球化钢损伤和断裂的实验与理论研究

对４５，Ｔ８和ＧＣｒ１５三种球化钢的力学性能，断裂及微观损伤机理进行了研究，结果表明，碳化物粒子的存在引起的孔洞形核及长大是导致这类材料断裂破坏的主要原因；材料的孔洞体积分数随应变而增加，且有较多碳化物粒子的材料孔洞体积分数增长较快；孔洞损伤可导致材料的软化，推导出碳化物粒子和孔洞损伤影响的等效应硬化指数以及断裂应变的解析表达式，断裂应变的解析表达式为ε＝ｎｍ（１－ｆｖ）（１－ｆｐ）／βｆｖ（１＋     

An orthotropic ductile damage model for visco-plastic materials

Numerical modelling of bulk forming processes has to identify the conditions that may result in unsatisfactory products. In ductile materials, damage may occur with the micro void nucleation at the site of second phase particles and inclusions in the plastic or visco-plastic matrix and then with the micro void growth. In this work an isotropic ductile damage model is extended to load cases with successive tensile and compressive steps and with pure deviatoric stress state. The constitutive equations satisfy the Clausius-Duhem inequality for negative or positive voids volume fraction rate. The constitutive parameters are identified with the Rice and Tracey model modified for a sphere initially filled with a soft or a hard inclusion. Axisymmetric geometries are considered for remote strain fields without distortion. A plane cell and a 3D unit cell are analysed numerically for the deviatoric strain state and various combined deviatoric and volumetric deformations.     

A DUCTILE FRACTURE CRITERION BASED ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOID MODEL

A fracture criterion derived from a microscopic point of view is proposed and has proved to be effective in the analysis of uniaxial tension. On the one hand, a method of predicting a ductile fracture is proposed using a three-dimensional void model and the assumption of velocity discontinuity. The relationship between the void volume fraction and the critical strain to fracture, calculated with the help of the new model, shows the same tendency as that obtained from the modified Thomason model. On the other hand, the mechanical and metallographic analyses of the uniaxial tension experiment are performed using four kinds of carbon steel. The relationship between the void volume fraction and the critical strain to fracture, calculated from the new model, agrees better with the result obtained from the experiment, rather than that calculated by the modified Thomason model, which confirms the validity of the ductile fracture criterion based on the three-dimensional void model.     

应力三轴度和罗德参数对铝合金材料韧性断裂的影响

大量研究表明应力三轴度对韧性断裂有重要影响。然而,最新研究表明,与应力偏张量第三不变量相关的罗德参数也是影响韧性断裂的重要因素。采用7075铝合金制成的缺口圆棒和凹槽平板试样分析了应力三轴度和罗德参数对韧性断裂的影响及相应的微观机理。通过准静态拉伸试验和数值模拟得到应力三轴度、罗德参数及失效轨迹,同时利用扫描电镜分析了试样不同应力状态下的空穴演化规律。结果表明,应力三轴度和罗德参数对破坏应变有重要影响,并且罗德参数的影响随应力三轴度的增加而降低。断口分析表明,孔洞的尺寸随着应力三轴度的增大而减小,不同罗德参数的空穴形态明显不同。二级孔洞的成核速率和生长程度也受罗德参数的影响。     

VOID NUCLEATION IN TENSILE DEFORMATION PROCESSES OF C-Mn STRUCTURAL STEEL——Ductile Fracture Mechanisms in a Structural Steel (Ⅰ)

本文比较了各种可能揭示钢中空穴的方法,采用一系列具有增量塑性应变的光滑拉伸试棒调查C-Mn结构钢空穴的形核。并根据本研究提出的分析程序,确定了空穴的临界形核应变以及在形核应变时的相对空穴体积。     

Prediction of ductile fracture for advanced high strength steel with a new criterion: Experiments and simulation

This paper is concerned with prediction of the onset of ductile fracture by a newly proposed micro-mechanism-motivated macroscopic ductile fracture criterion in various stress states from shear to plane strain tension where most ductile fracture takes place in sheet metal forming processes. The new ductile fracture criterion (Lou et al., 2012) is calibrated by the equivalent plastic strain to fracture measured by the hybrid experimental–numerical method from four types of specimens manufactured from DP980 sheet whose fracture locus is eventually constructed. The calibrated criterion is utilized to construct the fracture locus of DP980. The constructed fracture locus is then implemented into the ABAQUS/Explicit code to predict the onset of ductile fracture for these three types of specimens. Three types of notched specimens are further designed for the validation of the ductile fracture criterion from uniaxial tension to plane strain tension by comparison of experimental results to those numerically predicted by the ductile fracture criterion. Three types of shear specimens are then utilized to validate predictability of the ductile fracture criterion between shear and uniaxial tension. The validation demonstrates that the ductile fracture criterion can accurately predict the onset of ductile fracture for these specimens. The comparison result with high accuracy reveals that the criterion can correctly describe ductile fracture behaviors of metals in various stress states from shear to the plane strain tension.     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF DUCTILE CRACK EXTENSION USING COMPUTATIONAL CELL ELEMENTS FOR WELDED JOINTS

1.IntroductionConstrainteffectsonfracturetoughnessofferritesteelsremainakeyissueforthesafetyaJssessmentofstructures.Strllcturalandpressurevesselsteelsgenerallyexhibitincreaseinfracturetoughnessoverthefirstfewdistance0fstablecrackgr0wth.Laborat0rytestingoffracturespecimenstomeasureresistancecurves(R-curves)c0nsistentlyrevealsamarkedeffect0fabsolutespecimensize,ge0metry,andloadingmode0nRcurvesI1-3].Forthesamematerial,deep-notchbendspecimensyieldl0wRcurvewhiletheshallow-notchbendspecimenortensi…     

空穴长大延性损伤新模型

以45中碳钢为研究对象,进行了拉伸、压缩、扭转、精冲实验,并结合有限元对各实验过程中的应力三轴度和延性损伤进行了分析,归纳了金属材料的3种延性损伤机理:无空穴影响剪切损伤、剪切型空穴损伤和拉伸型空穴损伤.在上述工作基础上,提出了一个新的基于空穴长大的延性损伤模型,能够较准确地预测材料拉伸、精冲过程中延性断裂的出现,扩大了损伤模型的预测范围.     

Characterization of entrained air voids in cement paste with scattered ultrasound

This research develops a technique that uses the attenuation of ultrasonic waves to characterize the average size and volume fraction of entrained air voids in hardened cement paste. Quantitative knowledge of entrained air void size and distribution helps ensure that an adequate design strength is developed, while maintaining resistance to freeze-thaw damage in cement-based materials. Ultrasonic attenuation coefficients obtained from pulse-burst signals are measured in the frequency range of 500 kHz–5 MHz. From these parameters, the average size and the volume fraction of the entrained air voids are determined using a combination of an ultrasonic scattering model and an inversion algorithm. Experiments are performed on specimens produced with and without entrained air voids. There is a good agreement between the model prediction and the experiments in these systems that contained <10% by volume of entrained air voids.     

Deformation behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams in tension

The mechanical behaviour of commercially available ALPORAS aluminium foam with two different densities was studied under tension loading. In addition to the common stress–strain measurements, local deformation, notch-opening displacement and damage evolution were determined. The deformation characteristics deviated from those observed in aluminium foams under compression. No deformation bands or plastic instabilities could be observed in tension, which are very frequent in compression of metallic foams. Four regimes were evident in the stress–strain curves and deformation maps: the linear elastic regime, the plastic regime with no significant crack initiation and propagation, the regime of formation of a fracture process zone and, finally, the regime of fracture, where a main crack propagates through the specimen and leads to failure. The fracture strain was only a few per cent, with the higher-density foam showing a larger fracture strain, and the plastic Poisson's ratio was about 0.35. The notched specimens showed increasing fracture strengths in terms of the net section stress with increasing notch depth. It is suggested that a change in stress state, caused by a non-vanishing Poisson's ratio, in front of the notch tip creates an increase of the fracture strength similar to the behaviour in ductile bulk metals.