经食管三维超声心动图临床应用的新进展

经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocar diography,3D—TEE）于上世纪90年代初期问世并应用于实验室及临床检查。由于探头位置的改变,它能由后向前,近距离扫查心脏深部结构,有效排除肺气干扰、肥胖、胸廓畸形和肋间隙狭窄的影响,明显改善超声图像的清晰度及分辨率。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂准确性的比较

目的:比较经胸与经食管超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂的准确性.方法:选择经胸与经食管超声心动图检查诊断为二尖瓣脱垂伴或不伴腱索断裂并行手术治疗的患者21例,以术中所见为标准,明确两者诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂的准确性,同时比较它们在判断病因及病变部位等方面的作用.结果:术前检查21例二尖瓣脱垂的患者中,经胸超声心动图诊断有8例患者发生腱索断裂,经食管超声心动图诊断为15例患者发生腱索断裂,与手术结果比较,两者的诊断准确率分别为71%和95%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:经食管超声心动图较经胸超声心动图能更准确地诊断二尖瓣脱垂并腱索断裂,从而为术式的选择提供更可靠的依据.     

经食管超声心动图在小婴儿经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的评价经食管超声心动图（TEE）在小婴儿经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值。方法经胸超声心动图诊断为室间隔缺损（VSD）患儿79例,拟行微创非体外循环下封堵治疗。术前行TEE检查,明确室间隔缺损的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况。选择合适的封堵器,术中TEE引导封堵器释放,评价即刻效果。术后1周内复查超声心动图。结果6例患者术前TEE剔除,69例患者封堵成功,4例封堵失败,转体外循环行室间隔缺损修补术。术中TEE显示,64例无残余分流,5例有微量残余分流。术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置良好,1例有微量残余分流。结论TEE对选择适合行封堵的VSD患者、选择合适的封堵器、引导封堵器的释放及疗效评价均具有重要的作用。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图对心脏人工瓣膜的对比研究

４７例心脏人工机械瓣膜置换术后的病人，经胸超声心动图（ＴＴＥ）和经食管超声心动图（ＴＥＥ）对比研究显示，低估二尖瓣置换后人工瓣膜返流程度的分级和返流的发生率；主动脉瓣和二尖瓣置换的病人，ＴＴＥ探查人工二尖瓣返流的效果硬差。ＴＥＥ能较容易地探查人工二尖瓣瓣周漏。揭示对人工二尖瓣的评价，ＴＥＥ比ＴＴＥ能提供更多更可靠的信息，毫无疑问这是由于ＴＴＥ检查时人工瓣膜材料的声衰减和血流掩盖的影响，但我们的经验揭示，在评价主动脉瓣置换人工瓣膜时，ＴＥＥ并不优于ＴＴＥ。     

经食管超声心动图在微创室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(transoesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在微创外科室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的临床价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查粗筛27例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,拟行微创外科非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE,根据VSD位置、类型、大小选择合适的封堵器;术中TEE引导封堵器放置,评价即刻封堵效果;术后1周内复查.结果 3例患者术前TEE剔除,20例患者封堵成功,TEE显示19例无残余分流,1例微量残余分流;4例患者转体外循环进行VSD修补,其中2例有残余分流,2例出现主动脉瓣反流;20例微创封堵成功患者术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,左心室重构改善,三尖瓣反流程度减轻,肺动脉压力下降.结论 TEE对选择适合行微创封堵的VSD患者、选择封堵器大小、协助封堵器的释放、评价疗效均有重要作用.微创VSD封堵安全、有效.     

经胸和经食管超声对老年主动脉瓣退行性变早期诊断的研究

目的　评价和对比经胸 (TTE)和经食管 (TEE)超声心动图诊断老年人主动脉瓣周钙化的价值。方法　通过TTE和TEE超声对 5 0例老年主动脉瓣退行性变患者进行检查 ,并以自身前后对照 ,每位入选对象先后行TTE、TEE检查和螺旋CT检查各 1次。结果　螺旋CT示主动脉瓣周钙化阳性的 19例 ,阴性的 31例。以螺旋CT检查结果为对照 ,TTE的敏感性为 6 3% ,特异性为 71% ,准确性为 6 8% ;TEE的敏感性为 79% ,特异性为 6 5 % ,准确性为 70 % ;联合检查的敏感性为 84 % ,特异性为 5 8% ,准确性为 6 8%。结论　TEE超声诊断早期老年性主动脉瓣周钙化的敏感性显著高于TTE ,特异性和准确性接近 ;联合应用TTE和TEE可进一步提高敏感性。     

经食管超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病手术中的应用

目的:对比应用经食管超声心动图(TEE)对患者麻醉和手术转归的影响,阐述TEE在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病左心室流出道疏通术中的作用。方法:回顾性调查31例成人肥厚型梗阻性心肌病左心室流出道疏通术患者,分为GTEE和Gn2组,比较手术后2组患者左心室流出道压差、术后转归和并发症。结果:2组的体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间无差异,GTEE组术后左心室流出道压差[(26±10)mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa]明显低于Gn组[(59±28)mmHg,P<0.01];GTEE组术中并发症和术后转归好于Gn组。结论:术中TEE对麻醉监测和手术处理有积极的指导意义。     

超声心动图发展概要

影像学检查通过人体脏器的扫查,提供重要的解剖学信息,而超声心动图能够实时评价心脏解剖结构、功能以及血流动力学信息。三维超声心动图、应变成像等定量评估方法以及超声增强显影不再是纸上谈兵,已经广泛应用于临床并且为患者的诊断和预后提供了丰富信息。本文主要通过超声心动图新技术在心脏移植等新领域的应用来阐述其重要性,从而指导治疗。     

拟行神经外科坐位手术患者术前经食管超声心动图检查的应用体会

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)在拟行神经外科坐位肿瘤切除术患者术前应用中的意义。方法 2010年7月至2013年5月,首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科住院拟行听神经瘤及脑膜瘤切除术患者33例。所有患者均于术前行经胸超声心动图(TTE)及TEE结合右心声学造影检查,观察卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的发生情况。患者行右心房声学造影检查时,左心房内一个切面同时出现3个气泡定义为阳性,即PFO。术后随访脑栓塞情况。结果 (1)所有33例患者中有22例(66.7%)检出PFO;(2)TTE检查:仅1例(3.0%)患者检出PFO;(3)TEE检查:20例(60.6%)患者检出PFO;(4)TEE结合右心声学造影:共有22例(66.7%)患者可见心房水平的右向左分流征;(5)共7例患者行坐位手术,另26例患者行侧卧位手术。无1例患者术后出现脑栓塞。结论合并PFO是神经外科坐位肿瘤切除术的绝对禁忌证。术前TEE结合右心声学造影检查可明确检出PFO,对于及时调整手术方式,避免坐位手术可能出现的空气栓塞有决定性作用,应常规应用。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图在先天性心脏病中的应用

目的探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TEE）在先天性心脏病中的作用，比较其与经食管二维超声心动图（2D-TEE）和经胸实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TTE）的诊断价值。方法总结了2007年6月共12例接受RT3D—TEE、2D—TEE、RT3D-TTE检查的先天性心脏病患者，其中大部分患者经手术证实检查结果的准确性。将各项检查影像资料进行对比分析。结果对于先天性心脏病异常结构的显示，2D-TEE图像清晰，但仅能提供平面信息；RT3D-TTE受患者声窗影响较大，图像质量欠佳；RT3D-TEE不受胸骨及肺的影响，可以提供心脏及毗邻结构清晰的三维立体影像，精确判断病变细节。结论RT3D-TEE在先天性心脏病的诊断中可提供全面、清晰、立体的影像资料，具有广泛且重要的应用前景。     

Transesophageal echocardiography for congenital heart disease

Surface echocardiographic imaging of small children is routinely successful in defining anatomical details and Doppler flow patterns with even the most complex congenital cardiac malformations. However, in larger children or adults, imaging is frequently limited. A recent expansion of the role of echocardiography is intraoperative epicardial imaging. Epicardial and postoperative imaging, however, have significant limitations. To avoid some of these limitations, transesophageal echocardiography has increasingly been used in the arena of congenital heart disease. The more recent development of small sized gastroscopic probes has allowed transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of congenital heart disease in children down to newborn size. As detailed studies of individual lesions are reported, it has become clear that the mere presence of a congenital heart defect is not an indication for transesophageal echocardiography in most children if imaging can be accomplished by surface examination. However, transesophageal echocardiography may be indicated for the intraoperative or postoperative assessment of that defect, particularly when repair has been difficult or is known to be associated with significant residual abnormalities. Cardiac structures encountered with horizontal and vertical imaging plane transducers have been described and should be completely familiar to the examining echocardiographer.     

Feasibility and clinical impact of live three-dimensional echocardiography in the management of congenital heart disease

BACKGROUND: Precise assessment of congenital heart lesions requires inferential evaluation from multiple two-dimensional echocardiographic images (2DE). The aim of our study was to assess the usefulness of transthoracic live three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in the evaluation of congenital heart disease. METHODS: Eighty-two patients (from 4 months to 31 years, mean age 12 +/- 7.5, 38 males and 44 females), known to have congenital heart lesions, prospectively underwent both 2DE and 3DE. Conventional data acquisition by 2DE and "full volume" 3DE acquisition (apical four chambers, parasternal long and short axes, subcostal windows) were carried out by two independent and blinded operators. Data derived from 3DE were compared to 2DE, and 3DE results were graded into three categories: (A) new findings not seen on 2D echo studies, but not critical to therapeutic decision making; (B) additional anatomic information useful in therapeutic decision making; and (C) information equivalent to 2D echo studies. RESULTS: Two out of 82 patients (2%) were excluded because of suboptimal 3DE images. In comparison with 2DE studies, 3DE was graded A in 23 patients (29%), B in 28 patients (35%), and C in 29 patients (36%). In the patients with group B results, atrial and ventricular septal defects, endocardial cushion defects, and l-transposition of great vessels were the most represented pathologies in which 3DE aided medical or surgical therapeutic options. While the new findings in group A did not influence therapy, they defined the whole spectrum of abnormalities in those patients. In patients who fell under group C results, 3DE provided a direct realistic display of the pathology detected by 2DE. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that live 3DE, easily performed at the bedside, provides incremental information on patients with a variety of congenital heart lesions. In the clinical scenario, it clarifies the pathology in all its dimensions, particularly in complex lesions with the incremental information having impact on therapeutic decision making.     

Transesophageal echocardiography: procedures and clinical application

In existence for more than a decade, transesophageal echocardiography has gained renewed interest because of technologic advances including high resolution transducers, multiple imaging planes and Doppler color flow mapping. The heart is imaged from within the esophagus with a gastroscope-mounted transducer, obviating technical difficulties encountered in transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography is utilized intraoperatively to monitor patients undergoing open heart surgery or high risk cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. In the ambulatory patient, the procedure facilitates imaging of many structures (including the left atrium and appendage, mitral and aortic native and prosthetic valves and thoracic aorta), with better resolution than that obtained by routine transthoracic echocardiography. Technical aspects of transesophageal echocardiography as well as its indications and limitations are reviewed.     

Interventricular septal hydatid cyst: Transesophageal echocardiography as a therapeutic tool during bypass

Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) arising from infestation with a larval or adult form of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm is endemic in certain states of India, but affecting interventricular septum (IVS) solitarily is a scarce phenomenon. We present a rare case of transesophageal echocardiography guided management of IVS hydatid cyst even during cardiopulmonary bypass, which presented with a rather unusual complaint of repeated syncope.     

食管超声心动图在激光心肌血运重建术中的应用

为保证高能CO2激光心肌血运重建术打孔成功率，使用食管超声心动图在术中监测并调节激光打孔能量，孔道穿通时可见心腔内小气泡产生。结果显示，18例共打534孔，穿通516孔，穿通率96．62％，未见心内结构损伤。说明高能CO2激光是激光心肌血运重建术的理想激光源；且手术创伤小、时间短、打孔穿通率高、不需体外循环。试验表明，术中应用食管超声心动图监测，对指导激光打孔并调节激光能量有重要价值。