人员体重超重的健康教育和医疗干预。     

社区人群超重和肥胖对血压影响的现况调查与干预对策研究

目的：分析体重指数（BMI）对高血压发病率的影响,对超重和肥胖人群实施行为干预指导。方法：对我院社区卫生中心30～59岁居民1256人进行BMI、血压测量及问卷调查。结果：BMI正常组的高血压发病率最低,男约17．55％,女约13．06％。BMI超重组高血压发病率男性约35．44％,女性约29．05％,BMI肥胖组高血压发病率男约67．71％,女约52．34％。BMI超重组、肥胖组与正常组之间的差异有高度显著性意义。结论：随着体重指数的增加,高血压的发病率升高,二者呈显著正相关,加强对超重、肥胖人群实施健康教育与行为干预,保持BMI在正常范围是预防高血压病发生的有效措施。     

体重指数和腰臀比值与糖耐量低减患病率关系

目的 探讨社区人群体重指数(BMl)和腰臀比值(WHR)与糖耐量低减(IGT)患病率的关系。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,对遵义市部分40岁以上的中老年人进行IGT流行病学现况调查。结果 社区人群IGT患病率为7．16％,男女IGT患病率分别为8．34％及6．29％,均随体重增加而增加(P＜0．001);不同BMl人群的IGT患病率不同,超重组和肥胖组的IGT患病率高于正常体重组(P＜0．001),RR分别为2．09和2．41,95％CI分别为1．47-2．97和1．68-3．47;肥胖体型组IGT患病率高于正常体型组(P＜0．001),RR＝1．87,95％CI为1．39-2．52。结论 肥胖(尤其是腹部型肥胖)对糖耐量低减患病率有影响,必须加强社区中老年人体重的干预和预防。     

健康生活方式核心信息（九）

第二章慢性病预防控制 一、肥胖1．了解肥胖。知晓自己是否肥胖。科学依据：肥胖是一种疾病。18岁以上成年人体重指数（BMI）〈18．5为体重过低,18．5～23．9为适宜体重,24．0～27．9为超重,≥28为肥胖。体重指数（BMI）=体重（千克）÷身高（米）的平方（kg／m2）。     

体质指数与体重控制知信行的关系研究

目的：了解城市不同体质指数（BMI ）人群对控制体重的健康认识、主动意识及相关行为。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法调查杭州市2个区18～45岁的公务员、企业管理人员和事业单位人员共1175人,分析不同BMI值职业人群对体重控制的知识、态度和行为。结果杭州市城市职业人群超重率为21.70％,肥胖率为6.04％。体重过轻、正常、超重和肥胖等BMI 值人群自评超重肥胖对身体健康有影响知晓率分别为98.95％、98.81％、96.08％和95.77％,对心理健康有影响知晓率分别为90.53％、92.44％、83.92％和81.69％,对控制体重有信心分别占82.11％、79.18％、72.94％和50.70％,呈随体重增高而降低的趋势,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。不同BMI值人群在体重控制行为方面,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。在累积体重控制行为方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论不同BMI值人群在超重肥胖对个人的健康影响、控制体重的主动意识方面有差异,在采取体重控制行为方面无差异。     

中青年男性体重指数与血压、血脂、血糖关系的分析

目的：调查体检人群体重指数（BMD与血压、血脂、血糖水平的关系。方法：对2005年我院健康管理中心2112例中青年男性体检资料进行分析，根据BMI分为超重肥胖组和对照组，分别比较两组之间血压、血脂、血糖水平以及高血压、血压正常高值、血脂异常、糖尿病、空腹血糖受损发生率等指标。结果：超重肥胖组的血压、血脂及空腹血糖的水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0．001），且高血压、血压正常高值、血脂异常、糖尿病及空腹血糖受损的发生率显著增高（P〈0．005）；BMI与血压、血脂、血糖之间存在正相关关系（P〈0．001）。结论：超重肥胖影响血压、血脂、血糖，与心血管疾病危险因素密切相关。     

出生体重与儿童期肥胖

目的：研究出生体重与儿童期肥胖之间的关系。方法：采用随机整群抽样方法，取北京市四个城区35所小学1－2年级学生10221名，进行身高，体重测量。其中9712名学生家长填写了包含出生体重、2岁前喂养情况、家庭经济状况、父母文化和职业等内容的调查问卷。结果：随着出生体重的增加，肥胖超重的发生率呈直线上升。低出生体重组（BW＜2500g)肥胖的发生率为12．8％，正常出生体重组（BW＝2500－3999g)为14．7％，而高出生体重组（BW≥4000g）则高达23．3％，并且以中重度肥胖为主。早产低体重儿的肥胖发生率为18％，明显高于足月小样儿（8．8％）。结论：高出生体重是儿童期肥胖的重要危险因素，早产低体重儿较宫内生长迟缓儿易发生儿童期肥胖。预防肥胖应该从胎儿期抓起。     

浙江省部分健康体检人群体重指数与血脂和胰岛素抵抗指数相关性分析

目的 了解浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率及其与血脂和胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性.方法 测量体检人员体重、身高,空腹抽血检测血糖(GLU、血脂及胰岛素水平,计算体重指教(BMI)及IR并进行分析.结果 浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率男性为47.3％、15.8％,女性为22.2％、4.2％,男性组明显高于女性组(P＜0.01),男女性体重质量超重、肥胖发生的平均年龄高于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),超重、肥胖人群IR、GLU、胆固醇(TCHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)指标均高于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)值均低于体重质量正常组(P＜0.01),男性肥胖人群IR、GLU、TCHO、TG水平也明显高于体重质量超重组(P＜0.01),而HDL-C明显低于体重质量超重组(P＜0.01).结论 浙江省城镇健康体检人群体重质量超重、肥胖发生率为38.9％、11.9％,男性超重、肥胖的发生率高于女性,男女性超重、肥胖发生的年龄高于体重质量正常组,男女性血脂水平及IR与BMI的高低密切相关.     

人群体重指数均值作为超重和肥胖患病率预测指标的研究

目的确定以人群体重指数（BMI）均值作为预测超重、肥胖患病率指标的模型.方法分别计算2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中132个调查点人群的BMI均值,用BMI均值和该地区超重、肥胖患病率建立数学模型.结果拟合非线性方程,建立以BMI均值为基础,预测超重、肥胖患病率的数学模型.经过回代证明,拟合方程有效.结论研究建立的模型对社区监测超重、肥胖患病率及预测超重、肥胖患病率的发展有着重要的应用价值,其效果有待实际应用加以进一步验证.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.